Human Health Systems Approach

1. Diagnostic Tests of Diabetes &
Hypothyroidism
Presented By-
Simran Kaur

2. • Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a
group of metabolic diseases
• In which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because
insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not
respond properly to insulin, or both
• Prediabetes means that your blood sugar level is higher than normal but
not high enough to be classified as diabetes

4. • Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin.
• Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to
respond to insulin properly
• Gestational Diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant
women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar
levels

5. Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis
• Your health care professional can diagnose Diabetes, Gestational and
Prediabetes, through blood tests. The blood tests show if your blood
glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high.

6. What tests are used for diagnosis?
• Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) -This blood test is taken in the morning, on
an empty stomach.
• Random Plasma Glucose (RPG)- This blood test can be taken anytime
during the day, without fasting.
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) -The OGTT measures blood glucose
after you fast for at least 8 hours
• A1C test- This is a blood test that provides your average levels of blood
glucose over the past 3 months.

7. The following table helps you understand what your test numbers
Diagnosis A1C (percent)
Fasting plasma
glucose (FPG)
Oral glucose
tolerance test
(OGTT)
Random
plasma glucose
test (RPG)
Normal below 5.7 99 or below 139 or below
Prediabetes 5.7 to 6.4 100 to 125 140 to 199
Diabetes 6.5 or above 126 or above 200 or above 200 or above

8. How to test blood sugar at home ?
• A blood glucose monitor, testing strips, and a lancet to draw the blood are
all necessary for testing. Some testing kits offer all three, while others
require purchasing each piece separately.
• People should consider the cost of testing strips as well as the monitor
itself, since people with diabetes use many testing strips

9. Working for Glucometer
• Current glucometers use test strips containing glucose oxidase, an enzyme
that reacts to glucose in the blood droplet, and an interface to an electrode
inside the meter.
• When the strip is inserted into the meter, the flux of the glucose reaction
generates an electrical signal
• The glucometer is calibrated so the number appearing in its digital readout
corresponds to the strength of the electrical current: The more glucose in
the sample, the higher the number

10. • Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a
common disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does
not produce enough thyroid hormone

11. What are Thyroid Hormones &
Where it is located ?
• Thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland. This gland is located
in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple
• The thyroid gland uses iodine (mostly available from the diet in foods such
as seafood, bread, and salt) to produce thyroid hormones.
• The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine
(tetraiodothyronine or T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)

13. Diagnosis Test for Hypothyroidism
The diagnosis of hypothyroidism, when suspected, can be confirmed with blood tests
measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine level
• In Overt primary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are high and T4 and T3
levels are low.
• Subclinical hypothyroidism is a milder form of hypothyroidism
characterized by an elevated serum TSH level, but with a normal serum
free thyroxine level
TSH T4 Interpretation
Normal Normal Normal thyroid function
Elevated Low Overt hypothyroidism
Normal/low Low Central hypothyroidism
Elevated Normal Subclinical hypothyroidism

15. Thank You!!