Policy - Framework which guides action Public Policy - Framework which guides action by the Government / the State. ● Public Policy refers to the policy that is formulated for the benefits of the public. ● Public policy is a course of action adopted and pursued by Govt. ● Policies help the executive keep his activities within a 'prescribed framework of action’. ● Policies gives meaning to objectives. Ex. - Education Policy (improve literacy rate & remove illiteracy) ● Policy is an approach through which an issue is given a congruent, organised and integrated look. ● Therefore, we can say that it refers to collective & collaborative expression of the society. ● But, this view was challenged by many people. ● According to Thomas Dye, “Policy is an expression of intent about what to do or what not to do.” __Chellange ● “Policy is not only about the intention of what is to be done and what is not to be done, but also includes what is actually being done & actually not being done.” __Public or Private Therefore, PUBLIC POLICY is the expression of intention of the Government of what to do or what not to do, what actually is done and what actually is not done. Policy Goal Action Nature of Public Policy PUBLIC POLICY is :- Goal oriented Result of Government's collective actions What the Government actually desides / chooses to do Both Positive & Negative ● Public Policy is a document that contains the broad outline as well as the detailed description of formulated as well as implementation of various Government programs & plans ● Policy is not static & does not stand still. ● It is dynamic and is prone to constant changes & covered a diversified field. ● The concept of policy is not a precise term. - ● Vague term - Interdisciplinary - Multidisciplinary in nature ● It may take the form of A deceleration of goals A deceleration of course of action A deceleration of general purpose An authoritative decision. ● The term is often used rather loosely; it is confused with rule, custom & decision. Goals, Policies, Programs & Objectives - GOALS - Broad intentions of the Government and refer to distant state of things that are intended to be achieved. POLICIES - Instruments formulated to turn goals into actions. OBJECTIVES - Concrete products / end state to be achieved. More specific & often precisely quantifiable. PROGRAMS - Designed to achieve specific objectives. Example - GOAL - Women Empowerment POLICY - National Policy of Empowerment of Women PROGRAM - Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao OBJECTIVES - • To prevent gender biased sex selective elimination • To ensure survival and protection of the girl child • To ensure education and participation of the girl child According to THEODORE LOWI, public policy can be divided into 3 basic categories. DISTRIBUTIVE REDISTRIBUTIVE REGULATORY Regulatory Policy can further be divided into 2 subcategories ( according to Ripley & Franklin ) Substantive Capitalisation Constituent

1. PUBLIC POLICY
SHASHWATA SAHU
KIIT School of Law,
Bhubaneswar

2. PUBLIC POLICY
Political Science -
Main field
Law & Public Policy
- Subfield
Policy - Framework which guides action
Public Policy - Framework which guides action by the
Government / the State.
● Public Policy refers to the policy that is formulated
for the benefits of the public.
● Public policy is a course of action adopted and
pursued by Govt.
● Policies help the executive keep his activities within
a 'prescribed framework of action’.
● Policies gives meaning to objectives.
Ex. - Education Policy (improve literacy rate & remove
illiteracy)

3. ● Policy is an approach through which
an issue is given a congruent, organised
and integrated look.
● Therefore, we can say that it refers to
collective & collaborative expression of
the society.
● But, this view was challenged by many
people.

4. ● According to Thomas Dye, “Policy is an
expression of intent about what to do or
what not to do.” __Chellange
● “Policy is not only about the intention of
what is to be done and what is not to be
done, but also includes what is actually
being done & actually not being done.”
__Public or Private

5. Therefore, PUBLIC POLICY is the
expression of intention of the Government
of what to do or what not to do, what
actually is done and what actually is not
done.
Policy
Goal Action

6. Nature of Public Policy
PUBLIC POLICY is :-
● Goal oriented
● Result of Government's collective actions
● What the Government actually desides / chooses to do
● Both Positive & Negative

7. ● Public Policy is a document that contains the broad outline as well as the detailed
description of formulated as well as implementation of various Government programs &
plans
● Policy is not static & does not stand still.
● It is dynamic and is prone to constant changes & covered a diversified field.
● The concept of policy is not a precise term. -
● Vague term - Interdisciplinary - Multidisciplinary in nature
● It may take the form of
● A deceleration of goals
● A deceleration of course of action
● A deceleration of general purpose
● An authoritative decision.
● The term is often used rather loosely; it is confused with rule, custom & decision.

8. Goals, Policies, Programs & Objectives
● GOALS -
Broad intentions of the Government and
refer to distant state of things that are
intended to be achieved.
● POLICIES -
Instruments formulated to turn goals into
actions.
● OBJECTIVES -
Concrete products / end state to be
achieved. More specific & often precisely
quantifiable.
● PROGRAMS -
Designed to achieve specific objectives.

9. EXAMPLE
● GOAL - Women Empowerment
● POLICY - National Policy of Empowerment of Women
● PROGRAM - Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
● OBJECTIVES -
• To prevent gender biased sex selective elimination
• To ensure survival and protection of the girl child
• To ensure education and participation of the girl child

10. TYPES OF PUBLIC
POLICY
According to THEODORE LOWI, public
policy can be divided into 3 basic
categories.
1. DISTRIBUTIVE
2. REDISTRIBUTIVE
3. REGULATORY

11. Distributive Public Policy
● Also Known as PATRONAGE Policy.
● Meant for specific segments of society especially the neddy ones
● Concerned with distribution of new resources
● Require little administrative discretion
● Examples -
● Adult Education Program
● Food Relief ( Mid-Day-Meal)
● Vaccination for 60+ age people

12. Redistributive Public Policy
● Concerned with changing the distribution of existing resources, with rearrangement of
policies.
● Require considerable administrative expertise and discretion in implementation.
Example - Income Tax Policy

13. Regulatory Public Policy
● Concerned with regulation and control of business activities
● Regulation is performed by independent organizations working on behalf of the
Government like -
LIC, RBI, SEBI, State Electricity Board
● Policies pertaining to these services and organisations rendering these services are
known as Regulatory Policies.

14. Regulatory Policy can further be divided into 2
subcategories ( according to Ripley & Franklin )
1. COMPETITIVE REGULATORY POLICY -
Policies intended to limit the provision of
goods and services to one or a few
designated deliverers selected from a large
number of competing potential delivers.
2. PROTECTIVE REGULATORY POLICY -
To protect public at large from the negative
effects of private activity ( unsafe products
to consumers, air pollution etc.)

15. Some other types of Public Policy
◆ SUBSTANTIVE PUBLIC POLICY -
● These policies are concerned with the general welfare and development of the society.
● It does not cater to any particular or privileged section of society.
● Example -
Education Policy , Health Policy
◆ CAPITALISATION PUBLIC POLICY -
● These policies are related to financial subsidies given by the Center to the State & Local
Governments and Central & State business undertakings
● These are basically infrastructural & development policies for Government business organisations
to keep functioning properly.
● Therefore, not directly linked to public welfare ( but contributes indirectly )
◆ CONSTITUENT PUBLIC POLICY -
● It is the policy relating to constituting new institutions / mechanisms for public welfare
● Example - NITI Ayog, Planning Commission of India

16. MODELS OF
POLICY MAKING
1. Institutional Model
2. Group Theory
3. Elite Theory
4. Rational Theory
5. Incrementalism
6. Game Theory
7. Normative - Optimum Model
8. Mixed Scanning Approach
9. Lasswell’s Policy Approach
10. System Model
11. Mixed Model

17. THANK YOU !