2. Module Outline
1. Evolution of Automotive Control Systems
2. Functionality of Control Systems related to Traction, Braking, Safety and
Steering
3. Functionality of Engine Control Unit
4. Analyzing the types of automotive sensors and their working principles
5. Application of Networking and Communication within an automotive
6. Designing an automotive control system in Matlab Simulink
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3. Detailed Outline
1. Evolution of Automotive Control Systems
The introduction of control systems in automotive industry and its evolution
2. Functionality of Control Systems related to Traction, Braking, Safety and
Steering
The concepts of anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic brake-force distribution (EBD), active steering mechanisms,
Traction Control System (TCS), Electronic Stability Program (ESP) are discussed.
3. Functionality of Engine Control Unit
The basic functionality of the Engine ECU of an automotive is discussed pertaining to the design
architecture of the ECU.
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4. Detailed Outline
4. Analyzing the types of automotive sensors and their working principles
Engine speed sensors, Transmission Control Sensors, Wheel speed sensors, Steering angle
sensors, Piezoelectric knock sensors, Torque sensor, Lambda sensor, Rain/light sensor.
5. Application of Networking and Communication within an automotive
The basic principles of networking and the automotive communication techniques are
discussed. The commonly used bus communication systems viz. CAN-bus, LIN-bus are discussed.
6. Designing an automotive control system in Matlab Simulink
An automotive control system (adaptive cruise control, collision avoidance, etc.) is modelled in Matlab Simulink
environment and is simulated under given conditions.
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5. Module Outline – Advanced Automotive Eng.
1. Modelling of Vehicular Engine Loads.
2. Vehicular Performance Assessment
3. Simulating Drivetrain/Powertrain Configurations (Fast Sim)
4. Introduction to alternative powertrain mechanisms
5. Introduction to automotive mechatronics systems
6. Introduction to Theory of Autonomous Vehicles
7. Designing of an autonomous vehicular control system
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6. Section 1 - Evolution of
Automotive Control Systems
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7. Automotive history:Pioneers
Karl Benz (1844-
1929)
German engineer,
automotive pioneer.
Patented the first car
“Motorwagen” in
1886
Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) (left) and
Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) (right) –
German constructors. Patented the first
carburetor, the first motorcycle and many
other types of engines
Nicolaus August
Otto (1832-1891)
German engineer.
First to invent and
to patent an
internal
combustion engine
Henry Ford (1863-
1947) – American
engineer and
businessman. Was
the first to start
manufacturing
budget cars for
everyday use
8. Automobile history: first vehicles
Renault Voiturette, 1898
Benz-1, 1886
Markus-2, 1888
Ford Model T, 1915
Oldsmobile Curved Dash,
1901
9. Main components of an automobile
Automobile
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Powertrain Drivetrain Chassis & Frames Body Control Auxiliaries
13. Increase in Automotive Electronics Utility
• The on-board electrical network of a car around the year 1950 comprised approx. 40
lines.
• Essentially, cables were only required for the battery, starter, ignition and the lighting
and signaling systems.
• With the first electronic injection and ignition systems, cabling complexity began to
increase fast.
• A further increase in cabling complexity resulted from the introduction and rapid
widespread adoption of the antilock brake system (ABS).
• Meanwhile, comfort and convenience systems, e.g. electrical power window units,
would also increase the cabling requirement.
14. Increase in Automotive Electronics Utility
• All these systems require additional connecting lines for the connection of sensors, control elements and
actuators to the control unit.
15. Increase in Automotive Electronics Utility
• In the 1990s the cabling work in a luxury class vehicle amounted to around 3 km.
• Depending on the vehicle class, there are between 20 and 80 electronic control
units fitted in today’s vehicles.
• With the increase in number of electronic control units, the associated need for
mutual communication among these modules increased.
• The necessity of a control module, i.e., ECU arisen.
• Before ECUs, air–fuel mixture, ignition timing, and idle speed were mechanically set
and dynamically controlled by mechanical and pneumatic means.
16. ECU Basic Architecture
• In 1977, first production-level ECU was developed for electronic spark timing by GM.
17. ECU Characteristics
• The ECUs should have the following rugged design characteristics:
• Withstand higher temperatures
• Protected from Ingress (IP ratings) – dust, moisture etc.
• EMI/RFI protected
• Surge current protected
20. Introduction :
Cruise Control technology was invented by Mechanical
Engineer Ralph Teetor granted patent in 1945.
inclines or
by William
Maintains a steady speed regardless of
declines.
Adaptive Cruise Control was in 1990
Chundrlik .
Currently available in luxury class cars like Mercedes S-
class , Jaguar, Volvo ,Baleno etc.
21. Conventional cruise control
Also know as speed control or auto cruise.
Adjust the throttle position to maintain a speed set
by driver.
Benefit : for long drive , speed can be set near to
speed limit
22. Adaptive cruise control
Controls the speed automatically according to the traffic
environment.
Control is based on sensor information
Installed radar allow the vehicle to accelerate and decelerate
accordingly .
In emergency situation on the application of brake pedal the
cruise control systems are deactivated .
ACC vehicle speed is controlled is via engine throttle control
and limited brake operation
25. Definitions
ACC vehicle – the subject vehicle equipped with
the ACC system.
Active brake control – a function which causes
application of the brakes without driver application of
the brake pedal.
Clearance – distance from the forward vehicle's
trailing surface to the ACC vehicle's leading surface.
Forward vehicle – any one of the vehicles in front
of and moving in the same direction and traveling on
the same roadway as the ACC vehicle.
Set speed – the desired cruise control travel speed
set by the driver under ACC control.
26. Time gap – the time interval between the ACC vehicle
and the target vehicle.
Time gap = clearance / ACC vehicle speed
Cruise Switches -Mounted on the steering wheel and
have several buttons which allow the driver to command
operation of the ACC system.
The switches include:
27. On': place system in the 'ACC standby' state
'Off'': cancel ACC operation and place system in the
'ACC off' state 'Set +': activate ACC and establish set
speed or accelerate
'Coast': decelerate
'Resume': resume to set speed
28. Physical layout
• ACC module
• Engine Control
Module
• Brake Control Module
• Instrument Cluster
• CAN
(ControllerArea
Network)
30. Cancelling Cruise Control Operation
Operation may be cancelled by the operator or automatically via
the ACC system.
Either of the following conditions will deactivate ACC:
Brake pedal is pressed 'Off' button is
pressed Vehicle Speed < Vmin
An ACC system fault is detected
31. Modelling a cruise control system
Using Newton’s 2 law
First order mass damper system will be
𝒎 ሷ
𝒙 + 𝒃 ሶ
𝒙 = u (i)
&
we are interested in controlling the speed of the vehicle
(ii)
output ,y = v
Where system parameter are,
m=1000kg,
b=50Ns/m,
u=5000N.
33. Disadvantage/Risk involved :
Wet roads significantly affect the grip of the tyre.
In emergency situations, driver inability to respond swiftly & quickly.
