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Submitted by 
Amandeep Singh 
Vikas Mahala 
Ashok Dhayal
Introduction 
Passive cooling 
Earth Air Tunnel 
Principle 
Factors affecting thermal conductivity 
Applications of EAT 
Design guidelines 
Classification 
Advantage and limitations 
Potential issues 
Conclusion 
References
Energy Saving: 
One of the most important global 
challenges 
Energy Efficiency: 
Supply Side: Higher 
Efficiency power plants, 
renewable sources of energy, Smart Grids, etc. 
Demand Side: Energy efficient, 
Building Envelopes (direct systems), 
Earth Air Tunnels(indirect systems), etc.
• Passive cooling systems are least expensive means of cooling a 
home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope 
without any use of mechanical devices. 
• It rely on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the building. They 
derive cooling directly from evaporation, convection, and radiation 
without using any intermediate electrical devices. 
• All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature 
and relative humidity. 
• The applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions. 
• These design strategies reduce heat gains to internal spaces. 
- Natural Ventilation 
- Shading 
-Wind Towers 
- Courtyard Effect 
- Earth Air Tunnels 
- Evaporative Cooling 
- Passive Down Draught Cooling 
- Roof Sprays 
[1]
• The Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) systems utilizes the heat-storing capacity of earth. 
• The fact that the year round temperature four meter below the surface remains almost constant 
throughout the year. That makes it potentially useful in providing buildings with air-conditioning. 
• It depends on the ambient temperature of the location, the EAT system can be used to provide 
both cooling during the summer and heating during winter. 
• The tunnels would be especially useful for large buildings with ample surrounding ground. 
• The EAT system can not be cost effective for small individual residential buildings. 
• The ground temperature remains constant and air if pumped in appropriate amount that allows 
sufficient contact time for the heat transfer to the medium attains the same temperature as the 
ground temperature.
Underground heat exchanger 
Also called: 
Earth-Air Heat Exchangers 
Air-to-soil Heat Exchangers 
Earth Canals
earth air tunnel latest ppt
Earth acts a source or sink 
High thermal Inertia of 
soil results in air 
temperature fluctuations 
being dampened deeper 
in the ground 
Utilizes Solar Energy 
accumulated in the soil 
Cooling/Heating takes 
place due to a temperature 
difference between 
the soil and the air
SOIL: 
Moisture content 
Most not able impact on thermal conductivity 
Thermal conductivity increases with moisture to a certain point 
(critical moisture content) 
Dry density of soil 
As dry density increase thermal conductivity increase 
Mineral Composition 
Soils with higher mineral content have higher conductivity 
Soils with higher organic content have lower conductivity 
Soil Texture 
Coarse textured, angular grained soil has higher thermal 
conductivity 
Vegetation 
Vegetation acts as an insulating agent moderating the affect of 
temperature 
[2]
EAT’s can be used in a vast variety of buildings: 
Commercial Buildings: Offices, showrooms, cinema halls etc. 
Residential buildings 
University Campuses 
Hospitals 
Greenhouses 
Livestock houses
earth air tunnel latest ppt
The design parameters that impact the performance of the 
EAT are: 
• Tube Depth 
• Tube Length 
• Tube Diameter 
• Air velocity 
• Air Flow rate 
• Tube Material 
• Tube arrangement 
 Open-loop system 
 Closed-loop system 
• Efficiency 
• Coefficient of Performance (COP) 
[3]
Ground temperature defined by: 
External Climate 
Soil Composition 
Thermal Properties of soil 
Water Content 
Ground temperature 
fluctuates in time, 
but amplitude of 
fluctuation diminishes with depth. 
Burying pipes/tubes as 
deep as possible would be ideal. 
A balance between going 
deeper and reduction in 
temperature needs to be drawn. 
Generally ~4m below 
the earth’s surface dampens 
the oscillations significantly.
Heat Transfer depends on surface area. 
Surface area of a pipe: 
Diameter 
Length 
So increased length would 
mean increased heat 
transfer and hence 
higher efficiency. 
After a certain length, 
no significant heat transfer 
occurs, hence optimize length. 
Increased length also results 
in increased pressure drop and 
hence increases fan energy. 
So economic and design 
factors need to be balanced to 
find best performance at lowest cost.
Heat Transfer depends on surface area. 
Surface area of a pipe: 
Diameter 
Length 
Smaller diameter gives better thermal performance. 
Smaller diameter results in larger pressure drop increasing fan 
energy requirement. 
Increased diameter results in reduction in air speed and heat 
transfer. 
So economic and design factors need to be balanced to find best 
performance at lowest cost. 
Optimum determined by actual cost of tube and excavation cost. 
[4]
As the velocity of air increases the exit temp 
decreases 
[6]
For a given tube diameter, increase in airflow rate results in: 
Increase in total heat transfer 
Increase in outlet temperature 
High flow rates desirable for closed systems 
For open systems airflow rate must be selected by considering: 
Outlet temperature 
Total cooling or heating capacity
The main considerations in selecting tube material are: 
Cost 
Strength 
Corrosion 
Resistance 
Durability 
Tube material has little influence on performance. 
Selection would be determined by other factors like ease of 
installation, corrosion resistance etc. 
Spacing between tubes should enough so that tubes are thermally 
independent to maximize benefits.
EAT can be used in either: 
Closed loop system 
Open loop system 
Open Loop system: 
Outdoor air is drawn into tubes 
and delivered to AHUs or 
directly to the inside of the building 
Provides ventilation while 
hopefully cooling or heating 
the building interior 
Improves IAQ 
Closed Loop system: 
Interior air circulates through EATs 
Increases efficiency 
Reduces problem with humidity 
condensing inside tubes. 
Hybrid System: 
EATHE system is coupled to another heating/cooling system, which 
may be an air conditioner , evaporative cooling system or solar air 
heater
EAT can be used in either: 
One-tube system 
Parallel tubes system 
One tube system may 
not be appropriate to meet 
air conditioning requirements 
of a building, resulting 
in the tube being too large 
Parallel tubes system 
More pragmatic design option 
Reduce pressure drop 
Raise thermal performance
Classification of EATHE system 
According to layout of pipe in ground 
According to mode of arrangement 
There are four different types according to layout of pipe in the 
ground 
Horizontal/ straight Loop 
Vertical Looped 
Slinky/ spiral Looped 
Pond/Helical Looped
earth air tunnel latest ppt
Calculating benefits from EAT is difficult due to: 
Soil Temperatures 
Conductivity 
Performance of EAT can be calculated as: 
where; 
To = Inlet Air Temperature 
To (L) = Outlet Air Temperature 
Ts = Undisturbed ground temperature
COP based on: 
Amount of heating or cooling done by EAT (Heat Flux) 
Amount of power required to move the air through the EAT 
Q= Heat Flux 
W= Power 
COP decreases as system is operated 
COP can be integrated into system control strategies 
When COP down to a certain point, EAT should be shut down and 
conventional system should take over
[8]
ETHE based systems cause no toxic emission and therefore, are 
not detrimental to environment. 
Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) do use some refrigerant but 
much less than the conventional systems. 
ETHE based systems for cooling do not need water - a feature 
valuable in arid areas like Kutch. It is this feature that motivated 
our work on ETHE development. 
ETHEs have long life and require only low maintenance 
Low operating cost.
Require large space to make setup. 
Give a limited cooling effect. 
Initial cost high.
earth air tunnel latest ppt
ISSUE 
• Condensation inside the tubes 
has been observed 
• Condensation occurs if temp. in 
the tube is lower that dew point 
temp. 
• Condensation occurs in systems 
with low airflow and high 
ambient dew point temperature 
• Removal of moisture from the 
cooled air is always an issue and 
system may be used with a 
regular air conditioner or a 
desiccant 
• Water in tubes also results in 
growth of mould or mildew 
leading to IAQ issues 
SOLUTIONS 
• Good construction and 
drainage 
• Tubes are tilted to prevent 
water from standing in the 
tubes 
• In the service pit at the lowest 
point water can be captured 
and pumped 
• Water tight tubes can be used 
to prevent ground water from 
entering into the system
earth air tunnel latest ppt
EATs are based on the following principles 
Using earth as a source or sink 
Uses Soil Thermal inertia 
Depends on the Thermal Conductivity of Soil 
Various Factors affect the performance of EAT which need to be 
optimized to maximize performance. 
Integrate the EAT into the building systems to maximize 
performance and maximize energy savings.
1. A passive solar system for thermal comfort conditioning of buildings in composite climates†,1 
p. RAMAN, SANJAY MANDE and V. V. N. KISHORE received 19 august 1998; revised 
version accepted 13 october 2000 
2. Earth air heat exchanger in parallel connection manojkumardubey1, dr. J.L.Bhagoria2, dr. 
Atullanjewar M.Tech student1 MANIT bhopal professor mech deptt. , MANIT bhopal asst. 
Professor mech deptt, MANIT bhopal(figures) 
3. Jalaluddin, Miyara A, Thermal performance investigation of several types of vertical 
ground heat exchangers with different operation mode, Applied Thermal 
Engineering 33-34 (2012) 167–74. 
4. Performance analysis of earth–pipe–air heat exchanger for winter heating vikas bansal *, rohit 
misra, ghanshyam das agrawal, jyotirmay mathur 
5. Performance analysis of earth–pipe–air heat exchanger for summer cooling vikas bansal *, 
rohit misra, ghanshyam das agrawal, jyotirmay mathur 
6. Performance evaluation and economic analysis of integrated earth–air–tunnel heat exchanger– 
evaporative cooling system vikas bansal∗, rohit misra, ghanshyam das agrawal, jyotirmay 
mathur 
7. Thermal performance investigation of hybrid earth air tunnel heat exchanger rohit misraa, 
vikas bansala, ghanshyam das agarwala, jyotirmay mathura,∗, tarun aserib 
8. ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN ANUNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL 
MONCEF KRARTI and JAN F. KREIDER (received 27 october 1994; received for 
publication 11 july 1995)
earth air tunnel latest ppt

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earth air tunnel latest ppt

  • 1. Submitted by Amandeep Singh Vikas Mahala Ashok Dhayal
  • 2. Introduction Passive cooling Earth Air Tunnel Principle Factors affecting thermal conductivity Applications of EAT Design guidelines Classification Advantage and limitations Potential issues Conclusion References
  • 3. Energy Saving: One of the most important global challenges Energy Efficiency: Supply Side: Higher Efficiency power plants, renewable sources of energy, Smart Grids, etc. Demand Side: Energy efficient, Building Envelopes (direct systems), Earth Air Tunnels(indirect systems), etc.
  • 4. • Passive cooling systems are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without any use of mechanical devices. • It rely on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the building. They derive cooling directly from evaporation, convection, and radiation without using any intermediate electrical devices. • All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature and relative humidity. • The applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions. • These design strategies reduce heat gains to internal spaces. - Natural Ventilation - Shading -Wind Towers - Courtyard Effect - Earth Air Tunnels - Evaporative Cooling - Passive Down Draught Cooling - Roof Sprays [1]
  • 5. • The Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) systems utilizes the heat-storing capacity of earth. • The fact that the year round temperature four meter below the surface remains almost constant throughout the year. That makes it potentially useful in providing buildings with air-conditioning. • It depends on the ambient temperature of the location, the EAT system can be used to provide both cooling during the summer and heating during winter. • The tunnels would be especially useful for large buildings with ample surrounding ground. • The EAT system can not be cost effective for small individual residential buildings. • The ground temperature remains constant and air if pumped in appropriate amount that allows sufficient contact time for the heat transfer to the medium attains the same temperature as the ground temperature.
  • 6. Underground heat exchanger Also called: Earth-Air Heat Exchangers Air-to-soil Heat Exchangers Earth Canals
  • 8. Earth acts a source or sink High thermal Inertia of soil results in air temperature fluctuations being dampened deeper in the ground Utilizes Solar Energy accumulated in the soil Cooling/Heating takes place due to a temperature difference between the soil and the air
  • 9. SOIL: Moisture content Most not able impact on thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity increases with moisture to a certain point (critical moisture content) Dry density of soil As dry density increase thermal conductivity increase Mineral Composition Soils with higher mineral content have higher conductivity Soils with higher organic content have lower conductivity Soil Texture Coarse textured, angular grained soil has higher thermal conductivity Vegetation Vegetation acts as an insulating agent moderating the affect of temperature [2]
  • 10. EAT’s can be used in a vast variety of buildings: Commercial Buildings: Offices, showrooms, cinema halls etc. Residential buildings University Campuses Hospitals Greenhouses Livestock houses
  • 12. The design parameters that impact the performance of the EAT are: • Tube Depth • Tube Length • Tube Diameter • Air velocity • Air Flow rate • Tube Material • Tube arrangement  Open-loop system  Closed-loop system • Efficiency • Coefficient of Performance (COP) [3]
  • 13. Ground temperature defined by: External Climate Soil Composition Thermal Properties of soil Water Content Ground temperature fluctuates in time, but amplitude of fluctuation diminishes with depth. Burying pipes/tubes as deep as possible would be ideal. A balance between going deeper and reduction in temperature needs to be drawn. Generally ~4m below the earth’s surface dampens the oscillations significantly.
  • 14. Heat Transfer depends on surface area. Surface area of a pipe: Diameter Length So increased length would mean increased heat transfer and hence higher efficiency. After a certain length, no significant heat transfer occurs, hence optimize length. Increased length also results in increased pressure drop and hence increases fan energy. So economic and design factors need to be balanced to find best performance at lowest cost.
  • 15. Heat Transfer depends on surface area. Surface area of a pipe: Diameter Length Smaller diameter gives better thermal performance. Smaller diameter results in larger pressure drop increasing fan energy requirement. Increased diameter results in reduction in air speed and heat transfer. So economic and design factors need to be balanced to find best performance at lowest cost. Optimum determined by actual cost of tube and excavation cost. [4]
  • 16. As the velocity of air increases the exit temp decreases [6]
  • 17. For a given tube diameter, increase in airflow rate results in: Increase in total heat transfer Increase in outlet temperature High flow rates desirable for closed systems For open systems airflow rate must be selected by considering: Outlet temperature Total cooling or heating capacity
  • 18. The main considerations in selecting tube material are: Cost Strength Corrosion Resistance Durability Tube material has little influence on performance. Selection would be determined by other factors like ease of installation, corrosion resistance etc. Spacing between tubes should enough so that tubes are thermally independent to maximize benefits.
  • 19. EAT can be used in either: Closed loop system Open loop system Open Loop system: Outdoor air is drawn into tubes and delivered to AHUs or directly to the inside of the building Provides ventilation while hopefully cooling or heating the building interior Improves IAQ Closed Loop system: Interior air circulates through EATs Increases efficiency Reduces problem with humidity condensing inside tubes. Hybrid System: EATHE system is coupled to another heating/cooling system, which may be an air conditioner , evaporative cooling system or solar air heater
  • 20. EAT can be used in either: One-tube system Parallel tubes system One tube system may not be appropriate to meet air conditioning requirements of a building, resulting in the tube being too large Parallel tubes system More pragmatic design option Reduce pressure drop Raise thermal performance
  • 21. Classification of EATHE system According to layout of pipe in ground According to mode of arrangement There are four different types according to layout of pipe in the ground Horizontal/ straight Loop Vertical Looped Slinky/ spiral Looped Pond/Helical Looped
  • 23. Calculating benefits from EAT is difficult due to: Soil Temperatures Conductivity Performance of EAT can be calculated as: where; To = Inlet Air Temperature To (L) = Outlet Air Temperature Ts = Undisturbed ground temperature
  • 24. COP based on: Amount of heating or cooling done by EAT (Heat Flux) Amount of power required to move the air through the EAT Q= Heat Flux W= Power COP decreases as system is operated COP can be integrated into system control strategies When COP down to a certain point, EAT should be shut down and conventional system should take over
  • 25. [8]
  • 26. ETHE based systems cause no toxic emission and therefore, are not detrimental to environment. Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) do use some refrigerant but much less than the conventional systems. ETHE based systems for cooling do not need water - a feature valuable in arid areas like Kutch. It is this feature that motivated our work on ETHE development. ETHEs have long life and require only low maintenance Low operating cost.
  • 27. Require large space to make setup. Give a limited cooling effect. Initial cost high.
  • 29. ISSUE • Condensation inside the tubes has been observed • Condensation occurs if temp. in the tube is lower that dew point temp. • Condensation occurs in systems with low airflow and high ambient dew point temperature • Removal of moisture from the cooled air is always an issue and system may be used with a regular air conditioner or a desiccant • Water in tubes also results in growth of mould or mildew leading to IAQ issues SOLUTIONS • Good construction and drainage • Tubes are tilted to prevent water from standing in the tubes • In the service pit at the lowest point water can be captured and pumped • Water tight tubes can be used to prevent ground water from entering into the system
  • 31. EATs are based on the following principles Using earth as a source or sink Uses Soil Thermal inertia Depends on the Thermal Conductivity of Soil Various Factors affect the performance of EAT which need to be optimized to maximize performance. Integrate the EAT into the building systems to maximize performance and maximize energy savings.
  • 32. 1. A passive solar system for thermal comfort conditioning of buildings in composite climates†,1 p. RAMAN, SANJAY MANDE and V. V. N. KISHORE received 19 august 1998; revised version accepted 13 october 2000 2. Earth air heat exchanger in parallel connection manojkumardubey1, dr. J.L.Bhagoria2, dr. Atullanjewar M.Tech student1 MANIT bhopal professor mech deptt. , MANIT bhopal asst. Professor mech deptt, MANIT bhopal(figures) 3. Jalaluddin, Miyara A, Thermal performance investigation of several types of vertical ground heat exchangers with different operation mode, Applied Thermal Engineering 33-34 (2012) 167–74. 4. Performance analysis of earth–pipe–air heat exchanger for winter heating vikas bansal *, rohit misra, ghanshyam das agrawal, jyotirmay mathur 5. Performance analysis of earth–pipe–air heat exchanger for summer cooling vikas bansal *, rohit misra, ghanshyam das agrawal, jyotirmay mathur 6. Performance evaluation and economic analysis of integrated earth–air–tunnel heat exchanger– evaporative cooling system vikas bansal∗, rohit misra, ghanshyam das agrawal, jyotirmay mathur 7. Thermal performance investigation of hybrid earth air tunnel heat exchanger rohit misraa, vikas bansala, ghanshyam das agarwala, jyotirmay mathura,∗, tarun aserib 8. ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN ANUNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL MONCEF KRARTI and JAN F. KREIDER (received 27 october 1994; received for publication 11 july 1995)