4. Chemical Carcinogens
Aniline dyes ,Aromatic amines
CIGARETTE SMOKING - 60% of cases
Cyclophosphamide
Pelvic Irradiation
Oncogenes
Coffee and Tea Drinking
Analgesic Abuse (phenacitin)
Artificial Sweeteners
Chronic Cystitis and Other Infections
5.
6. 2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-nitrobiphenyl,
4-4-diaminobiphenyl (benzidine), and
2-amino-1-naphthol
rubber and textile industries
autoworker,
painter,
truck driver,
leather worker,
metal worker,
dry cleaner,
paper manufacturer,
dental technician,
barber or beautician,
7. ▪ Bladder cancer is nearly three times more
common in men than in women,
▪ Bladder cancer is rare in persons younger
than the age of 50, with median ages at
diagnosis of around 70 years for each
gender.
▪ Bladder cancer is almost never found
incidentally at autopsy,
8. ▪ Inactivation of several tumor suppressor
genes is important in the development and
progression of bladder cancer.
▪ The important tumor suppressor genes
associated with bladder cancer include TP53 and
cell cycle inhibitors RB, P21, P27, and P16.
▪ Oncogenes associated with bladder cancer is
RAS, a membrane-bound, mitogenic, signal
transduction molecule.
▪ Overexpression of normal genes including
those for the receptor of EGF (ERBB1) and ERBB2
occur in most bladder cancers and facilitate
cancer development and progression
11. AJCC-UICC, TNM Staging
Ta
Papillary, epithelium confined
Tis
Flat carcinoma in situ
T1
Lamina propria invasion
T2a
Superficial muscularis propria
invasion
T2b
Deep muscularis propria
invasion
T3a
Microscopic extension into
perivesical fat
T3b
Macroscopic extension into
perivesical fat
T4a
Cancer invading pelvic viscera
(e.g., prostatic stroma, vaginal
wall, rectum, uterus)
T4b
Extension to pelvic sidewalls,
abdominal walls, or bony pelvis
12. N0 No histologic pelvic node
metastases
N1 Single positive node ≤2 cm in
diameter, below common iliacs
N2 Single positive node 2-5 cm in
greatest diameter or multiple
positive nodes
N3 Positive nodes >5 cm in diameter
Nx Nodal status unknown
M0 No distant metastases
M1 Distant metastases documented
Mx
Distant metastases status uncertain
13. NON MUSCLE INVASIVE 70%
Ta
T1
MUSCLE INVASIVE 25%
CARCINOMA IN SITU 05%
GRADE I, II, III
14. Single or Multiple
Papillary
Pedunculated
Surrounding mucosa
Recurrences
Progression