1) The document discusses the types and uses of definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) in English. It explains that "a" is used before consonant sounds and "an" is used before vowel sounds. 2) The definite article "the" is used before unique or already known things, repeated things, things representing a whole class, superlative adjectives, and in certain phrases and expressions. 3) The document provides examples and exceptions for when to use or not use articles in English. It includes exercises for learners to practice using articles correctly.

1. ARTICLE
I N S T R U C TO R : S O H A I L A H M E D K A L H O R O

2. TYPES OF ARTICLE
Definite article
Indefinite article

3. INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Indefinite articles
‘A’ and ‘An’

4. AN
• ‘An’ is used before a word which begins
with a vowel sound

5. EXAMPLES
• An umpire
• An hour
• An umbrella
• An egg

6. A
• ‘A’ is used before a word which
begins with a CONSONANT sound

7. EXAMPLES
• A boy
• A university
• A European
• A college

8. DEFINITE ARTICLE
THE
Is a definite article

9. USES OF ‘THE’
•  Before unique things or persons:
Example:
–The earth, the sky, the Holy Qur’an
–The sun is a star.
–The Eiffel Tower

10. 2
• Before already known things
• Example:
• The book is on the stair.
• I can see the cupboard.

11. 3
•  Before repeated things:
• Example:
• I have a book. The book is very exciting.
• All the man and a boy were going.
• The man was taller than the boy.
• The boys had a toy. The toy was very interesting.
•
•

12. 4
•  Before things or persons which
represent the class in whole:
• Example:
• We must choose the poor.(all poor people)
• The gorilla is a sharp animal.

13. 5
• Before superlative adjective
• Example:
• The farthest, the hottest, the richest
• Goliath is the biggest insect in the
world.
• The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.

14. 6
• In the phrases
• Example:
• The book is on the table.
• The chair is behind the cupboard.
• The bird is sitting on the wall.

15. 7
• Before name a place but it is not used for primary purpose.
• Example:
• Ali will go to the school to see his son. (Secondary purpose)
•
• Sheraz is a student. He goes to school. (Primary purpose)
• In mosque to mosque from mosque
• To college from college in college
• To university from/in university
• In hospital from hospital to prison
•

16. 8
• Before ordinal numbers:
• Example: first, second, third, fourth, 5th
• Who got the second position?
• Armstrong was the first man on the moon
• The earth is the fourth planet to the sun.

17. 9
• Before certain proper names of seas, rivers,
mountains, plural names of the countries, and
deserts.
• Example:
• The Pacific Ocean The Arabian Sea
• The Indus River The Nile
• The Alps The Himalayas
• The Netherlands The Gulf of Mexico

18. 10
• Before two comparatives in a special way:
• Example:
The more you read, the better you know.
The more he gets, the more he wants.

19. OMISSION OF ‘THE’
• We cannot use ‘THE’ with following:
• Before proper nouns:
• Example: Ali, Nepal, Minar-e-Pakistan
• The Ali is a boy. 
• Ali is a boy 

20. BEFORE NAMES OF MATERIALS
• Example:
–Gold, Oil, zinc, silver, Coal
The gold is a precious metal.
(wrong)
Gold is a precious metal. (Right)

21. BEFORE ABSTRACT NOUNS
• Example:
• The death is obligatory. Wrong
• Death is obligatory. Right
• Honesty is the best policy.
• A sound body needs sound sleep.
• Unity is strength.

22. BEFORE THE NAMES OF SPORTS
• Example
• The cricket a famous game. Wrong
• Cricket a famous game. Right
• I like playing cricket.
• Hockey is national game of Pakistan.
• Football is my favourite sport.

23. BEFORE THE NAMES OF
DISEASES:
• The malaria is caused by mosquito bite. Wrong
• Malaria is caused by mosquito bite. Right
• Malaria, diabetes, influenza, measles, mumps, T.B etc

24. NO ARTICLE IS USED:
• Before expressions of movement:
• Example:
• By train by car by bus
• By radio by letter on foot
•

25. NO ARTICLE IS USED:
• Before expressions of time:
• Example:
• By night at night by day
• After darkbefore noon before dark
• At dawn at sunrise at sunset
• We have to leave home before dark.

26. EXERCISE – 1
Put ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ where necessary:
1. Lead is…………useful metal.
2. He is…………upright man.
3. You should speak …………truth.
4. …………sun is …………star.
5. Sanskrit is…………difficult language.
6. …………cell is…………basic unit of life.
7. …….honorable man is…………good man.
8. …………apple is very sweat.
9. ………air is…………mixture of ………gases.
10. …………milk is very important for us.

27. EXERCISE - 21. …………men who is wearing red dress is …………engineer.
2. Who is …………first man to go in space?
3. Which is…………largest building in ………world?
4. ……liver is…………largest organ of body.
5. ………Karachi is………capital of………Sindh.
6. …………long shoe is black.
7. I went to…………prison to see my foe.
8. …………cruelty is…………bad thing.
9. She is found of playing…………football.
10. ………camel is called…………ship of desert.
11. …………cow is…………domestic animal.
12. …man went to..…prison to meet his uncle.
13. ….……boy with red shirt wants to leave …………school.
14. ………more you eat, …………fatter you be.
15. She never stopped taking all…………way.

28. • Thanks for your attention !