Active and passive immunisation

1. Active and passive
Immunisation
Shinil lenin
403

2. IMMUNITY
• The state of being immune from or insusceptible to a particular
disease.
Immune System Response toAntigens:
A. Humoral Immunity
• Involves antibodies (secreted from B cells) dissolved in the
blood plasma.
• Demonstrated as a immune response using only the blood
serum.
• Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, & viruses.
B. Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Involves the activities of specific white blood cells (T cells).
• Defense against cancer cells, virus-infected cells, fungi,
animal parasites, & foreign cells from transplants.

4. TYPES OF
IMMUNITY

5. • An infection is an example of acquiring natural
immunity. It is called ACTIVE as your body needs to
work to produce the necessary antibodies
• When a mother breast feeds her baby she passes
antibodies to it. This is a way of acquiring PASSIVE
immunity as it is a way of gaining antibodies without
the immune system having to produce them.
• The thick, yellowish milk (colostrum) that is produced
for the first few days after birth is particularly rich in
antibodies.
NATURAL IMMUNITY:ACTIVEAND PASSIVE

6. ARTIFICIALIMMUNITY:ACTIVEAND PASSIVE
• An alternative to natural immunity
developing is to give vaccinations
(artificial immunity)
• Antigen is injected into the body.
• This may be in the form of an
inactivated bacterial toxin or
attenuated (not harmful) virus which
would promote ACTIVE immunity;
• or the injection of antibodies or
antitoxins which would promote
PASSIVE immunity (eg Clostridium
tetani)

7. • The production of antibodies against a specific disease by the
immune system.
• Naturally acquired through disease
• Artificially acquired through vaccination
• Vaccines include inactivated toxins, killed microbes, parts of
microbes, and viable but weakened microbes.
• Memory T cells are only produced in active immunity.
• Protection for active immunity is permanent whereas in
passive immunity it is only temporary.
• Antigens are only encountered in active immunity.
• Active immunity takes several weeks to become active but
passive is immediate
ACTIVE IMMUNITY

8. • A vaccinated person has a secondary response based on
memory cells when encountering the specific pathogen.
• Routine immunization against infectious diseases such as measles
and whooping cough, and has led to the eradication of smallpox, a
viral disease.
• Unfortunately, not all infectious agents are easily managed by
vaccination.
• HIV vaccine in the works

9. • Passive Immunity- Protection against disease through
antibodies produced by another human being or animal.
• Ex. Maternal antibodies , Colostrum
• Passive immunity doesn’t last as long as active immunity (only
weeks or months):
• No lymphocytes are stimulated to clone themselves
• No memory cells have been made
• Effective, but temporary as this type of immunity can only last
as long as the antibodies/toxins last in the blood
PASSIVE IMMUNITY

10. • Passive immunity can be transferred artificially by injecting
antibodies from an animal that is already immune to a
disease into another animal.
• Rabies treatment: injection with antibodies against rabies virus that are
both passive immunizations (the immediate fight) and active
immunizations (longer term defense).

11. IMMUNISATION
Immunisation is the process of becoming immune to a disease
as a result of a vaccine.
Vaccines take time to work, because your immune system needs
time to produce an immune response to the vaccine.
Some vaccines work after one dose, but others require more
doses to be effective, and for some you need a ‘booster’ after
a certain period, to restore your immunity to disease, which
can lessen over time.

12. VACCINES USED FOR
IMMUNISATION

13. VACCINATION
• Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune
response through active immunization.
• Avaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed to produce
specific protection against a given disease.
• Avaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.
One of the most effective «weapons» in medicine
1798 Edward Jenner immunizes first time against smallpox
1885 Louis Pasteur prepares the 1st vaccine against Rabbies
1927 BCG (bacillus Galmette-Guerin)
1955 Salk vaccine against poliomyelitis
1960 MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella)……..

14. TYPES OF VACCINES
• Live vaccines
• Attenuated live vaccines
• Inactivated (killed vaccines)
• Toxoids
• Polysaccharide and polypeptide
(cellular fraction) vaccines
• Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines

15. LIVE VACCINES
• Live vaccines are made from live infectious
agents without any amendment.
• The only live vaccine is “Variola” small pox
vaccine, made of live vaccinia cow-pox virus
(not variola virus) which is not pathogenic but
antigenic, giving cross immunity for variola.

16. LIVE ATTENUATED (AVIRULENT) VACCINES
• Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to become
attenuated and avirulent but antigenic. They have lost
their capacity to induce full-blown disease but retain
their immunogenicity.
• Attenuated– live microbe (usually virus) which has a
vital function inactivated by heat, chemicals or genetic
manipulation e.g. Rabies virus vaccine, MMR
(Bacillus
(Measles, Mumps and Rubella), BCG
Calmette Guerin vaccine for M. tuberculosis
• Risk it could revert back to infectious agent
• will stimulate both cell mediated and
mediated immune response
antibody

17. INACTIVATED (KILLED) VACCINES
• Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or
chemicals but remain antigenic.
• They are usually safe but less effective than live
attenuated vaccines.
• The only absolute contraindication to their
administration is a severe local or general reaction to a
previous dose

18. TOXOIDS
• They are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some
bacteria rendering them antigenic but not pathogenic.
• Adjuvant (e.g. alum precipitation) is used to increase the
potency of vaccine.
• The antibodies produces in the body as a consequence of toxoid
administration neutralize the toxic moiety produced during
infection rather than act upon the organism itself.
• In general toxoids are highly efficacious and safe
immunizing agents.

19. POLYSACCHARIDE AND POLYPEPTIDE
VACCINES
• They are prepared from extracted cellular fractions e.g.
meningococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide
antigen of the cell wall, the pneumococcal vaccine
from the polysaccharide contained in the capsule of the
organism, and hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine.
• Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.

20. SURFACE ANTIGEN (RECOMBINANT)
VACCINES
• It is prepared by cloning HBsAg gene in yeast
cells where it is expressed.
• HBsAg produced is then used for vaccine
preparations.
• Their efficacy and safety also appear to be high.

21. TYPES OFV
ACCINES
Live
vaccines
Live
Attenuated
vaccines
Killed
Inactivated
vaccines
Toxoids Cellular
fraction
vaccines
Recombinan
t vaccines
•Small
pox
variola
vaccine
•BCG
•Typhoid
oral
•Plague
•Oral polio
•Yellow
fever
•Measles
•Mumps
•Typhoid
•Cholera
•Pertussis
•Plague
•Rabies
•Salk polio
•Intra-
muscular
influenza
•Diphtheria
•Tetanus
•Meningococcal
polysaccharide
vaccine
•Pneumococcal
polysaccharide
vaccine
•Hepatitis B
polypeptide
vaccine
•Hepatitis B
vaccine
•Rubella
•Intranasal
•Japanise
encephalitis
Influenza
•Typhus

22. ROUTES OFADMINISTRATION
• Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most
vaccines)
• Oral route ( oral BCG vaccine)
• Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
• Scarification (small pox vaccine)
• Intranasal route
(live attenuated influenza vaccine)

23. SCHEME OF IMMUNIZATION
• Primary vaccination
• One dose vaccines (BCG, variola, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever)
• Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus toxoids),
hepatitis B)
• Booster vaccination
To maintain immunity level after it declines after some time has elapsed (DT,
MMR).