knowledge about Antenna

1. ANTENNAS
Dr. Ashish K. Sharma
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Burla

2. Syllabus
MODULE 1 Radio Wave Propagation: Modes of propagation, Structure of Troposphere,
Tropospheric Scattering, Ionosphere, Ionospheric Layers - D, E, F1, F2 regions.
Sky wave propagation - propagation of radio waves through Ionosphere, Effect of
earth‘s magnetic field, Virtual height, Skip Distance, MUF, Critical frequency,
Space wave propagation.
MODULE 2 Antenna Definition, Principles of Radiation, Basic antenna parameters, Vector
Magnetic Potential, Radiation field from Current element, Current Distribution
on a thin Wire, Half wave dipole and Quarter wave monopole. Two-element
array, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Linear Array, Broadside and end fire
array, Balun.
MODULE 3 Folded Dipole, Yagi Antenna. Frequency Independent Antenna. Log Periodic
Dipole array. Horn Antennas-Pyramidal & Sectoral Horn. Radiation Pattern and
Gain of horn antenna.
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3. Books
TEXT BOOK 1. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, E.C.Jordan&K.G.Balmain,
PHI publication Microwave Devices and Circuits, Samuel Y, Liao, Pearson Education.
2. Antennas Theory: Analysis and Design, C.A. Balanis, John Willey &Son
REFERENCE
BOOK
1. Antenna Engineering, J. D. Krauss, Mc GrawHill.
2. Antenna & Wave Propagation, R E. Collins, Mc GrawHill.
3. Antennas and Wave Propagation, G. S. N. Raju, PearsonEducation.
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4. Introdution
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• Usually metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio
waves.
• The IEEE Standard Definitions
– A means for radiating or receiving radio waves
• The antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding
device
• The guiding device = transmission line,
hollow pipe (waveguide), coaxial line

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6. Types of Antenna
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11. How is radiation accomplished?
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• Single Wire

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13. Two-Wires
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16. Dipole
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17. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ON A THIN WIRE
ANTENNA
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19. Parameters of Antennas
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• RADIATION PATTERN
– A mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the
antenna as a function of space coordinates.
– Radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is represented as a function of
the directional coordinates.
– Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength,
directivity, phase or polarization

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22. Radiation Pattern Lobes
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• lobes, ( major or main, minor),
• side, and back lobes.
• A major lobe is a “portion of the radiation pattern bounded by regions of
relatively weak radiation intensity.”

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24. Isotropic, Directional, and Omnidirectional
Patterns
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Nondirectional in the azimuth plane [f (φ), θ = π/2]
Directional in the elevation plane [g(θ ), φ = constant].
This type of a pattern is designated as omnidirectional,

26. Principal Patterns
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The E-plane is defined as “the plane containing the electricfield vector
and the direction of maximum radiation,”
The H-plane as “the plane containing the magnetic-field vector and the
direction of maximum radiation.”
The x-z plane (elevation plane; φ = 0) is the principal E-plane
The x-y plane (azimuthal plane; θ = π/2) is the principal H-plane.

27. Field Regions
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28. Reactive Near Field
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• This is the region that is adjacent to the antenna.
• In this region, the E-Field and H-Field are 90 degrees out of phase with
each other and are therefore reactive.
• Radiative Near Field:
– This is the region where the EM fields start to transition from reactive to radiating fields.
– However, since they have not completely transitioned, the shape of the radiation pattern
still varies with distance.

29. Far Field Region
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• In this region, the EM fields are dominated by radiating fields.
• The E and H-fields are orthogonal to each other and to the direction of
propagation as with plane waves.

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31. Radian and Steradian
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• The measure of a plane
angle is a radian.
The measure of a solid angle is a
steradian.

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