FYP_ Presentation.pdf

Low Cost Cooling / Heating System
using Ground Coupled Heat
Exchanger
Group 1
Ankit Chouhan (201813)
Vaishnavi Dhake (201817)
Shubham Dixit (201820)
Wilfred Lewis (201829)
Guide: Prof. Nilesh Varkute
Co-Guide: Prof. Badal Kudachi

Introduction
⮚ Increase in the Energy consumption world wide
⮚ High consumption of energy leads to many factors such as
▪ Greenhouse Gases due to emission of CO, NO,
etc.
▪ Global Warming
▪ Air Pollution
Ground Coupled Heat Exchanger
➢ Underground Heat Exchanger that can capture heat from
and/or dissipate heat to the ground
➢ Benefits of using GCHE are as follows
▪ Low maintenance and running cost
▪ Low Environmental Impact
▪ Longer lifespan
▪ Reliable Heating/Cooling System
2
Low Cost Cooling/Heating System using Ground Coupled Heat Exchanger
7/05/2022

Basic Working of Ground-coupled Heat Exchanger
3
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Aim & Objective
AIM:
To design and develop a Low Cost Cooling/Heating System
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study modern EATHEs and analyse the parameters that affect its
performance.
2. Implementing a GCHE that consumes clean energy without
compromising on thermal comfort of the occupants.
4
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AUTHOR YEAR TITLE FINDINGS PUBLICATIONS
Georgios Florides,
Soteris Kalogirou
2007 Ground heat
exchangers—A
review of
systems,
models and
applications
The model mentioned in the paper can
be achieved either by parallel or series
configuration. Parallel piping systems
are better in achieving better thermal
performance for the HGHE system.
Renewable
Energy Reviews,
Elsevier
S.F. Ahmed, G. Liu ,
M. Mofijur, A.K.
Azad, M.A. Hazrat,
Yu-Ming Chu
2021 Physical and
hybrid modelling
techniques for
earth-air heat
exchangers in
reducing building
energy
consumption:
Performance,
applications,
progress, and
challenges
PV assisted EAHE was investigated
experimentally. The simple EAHE used
the blower to suck the intake air from
the pipe inlet that was powered by the
PV panel. The cooling and heating
potentials of the coupled system for
energy savings were calculated around
889 kWh/year and 1109 kWh/year for a
single room.
Solar Energy,
Elsevier
Literature Review
5
7/05/2022

Saifullah Zaphar 2015 Experimental
Performance
Analysis of
Earth-Air Heat
Exchanger for
Energy Efficient
and Eco-Friendly
Hvac Systems.
Effectiveness of the implementation of
the cooling jacket:- At the same
velocity, it is concluded that with the
implementation of the cooling jacket we
have increased the effectiveness of the
system by 52.14 %
International
Journal of
Computer &
Mathematical
Sciences, IJCMS
Literature Review
6
Fig: Experimental Set up of the Earth Air Pipe Heat Exchanger System with and
without Water Jacket
Fig: Water Jacket used
in this setup
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A. Anish, B. Anush
Raj, T.Rajesh
Thirumalai
2017 Thermal
Analysis of
Double Pipe
Heat Exchanger
Using Various
PCM
A Comparison has been made for
different PCMs by changing latent heat
of PCM. It is found that PCM having
higher enthalpy is capability to absorb
more temperature.
International
Journal of
Engineering
Science and
Computing,
IJESC
Literature Review
7
Fig: Graph of Heat Transfer(J) vs
Latent Heat (J/KgK)
7/05/2022

Yousef Belloufi,
Abdelhafid Brima,
Sakina Zerouali,
Rachid Atmani, Faris
Aissaoui, Amar
Rouag, Noureddine
Moummi
2017 Numerical and
experimental
investigation on
the transient
behavior of an
earth air heat
exchanger in
continuous
operation mode
In the paper experimental and
numerical study of the air cooling using
an earth air heat exchanger (EAHE).
The continuous operation mode does
not affect the thermal performances
and outlet air temperature of the EAHE
during all 71 h of operating for high soil
thermal conductivities and low air flow
velocities
International
Journal Of
Heat And
Technology, IJHT
Literature Review
8
Fig: Variation of efficiency over time
Fig: General View of the EAHE
7/05/2022

Nasreddine Sakhri ,
Younes Menni ,
Houari Ameur
2020 Effect of the pipe
material and
burying depth on
the thermal
efficiency of
earth-to-air heat
exchangers
It is found from the comparison
between EAHE made of PVC and steel
that the pipe has a small effect on the
outlet air temperature leaving the
system. On the contrary, the pipe
length has a big effect on the EAHE
performance.
Chemical and
Environmental
Engineering,
Elsevier
Literature Review
9
Fig: Comparison of the thermal performance of
PVC and steel pipe
7/05/2022

Kamal Kumar
Agrawal , Rohit Misra
, Ghanshyam Das
Agrawal
2020 To study the
effect of different
parameters on
the thermal
performance of
ground-air heat
exchanger
system: In situ
measurement
In the paper, two identical real field
experimental setups (with dry soil and
wet
soil) of ground-air heat exchanger
(GAHE) have been developed in order
to evaluate the influence of change in
inlet air temperature, airflow velocity,
diameter of pipe and soil moisture
content on the
thermal performance of GAHE system.
Renewable
Energy
Journal, Elsevier
Literature Review
10
Fig: Variation in soil thermal properties
with moisture contents
7/05/2022

Trilok Singh Bisoniya 2015 Design of earth–
air heat
exchanger
system
A longer pipe of smaller diameter
buried at a greater depth and having
lower air flow velocity results in
increase in performance of the EAHE
system.
Geothermal
Energy, Springer
Literature Review
11
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Problem Definition
To design and fabricate low cost closed loop cooling/heating
system using Ground-coupled heat exchanger
12
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13
o Selection of GCHE layout
o Theoretical analysis of Dimensions & Material of
Pipe
o Simulation of GCHE for the following cases:
• Water jacket
• PCM
• Soil
o Fabrication & Testing of closed loop recirculating
type of GCHE Setup
Scope
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Methodology
Study of Various
Layouts
Analysis of Different
types of Sand/Soil Analysis of Phase Change
Material based Heat
Exchanger
Analysis of Water Jacket
based Heat Exchanger
Closed Loop
Vegetation
Water Jacket
Selection of Final Heat Exchanger
Setup
Theoretical
Analysis
Simulation
Fabrication of the Experimental
Setup & Testing
14
Methodology
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15
Selection of Layout for Ground-
coupled Heat Exchanger
Open Loop Ground Coupled Heat Exchanger
Closed Loop Ground Coupled Heat Exchanger
Open and Closed Loop Configuration
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16
Theoretical Calculations
Fig: Illustration of Classroom Dimensions
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17
Heat Load Calculation
The Class Room dimensions are as follows, which we have
considered:
• Area of room= 23ft * 20ft
• Height of room= 10 ft
• Window dimensions= 4ft * 5ft
• There are 4 ceiling fans, 4 tube lights, 2 windows on the
east and 2 windows on west wall.
The other considerations we have made are as follows:
• Outside Conditions=35 °C & RH=75%
• Inside (Desired) Conditions= 25 °C & RH=50%
• Daily Range= 4 °C
Factors considered while calculation of Sensible
Heat Load:
● Load due to wall
● Floor and Ceiling Load
● Solar Transmission Load
● Outside Air Infiltration
● Light Load
● Fan Load
● People’s Sensible Heat Load
Factors considered while calculation of Latent
Heat Load:
● Latent Load from Outside Air
● Latent Heat Load From People
Tonnage Requirement:
TR= ERTHL/12000
= 2.46 TR
TR=2.5 TR (approx.)
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18
Diameter Of the Pipe Required for Our System:
Minimum Requirements:
Min. CFM= 153.33 CFM
CFM= Velocity*Area
D= 6.42 cm
Considering Standard PVC Pipe, Diameter of pipe= 2.5
inches
L (length of pipe underground) = 100D^0.8
(From Thermodynamic analysis of building heating or cooling
using the soil as heat reservoir- Elsevier)
If we consider diameter of pipe to be 2.5 inches, we get:
L=11.11803 meters
=36.47 ft
This is the effective length of the double pipe heat exchanger.
CFM=Volume of room (ft3) *No. of air Changes/60
(Assuming, No. of air changes in one hour=2)
=23*20*10*2/60
=153.3 CFM
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19
Organic PCM Inorganic PCM
Advantages
➢ Chemical and thermal stability
➢ Suffer little or no super cooling
➢ Non-corrosives
➢ Non-toxic
➢ High heat of fusion
➢ Low vapour pressure
➢ High heat of fusion
➢ Good thermal conductivity
➢ Cheap
➢ Non-flammables
Disadvantages
➢ Low thermal conductivity
➢ High changes in volumes on phase
change
➢ Flammability
➢ Lower phase change enthalpy
➢ Phase decomposition and
suffer from loss of hydrate
➢ Lack of thermal stability
➢ Supercooling
➢ Corrosion
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic PCM
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20
PCM
Material
Melting
point (℃)
Liquid
Density
(kg/m3)
Solid
Density
(kg/m3)
Latent
Heat
KJ/Kg
Specific
Heat
kJ/KgK
Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m.K)
Max
operating
temp(oC)
Organic
fatty acid
(OM30)
32 878 906 230 2.60 0.185 120
Hydrated
Salt
HS34
36 1850 1967 166 1.98 0.5 80
Organic
fatty acid
(OM37)
37
860 973 179 2.55 0.16 120
Selection of PCM
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21
Re =57635.18164
Reynolds Number, Re = Fluid density * Velocity * Diameter
Dynamic viscosity
As Reynold’s Number is coming out to be greater than
4000, the flow is Turbulent.
Hence, considering k-epsilon Model in turbulence
modelling.
Reynolds Number Calculation
Thickness of PCM Calculation
The volume of PCM embedded into the heat exchanger was:
VPCM=1.415m3
Considering PCM in annular space of the two pipe,
Volume of hollow cylinder will be,
V=π (R2 – r2) h
1.415= π(R2-0.03512) *12
R = 0.1968m = 20cm (approx.)
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22
Phase Change Material (PCM):
❑ Substance which releases/absorbs sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful
heating/cooling.
Fig: Configuration of the Double Pipe w. r. t. the Phase Change Material (PCM)
Fig: 2D Geometry for simulation
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23
2D Cross Section of PCM
Fig: Meshing
Outer Diameter: 400mm
Inner Diameter: 70.2mm
Reference Plane
Fig: Geometry with Reference Plane
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24
Fig. Temperature Contour of PCM Fig. Static Temperature Graph for PCM
Analysis Results: PCM
Fluid
Domain
Density
(kg/m2)
Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m.K)
Specific
Heat
(J/kg.K)
Viscosity
(kg/m.s)
Solidus
Temperature
(K)
Liquidus
Temperature
(K)
Paraffin
OM-30
906 0.185 2600 0.00181 303 305
Table: Thermal Properties of Water
7/05/2022

25
Results: Liquid Fraction of PCM vs Period (sec)
Volume-Weighted Average Liquid Fraction
Period (sec) Liquid Fraction
3600 0.07970912
7200 0.08003319
10800 0.080507545
14400 0.081118772
18000 0.08185019
0.0795
0.08
0.0805
0.081
0.0815
0.082
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Liquid
Fraction
Time Period (sec)
Liquid fraction vs Time Period (sec)
7/05/2022

Analysis Results: Water
26
Fig. Temperature Contour of Water Fig. Static Temperature graph for Water
Fluid
Domain
Density
(kg/m2)
Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m.K)
Specific
Heat
(J/kg.K)
Viscosity
(kg/m.s)
Solidus
Temperature
(K)
Liquidus
Temperature
(K)
Water 998.2 0.6 4182 0.001 - -
Table: Thermal Properties of Water
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27
Why chose Heavy Sand (15% water)?
Properties Values
Density 1925 kg/m2
Thermal
Conductivity
3.8 W/m.K
Specific Heat 1550.5
J/kg.K
Table: Thermal Properties of Heavy
Sand
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28
Project Site: Location
Z.P.SCHOOL, AMBELE (B.K.)
Geographical Location: 19.2612° N, 73.3889° E
The average high-temperature is relatively the same as
in April - a still sweltering 35°C (95°F)
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29
Project Site: Selection
Test Location 1
Test Location 2
Test Location 3
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30
Project Site: Pipe Layout
HE Setup
Fig. Floor Plan of the School
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31
Project Site: Pipe Layout
Fig: HE Setup
Fig: Air Flow cycle within
Target Classroom
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32
Steps in Fabrication of GCHE Setup
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33
Fabrication & Testing
Fig: Final Experimental Setup at
Site
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34
Selection/Specification of Component
Exhaust Fan 35W
Brand Name: Unique
Blow Rate: 2.3 m/s
Variable Speed Control
Function: To Blow air in the inlet pipe.
Sensors: Digital Thermocouple
Type: K-Type
Function: For Temperature measurement, this
is required for Feedback system
PVC Pipes
Size: 2 Inch
Length: 12 metres
Function: To provide
pathway for air.
7/05/2022
GI Pipe (1 ft 2 inch):
Function: Due to its
High thermal
conductivity it is used
inside water jacket.
Terracotta clay pot (Water
Jacket):
Function: It is used to cool
the GI Pipe with the help of
evaporative cooling.

35
PVC Elbows:
Specification: 2-inch
Function: It
is designed to turn
the flow of a fluid.
PVC Reducer:
Specification: 2&1/2-
inch to 2-inch
Function: In order to
change diameter from
smaller cross section
to a larger cross
section and vice versa
PVC Couplers:
Specifications: 2-inch
Function: It used to
connect the pipes.
Sheet Metal Reducer:
Function: It is used to
connect the Exhaust fan
to the 2-inch PVC pipe
Digital Wind Speed Anemometer
Brand Name: amiciSense
Product Dimensions: 14 x 10 x 8 cm;
100 Grams
Function: For the measurement of air
velocity
7/05/2022

36
Result and Analysis
1. Preference of water over PCM.
2. Challenge of using Water with
recirculating pump.
3. Temperature difference
between inlet and outlet
increases with flow rate up to a
certain flow rate then decreases.
4. Economical as compared to Air-
cooler.
7/05/2022
7.2
3.4
7
3.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Temp.
drop
(°C)
Water Jacket (Present) Water Jacket (Absent)
Effect of using Water Jacket
11-1 pm
1-3 pm

37
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Temp.
Reduction
(%)
Flow Velocity (m/s)
Temperature reduction (%) vs flow rate
(m/s)
11-1 pm 1-2 pm 3-4 pm 2-3 pm
7/05/2022
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
Temp.
Drop
(°C)
Time (pm)
Temperature drop (°C) vs Time Interval
(in pm)
2.3 m/s 1.5 m/s 1.2 m/s 0.8 m/s

38
7/05/2022
Energy Analysis
This GCHE setup uses an exhaust fan with power consumption
of 35 wattage. If we consider 6 hours of working each day, then
the yearly power consumption can be calculated as follows:
Yearly consumption of GCHE Setup in kilo-watt-hour (kWh)
=
35 × 6 × 365
1000
= 76.65 kWh
Air cooler’s yearly consumption (kWh) =
100× 6 × 365
1000
= 219 kWh
Then the wattage saving can be calculated as follows:
% Wattage savings =
(219 – 76.65)
219
× 100
= 65%
Mitigation of CO2
emission and Carbon
credit earned
Presently, there is special emphasis on embodied energy,
mitigation of CO2 emissions. The CO2 emission mitigation
(kg/year) due to the annual energy saving potential
(kWh/year) is estimated below as follows:
CO2 emission mitigated = 0.98 x 1.6 x annual savings (kW-h/
year)
= 63.4664 ton-hour/year
Carbon credits = 20 x CO2 emissions mitigated (tons -hour)
= ₹ 102036.28 (approx.)

39
Conclusion
1. PCM has a low-cost to performance ratio in our layout.
2. Selection of Non-circulating water jacket (Terracotta Clay pot)
with GI pipe as a passive cooling technique to save on pump
costs.
3. The experimental setup managed to cool the room by 7.4 °C on
an average with water jacket and by 3.6 °C without using a
water jacket.
4. Temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet increases
with increasing flow rate due to forced draft.
5. The system consumes 76.65 kilo-watt hour per year. It gives
wattage savings of 65% when compared with a 100-watt air-
cooler.
Inlet through
Exhaust Fan
Outlet
7/05/2022

Project Expenditure
SR.
NO.
COMPONENT NAME DESCRIPTION QUANTITY TOTAL PRICE
1 Exhaust Fan To Blow air in the inlet pipe, 1 ₹1500
2
PVC Pipes & Plumbing
Cost
To provide pathway for air.
Approx. 30
metres
₹2000
3 Dry Silica Quartz
For Increasing the effectiveness of the Heat
Exchanger via Passive Method
Depends on
Volume of
soil
removed
₹2000
4
Reducer Cost &
Labour Cost
For reducing larger diameter to smaller diameter
Depends
upon the
size of
Exhaust
₹1000
5
Digging Cost/Labour
Cost
For installation of Ground coupled Heat Exchanger,
and the Cost depends on the location and labour
cost
Length 20 ft,
depth 3 ft
₹3000
6 Sensor Cost For Temperature measurement 2 ₹400
7 Miscellaneous Cost
Includes all the other cost like Travelling, Fabrication
& Testing cost
₹2000
Total Cost ₹12000
40
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41
Plan of Completion of Project
7/05/2022

References
42
[1] Maneesh Kaushal, Geothermal cooling/heating using ground heat exchanger for various
experimental and analytical studies: Comprehensive review (2017)
[2] Stuart J. Self, Bale V. Reddy & Marc A. Rosen, Geothermal heat pump systems: Status review and
comparison with other heating options (2013)
[3] Ramkishore Singha, R.L. Sawhneyd, I.J. Lazarusa & V.V.N. Kishore, Recent advancements in earth air
tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) system for indoor thermal comfort application: A review (2018)
[4] Suresh Kumar Soni, Mukesh Pandey & Vishvendra Nath Bartaria, Ground coupled heat exchangers: A
review and applications (2015)
[5] Saifullah Zaphar, Experimental Performance Analysis of Earth-Air Heat Exchanger for Energy Efficient
and Eco-Friendly Hvac Systems (2015)
7/05/2022

43
References
[6] Arshdeep Singh & Ranjit Singh, Performance Analysis of Earth-Air Tunnel System used for Air
Conditioning of the College Classroom (2015)
[7] Rohit Misra, Vikas Bansal, Ghanshyam Das Agarwal, Jyotirmay Mathur & Tarun Aseri, Evaluating
Thermal Performance and Energy Conservation Potential of Hybrid Earth Air Tunnel Heat Exchanger in
Hot and Dry Climate—In Situ Measurement (2013)
[8] Abdelkrim Sehli, Abdelhafid Hasni & Mohammed Tamali, The potential of earth-air heat exchangers for
low energy cooling of buildings in South Algeria (2012)
[9] Yousef Belloufi, Abdelhafid Brima, Sakina Zerouali, Rachid Atmani, Faris Aissaoui, Amar Rouag &
Noureddine Moummi, Numerical and experimental investigation on the transient behavior of an earth air
heat exchanger in continuous operation mode (2017)
[10] S.F. Ahmed, G. Liu, M. Mofijur, A.K. Azad, M.A. Hazratf & Yu-Ming Chu, Physical and hybrid
modelling techniques for earth-air heat exchangers in reducing building energy consumption:
Performance, applications, progress and challenges (2016)
7/05/2022

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