SerenasBibliography

Bibliography
Abrahams, Irvin. Irvin Abrahams to Erika Lewin, August 10, 1947. Letter. From United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum Papers. Accessed August 9, 2016.
http://digitalarchives.assets.ushmm.org/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=https://digitalarchive
assets.ushmm.org/pdf/2003.368_001_010.pdf
Ahlers, John. "Shanghai at the War's End." Far Eastern Survey 14, no. 23 (November 23, 1945):
329-333. Accessed June 13, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3023153.
This article is a primary source written just after the end of the war with Japan, detailing
the state of Shanghai during the last few weeks of the war and the first few weeks afterward.
Although Ahlers does not mention the Jewish refugees, this article still provides an effective
background of the city where they lived. Particularly, he stresses that Shanghai fared much
better than other cities: bombing had been relatively rare, and had been “restricted to certain
objectives.” He also notes that there was very little actual fighting, both when Japan took the
city and when the Chinese troops took it back.
By the end of the war, many residents of the city were very optimistic about the future
(Ahlers notes that this may have been because Shanghai residents had limited information on the
state of the rest of the country and the world). In contrast to the states of other countries,
Shanghai’s industrial buildings were not destroyed, but they were rather run down and part of the
industrial sector had been idle during the war. The city’s communication systems were also
relatively intact. However, the city faced many other challenges: there were stricter economic
controls which made businessmen uneasy, there was a significant lack of vital supplies, and there
was a great deal of economic turmoil. Specifically, Ahlers notes that many businesses went on
strike and that there was a great deal of inflation.
Alexander, John Alexis. John Alexis Alexander to Erika Lewin, May 25, 1950. Letter. From
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum Papers. Accessed
August 6, 2016.
Alkow, Jacob M. "In Shell-Torn Shanghai." The Sentinel, September 30, 1937. Accessed July
27,
2016.
http://www.jpress.nli.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=CGS%2F19
7%2F09%2F30&id=Ar00700&sk=049DA630.
Altman, Alvaham, and Irene Eber. "Flight to Shanghai, 1938-1940: The Larger Setting."
Yad-Vashem Studies 28 (2000): 51-86. Accessed June 20, 2016.

http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203234.pdf.
This very well-researched article analyzes the reasons that German and Austrian Jews
went to China to escape the Nazi regime, and why the arrival of refugees diminished after 1939.
According to its conclusion, the authors list economic reasons as well as attempts by the British
and Japanese attempts to prevent, or at least limit, entry to Shanghai. They also mention that at
least part of the reason for the diminution of refugees after 1939 was due to World War II and
the blockage of crucial sea routes. In addition to this, Jewish leadership in both in Europe and
the United States appear to have miscalculated the importance of the Shanghai option early on
because of a desire to go elsewhere and because they missed the opportunity to leave before
1938.
Amer, Marianna. Marianna Amer to Arnold Hartmann, January 30, 1941. Letter. From United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Arnold Hartmann Correspondence. Accessed
August 2, 2016.
assets.ushmm.org/pdf/2000.63_001_001.pdf.
This is a letter from a refugee in Shanghai to a relative in the United States. She is asking
for financial assistance to come abroad.
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. "12,000 Refugees in Shanghai Depend on JDC,
UNRRA Aid, Jewish Chaplain Reports." June 14, 1946. Accessed June 2, 2016. =
http://archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_twelve-thousand-refugees-in-
shanghaipdf.
This is a primary source, a press release from the JDC. It features information from an
American Jewish army chaplain who spent over two years in China. He gives information about
what the JDC and UNRRA do to help refugees in Shanghai, the continuing need for aid
(specifically medicine), and how the war impacted refugees. The chaplain reports that the end of
the war did not necessarily mean an end to the refugees’ suffering, particularly since many of
them were employed in army-related fields. In addition to this, he gives general information
about the relationships that often developed between the refugees and Jewish-American soldiers
in Shanghai.
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Paris. “Cover letter from Nathan Katz, JDC
Paris, to JDC NY, with enclosed report on "the situation of the Jewish refugees in
Shanghai," 3/2/1939.” Letter. From American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee,
1933-1944 New York Collection: Selected Documents. Accessed August 28, 2016.
http://search.archives.jdc.org/multimedia/Documents/NY_AR3344/33-44_Count_1/AR
3-44_Count_07/NY_AR3344_Count_07_00165.pdf#search='shanghai'

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. "JDC Representative in Shanghai Tells How
15,000 Refugees Survived Japanese Ghetto." January 24, 1945. Accessed June 2, 2016.
http://archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_jdc-representative-in-shanghai-
tells.pdf.
This primary source is a press release using information given by Manuel Seigel, the
JDC’s primary representative in Shanghai. He describes (in less personal detail than the detail of
the other JDC press release above) how influential the JDC’s and UNRRA’s aid was to the
refugees. He also talks about the conditions they lived in and how they were treated once Japan
took control of China. Also interestingly, he mentions that the Jewish ghetto of Hongkew was
raided several times, resulting in several hundred deaths, injuries, and losses of homes.
Andrews, Susan. "Between Exile and Home - Letters from Shanghai, 1939-1945." Crossings:
Journal of Migration & Culture 4, no. 1 (2013): 13-29. Accessed May 23, 2016.
SocINDEX with Full Text (87095902).
This source is an article written by a granddaughter of Jewish refugees who spent eight
years in Shanghai. It contains excerpts of letters written by her family to other family members
in London during their time in China. Andrews pays special attention to the changes in their
living situation as they were forced to move into the Jewish ghetto of Hongkew as well as to how
they ended up moving to London after the war. Several interesting notes are made concerning
their reactions to the city and its inhabitants and how the adapted.
"Annemarie Warschauer Forced Labor Documents, 1939-1984." From United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, Annemarie Warschauer Papers. Accessed August 5, 2016.
assets.ushmm.org/pdf/2012.244.1_002_001.pdf.
While these documents do not relate directly to the refugee situation in Shanghai (and all
of the documents are in German), they are still useful because they document the experience of
Jews in Germany in forced labor camps--one of the many reasons people chose to leave for
Shanghai in the first place.
"Antisemitic Legislation 1933-1939." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed
August 31, 2016. https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007901.
Though encyclopedia-esque articles are not usually useful, this is valuable because it
summarizes and lists significant anti-Semitic legislation passed by the Nazi government. In order
to understand the flight to Shanghai, it is important to understand what the Jews were running
from.

B., R. W. "Shanghai Rice Anomaly." Far Eastern Survey 10, no. 13 (July 14, 1941): 146-48.
Accessed June 13, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3021919.
Bacon, Ursula. Shanghai Diary. N.p.: M Press, 2004.
"Barbed Wire Heaven." Mishpacha, January 4, 2004. Accessed June 19, 2016.
http://www.aish.com/ho/i/Barbed-Wire-Haven.html.
This detailed article about the Jewish refugees and their camp in Oswego features many
quotes and interviews from those involved. It briefly but effectively details the refugees’ route
from Europe to the camp in Oswego, paying particular attention to public opinion of the action.
In some cases, the article even notes specific refugees and devotes some time to their individual
stories.
The article notes several times that, while almost 1,000 innocent lives were saved and
those 1,000 are grateful, many of them were also appalled by the conditions they were kept in,
describing them as prison-like. (In one notably tactless occurrence, the refugees were taken to
Oswego by train.) However, other refugees reported just being grateful to be alive, regardless of
the less-than-ideal living conditions detailed in the article.
Furthermore, the writer of the article believes that however good it was to save the
innocent lives, the fact that this was the only attempt by the United States to give shelter to
European refugees is shameful. The U.S. government knew what was happening to the Jews in
Europe and there were many opportunities to save thousands of innocent lives. President
Roosevelt and his administration are blamed for not rescuing more people.
Although not directly related to the refugees in Shanghai, this article does highlight
Oswego’s important role and the U.S.’s involvement (or lack thereof) in aiding refugees. This
further demonstrates the mindset of the rest of the world where the refugees were concerned, and
shows how important the Shanghai option was.
Barkat, Amiram. "'Little Vienna' in Shanghai." Haaretz (Tel Aviv, Israel), November 26, 2004.
Accessed June 22, 2016. http://www.haaretz.com/little-vienna-in-shanghai-1.141461.
This brief article from an Israeli paper describes modern attempts to restore important
remnants of Jewish Shanghai. While there has recently been talk of demolishing the area to
make room for more industry-based buildings, Barkat reports that the Shanghai municipal
authorities will restore some of the area’s past as a ‘Little Vienna’ by preserving fifty important
Jewish structures from the time period. Buildings such as the Vienna Cafe, Moshe Synagogue,
and the Yiddish theater will be restored.
Barnett, Robert W. "'Freezing' in Shanghai." Far Eastern Survey 10, no. 19 (October 6, 1941):

While this primary source does not particularly pertain to the position of the Jewish
refugees in Shanghai, it does deal with Shanghai’s economic situation at the time when many
people had refugeed. Specifically, Barnett examines the Shanghai silk industry and how
pressure was put on the industry not only by Japan, but also by the United States and Britain.
Barnett, Robert W. "Shanghai's Cotton Mills." Far Eastern Survey 10, no. 21 (November 3,
1941): 250-52. Accessed June 13, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3021797.
Barnett, Robert W. "Shanghai's Exchange Market." Far Eastern Survey 10, no. 10 (June 2,
Bartlett, Robert W. "Shanghai's German Refugees Face Uncertainties." Far Eastern Survey 8,
no.
1 (October 25, 1939): 251-53. Accessed June 11, 2016.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3021659.
This is a primary source, an article from an American journal. It focuses on the economic
situation for Jews in Shanghai. According to this article, most German refugees came to
Shanghai without very much money, and are heavily reliant on charity. In addition to this, many
came as skilled workers, creating some friction between the refugees and the skilled Chinese
workers. Although Bartlett does not go into detail, he also mentions some degree of tension
between the German refugees and the Russian refugees. Bartlett also mentions the Berglas Plan.
This was a plan whereby a number of refugees would move to the Yunnam province and become
Chinese citizens, provided there were enough funds to support the average refugee for a year.
Barnett, Robert W. "Starvation, Boom and Blockade in Shanghai." Far Eastern Survey 9, no. 9
(April 24, 1940): 97-103. Accessed June 13, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3021273.
Bei, Gao. "The Chinese Nationalist Government's Policy toward European Jews during World
War II." Modern China 37, no. 2 (March 2011): 202-37. Accessed July 10, 2016.
http:////www.jstor.org/stable/23053323.
Bei, Gao. Shanghai Sanctuary: Chinese and Japanese Policy toward European Jewish Refugees
During World War II. N.p.: Oxford University Press, 2013.
This book would be a very useful source because it examines the policies of the Chinese
and Japanese governments in regards to the Jewish refugees in Shanghai. One of the things Bei
pays special attention to is why the Japanese government allowed the refugees to enter and
remain in Japan-controlled China even though Japan was allied with Germany. According to

reviews online, the book also analyzes the ways in which the refugees further complicated the
international situation between Japan, China, and the Great Powers.
Besterman, Walter M. Walter M. Besterman to Jakob Weinblum, May 1, 1950. Letter. From
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum Documents.
Accessed August 6, 2016.
http://digitalarchives.assets.ushmm.org/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=https://digitalarchive-
"Biographical Materials about Rolf Preuss, 1942-1947." United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Rolf Preuss Papers, 1939-1999. Accessed August 7, 2016.
assets.ushmm.org/pdf/1999.A.0076_001_002.pdf
This collection of documents is particularly useful because they contain the report cards
awarded to a child in a Jewish school in Shanghai. This in turn shows which subjects were
taught at the school.
Blackeney, Michael. "Proposals for a Jewish Colony in Australia: 1938-1948." Jewish Social
Studies 46, no. 3/4 (June 1, 1984): 277-92. Accessed May 25, 2016. Humanities Source
(7118592).
Bloch, Kurt. "Currency War Involves Shanghai." Far Eastern Survey 8, no. 17 (August 16,
Although this primary source does not mention Jewish refugees, it does provide an
insight into the economic life of pre-war Shanghai. This in turn provides an insight into the
economic situation that would be faced by newly arrived refugees. Overall, Bloch states that
while the British are continuing to maintain interest in the trading ports of Shanghai, there is
such a degree of economic instability in that city that they would perhaps be better off leaving it
alone. Bloch notes that Shanghai is “practically outside the territory of the Chinese government”
and that its economic future looks gloomy. In addition to this, the value of the Chinese dollar (in
comparison to the American dollar) was falling. Due to this fall in value, the Chinese
government restricted the amount of money that could be taken out of banks. Related to this,
there was a shortage of cash in Shanghai and Bloch writes that many people were hoarding their
coins for the value of their metal and that people often used postage stamps as money instead.
Bonelli, Charlotte R. Exit Berlin: How One Woman Saved Her Family from Nazi Germany.
Translated by Natascha Bodermann. N.p.: Yale University Press, 2014.

Based on reviews, this book is a collection of correspondence between members of a
Jewish family during World War II. Of this family, one member, a young girl, was able to move
to the United States before the war. The book documents the family’s attempts to escape Nazi
Germany. There are two things of note here. First, the table of contents of this book suggest that
at least part of the family went to Shanghai (there are chapters titled ‘Escape to Shanghai’ and
‘The Shanghai Solution’). Furthermore, some of the correspondence included are written by an
American Jewish relative whom the girl stayed with in the U.S.. This offers a unique
international perspective on the Holocaust and, possibly, on the Jews in Shanghai.
Borg, Dorothy. "Japanese Announce Plans for a New Shanghai." Far Eastern Survey 8, no. 16
(August 2, 1939): 191-92. Accessed June 13, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3022181.
In this primary source, Borg explains the Japanese plan to construct an entirely new city
of Shanghai in a location north of the International Settlement. Although this plan was first
conceived by the Chinese almost twenty years earlier because of logistical problems (Borg
specifies “land congestion, inadequate port facilities and bad connections between its docks and
its railroads”), the Japanese plan had a very clear anti-foreign motive. Borg makes it obvious
that one goal of the plan was to reduce the importance of foreign settlements in Shanghai. She
also notes that this was just a plan at the time, and that its success would depend on Japanese
success in the war.
While this article does not deal directly with refugees in Shanghai, it is still useful
because it gives an example of just how much influence the Japanese had in the city at the time.
It also demonstrates some of the economic problems facing the city. In addition to this, Borg
writes about Hongkew, the district which would be used to house Jewish refugees. She says that
many Japanese people moved into this industrial sector in the earlier 1930s.
Breitman, Richard, and Allan J. Lichtman. "Could FDR Have Saved More Jews?" USA Today
Magazine, May 2013, 40-42. Accessed July 12, 2016. MasterFILE Premier (87606919).
Broh, Herbert. "Oral History Interview with Herbert Broh." By Josey Fisher. United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed August 3, 2016.
http://collections.ushmm.org/oh_findingaids/RG-50.462.0102_trs_en.pdf.
Brown, Mendel. "A New Year Message." Shanghai Jewish Chronicle, October 2, 1940.
Accessed June 6, 2016.
https://archive.org/stream/shanghaijewishch00unse#page/n26/mode/1up.
This article written in the Shanghai Jewish Chronicle is a primary source. Brown uses
the Jewish New Year as an opportunity to reflect upon the suffering of the Jewish people and to
inspire hope for the year to come. He writes about the Nazi regime in Germany and how it can
never triumph, and also describes the German bombing campaign that was then occurring in

Britain. He praises the British and their efforts as “the Traditional Defender of Human and
National Rights”, which is interesting because at the Evian Conference the British made it very
clear that they did not want (for various social and economic reasons) to admit more Jewish
refugees to their country. In addition to this reflection on current events, Brown also describes
the New Year as being a time for more attention to religion.
Brustein, William I., and Ryan D. King. "Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust."
International Political Science Review 25 (2004). Accessed May 25, 2016. SAGE
Journals Online.
While this article doesn’t deal directly with Jews in Shanghai, it does provide some
interesting insights into how and why Jews were persecuted in the early twentieth-century, as
well as a brief summary of the events of the Evian Conference.
Campbell, Doon. "Rosh Hashanah in Shanghai Camp." The Sentinel, December 9, 1945.
Accessed July 29, 2016.
http://www.jpress.nli.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=PLS%2F19
5%2F12%2F09&id=Ar00309&sk=858ABC2A.
Celler, Emanuel. Emanuel Celler to Max Schwarz, July 20, 1949. Letter. From United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum Documents. Accessed August 6,
2016.
China Statement of Subsidies Made by the J.D.C. April, 1924 Through March 1938. From
Jewish American Joint Distribution Committee, 1921-1932 New York Collection.
http://search.archives.jdc.org/multimedia/Documents/NY_AR2132/00035/NY_AR2132
03917.pdf#search='shanghai'
Cho, Joanne Miyang, Lee M. Roberts, and Christian W. Spang. "Japanese Ambivalence toward
Jewish Exiles in Japan." In Transnational Encounters between Germany and Japan,
147-62. N.p.: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016.
Chu, Henry. "Shanghai's Jews Live to Tell Story at Last." Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1997.
Accessed May 25, 2016. http://articles.latimes.com/1997/jul/15/news/mn-12725.
This very informative article focuses on how the Jews lived in Shanghai as well as how
they were treated under Japanese rule.

Cope, Elizabeth W. "Displaced Europeans in Shanghai." Far Eastern Survey 17, no. 23
(December 8, 1948): 274-76. Accessed June 13, 2016.
This primary source focuses on the plight of refugees and other displaced persons after
the war as they attempted to either return to their native countries in Europe or to obtain passage
to the United States. The main problem with this article is that it never defines the difference
between a displaced person and a refugee, although it devotes separate sections to both groups.
For the displaced persons, it was often very difficult to leave Shanghai, due to other countries’
immigration quotas. For example, the United States had a high quota for displaced Germans but
lower quotas for equally needy Poles and Austrians. Also, the process of coming to the United
States as a displaced person was complicated by the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, which
severely limited the number of people who could come to the U.S. from Shanghai.
Cope describes the refugees’ journey out of Shanghai as being slightly easier, largely
because many of them came from the working class and because most countries preferred to
receive working-class emigres than highly trained intellectuals like many of the displaced
persons.
However, Cope notes that the amount of aid necessary to support both the refugees and
the displaced persons was increasing after the war because so many of the foreigners in Shanghai
lost their jobs. Furthermore, with many countries allowed to choose those who would be
permitted to emigrate, many of those left in Shanghai were those people with disabilities or the
elderly, both of whom would receive better care outside of Shanghai.
One final interesting thing that Cope brings up is that at first many displaced persons and
refugees wanted to return to Europe. However, once the first wave of repatriation took place and
they learned about the economic situation in Europe (Austria is specifically mentioned), many of
them grew much more reluctant to return to their homelands and would much rather move to
countries like the United States or Australia.
"Correspondence Among Various Insitutions Regarding Granting Assistance to Alex Elsoffer, A
Jewish Refugee from Germany, 1939-1947." 1939-1947. From Yad Vashem. Accessed
August 17, 2016. http://viewer.yadvashem.org/viewer/Show.aspx.
Although the first several pages are in German, there are some English documents (such
as a leasing agreement, Document 34).
"Correspondence on Jewish Refugees from Poland in Tokyo and Shanghai, December 1942."
1942. From Yad Vashem, record group M.2 - Archive of Dr. I. Schwarzbart, member of
the Polish National Council in Exile, London, File Number 373. Accessed August 19,
2016. http://viewer.yadvashem.org/viewer/Show.aspx#.
Crawford, Clare. "From Nazi Refugee to Treasury Chief: Mike Blumenthal's Next Step May Be

Closer to Carter." People, August 29, 1977.
Culman, Ernest. "Oral History Interview with Ernest Culman." By Joan Ringelheim. United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed July 30, 2016.
This is the transcript of an oral history interview with a former refugee in Shanghai. He
begins with some personal information and then begins mentioning the Nazi regime on page 11.
His discussion of the move to Shanghai and his experiences there begins on page 14.
Cunio, Kim. "By the Bund and Beyond: Music-making in the Shanghai and Overseas Jewish
Communities." In Encounters: Musical Meetings between China and Australia, edited by
Nicholas Ng, 36-43. N.p.: Australian Academic Press, 2012.
Deeks, Ian. "Unlikely Assistance: How the Chinese and the Japanese Saved 20,000 Jews during
World War II." Emory Endeavors in History 1. Accessed July 11, 2016.
http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume1/Ians.pdf.
Delatiner, Barbara. "Book Notes - Surviving the Holocaust in a Chinese Haven." New York
Times, April 28, 1996. Accessed May 23, 2016.
http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/28/nyregion/book-notes-surviving-the-holocaust-in-a-
chinese-haven.html.
This source provides a reference to a book written by a woman who, as a Jewish refugee,
spent 8 years (1939-1947) living in Shanghai to avoid the Holocaust in Europe. Evelyn Pike
Rubin’s book is called Ghetto Shanghai.
Demick, Barbara. "China's Little Vienna." Los Angeles Times, September 8, 2012. Accessed
June
21, 2016. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/18/world/la-fg-china-jews-20120918.
This little article provides a brief overview of the situation in Shanghai as well as several
interesting smaller details. One of the things Demick points out is that Shanghai’s role in saving
about 20,000 Jewish lives runs counter to criticism of China’s human rights record; no other city
played such a substantial role in saving Jewish people.
Another concept Demick draws attention to is the linguistic assimilation of both the
Chinese and the Jews: people of both cultures were forced to learn snippets of each other’s
languages in order to communicate. This led to people like Wang Fanglian (mentioned in the
article) who spoke four different languages, “among them English with a guttural German
accent” and Peter Max, whose parents refugeed from Berlin and who went to an English school
while learning rudimentary Chinese from the children in the neighborhood.

Throughout the article, there is a focus on the ties between the Chinese and the Jewish
refugees. Peter Max had a Chinese babysitter; Wang’s family continued to send letters to their
Jewish friends after the Cultural Revolution in China. These connections continue to grow in the
modern day, with increases in Chinese tourists traveling to Jewish Shanghai as well as increases
in university programs in Jewish Studies.
Finally, Demick offers some details on the ghetto of Hongkew. She writes that it
featured cabarets, German bakeries, music conservatories, cafes, delicatessans, dance halls, and
even movie theaters. However, she also notes that most of these buildings have been demolished
except for one synagogue, which is now used as a museum. Interestingly, it was formerly used
as a mental asylum.
"Documentation of the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrants Aid Society (HIAS) Regarding the
Search for Relatives." 1946. From Yad Vashem. Accessed August 17, 2016.
http://collections1.yadvashem.org/full_pdf_srika/3714740_03258238/0001.pdf.
Eber, Irene. "Overland and By Sea: Eight Centuries of the Jewish Presence in China." Chinese
Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (2005): 235-56. Accessed June 11, 2016.
doi:10.1093/chinesejil/jmi008.
This secondary source provides information about the history of Jews in China. Its
second half is devoted to the Jewish communities in Shanghai. The author makes special note of
four different communities (differentiated by the members came from and when they arrived in
Shanghai). Though a rather basic examination of the Shanghai community, this source also has
many intriguing references in its bibliography.
Eber, Irene, trans. Voices from Shanghai: Jewish Exiles in Wartime China. N.p.: University of
Chicago Press, 2008.
Based on reviews of this book (of which I have been unable to obtain a copy), it is a
collection of primary sources written by refugees in Shanghai and translated into English by
Eber, a professor at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Among the translated documents are diary
entries, poems, short stories, and letters.
Eber, Irene. Wartime Shanghai and the Jewish Refugees From Central Europe: Survival,
Co-Existence, and Identity in a Multi-Ethnic City. New Perspectives on Modern Jewish
History 1. N.p.: de Gruyter, 2012.
I haven’t been able to obtain a copy of this book, but it appears to be a study of how the
various different Jewish communities (the Central European refugees, the Sephardi, and the
Russian Jews) coexisted during World War II. Particular attention is paid to cultural and
linguistic differences and how these differences contributed to the groups’ different identities.

"Egon Israelski Immigration Papers, 1939-1952." From United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Annemarie Warschauer Papers. Accessed August 4, 2016.
assets.ushmm.org/pdf/2012.244.1_002_007.pdf.
Ehrlich, M. Avrum. Jews and Judaism in Modern China. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.
Eisfelder, Horst. Chinese Exile: My Years in Shanghai and Nanking. N.p.: Ayotaynu Foundation,
2003.
This book seems to be a memoir written by a man who refugeed to Shanghai when he
was thirteen and moved to Australia after World War II.
Elis, Niv. "Taiwan Awards 'China's Schindler' Presidential Honor." The Jerusalem Post,
September 13, 2015, International. Accessed August 28, 2016.
http://www.jpost.com/International/Taiwan-awards-Chinas-Schindler-presidential-honor
416064.
Emergency Committee of Parents and Children of DP’s in Shanghai. Emergency Committee of
Parents and Children of DP’s in Shanghai to Unknown Recipient, January, 1949. Letter.
From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum Papers.
"Emergency Refugee Shelter at Fort Ontario: Jewish Haven at Oswego, NY." SUNY Oswego.
https://www.oswego.edu/library/sites/www.oswego.edu.library/files/emergency-shelter-
ibliography.pdf.
This is a web page from Penfield Library which should prove incredibly useful.
Although it does not focus on Shanghai, it is a very thorough bibliography of sources concerning
the status of the United States’ accepting refugees. It specifically focuses on Oswego’s role as
the city where almost a thousand refugees were harbored. The web page lists a number of
written primary and secondary sources (most notably, perhaps, is Ruth Gruber’s book Haven) as
well as, perhaps most significantly, recordings of interviews with several of the refugees. These
interviews as well as various primary sources can be found in Penfield Library’s special
collections, and all call numbers are listed.
"Emigration and Immigration, 1939, 1952." From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,

Hertha Wolff Hellmann Papers. Accessed August 2, 2016.
These documents are from the Hertha Wolff Hellmann papers at the USHMM. Though I
cannot read the languages they are printed in, it is clear that they documented Wolff’s journeys
from Germany to Shanghai to the United States.
"Entry of Jews to Shanghai Now Blocked Almost Completely." China Weekly Review 94
(November 30, 1940): 434. Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
This brief primary source offers some insights into the difficulties faced by Jews
attempting to find refuge in Shanghai. Compounding the difficulties of the distance between
central Europe and Shanghai, in late 1940 more restrictions were placed on visas. In order to
obtain visas to both Manchuko and Japan (both of which were required to get to Shanghai), one
had to pay $50 and $100, respectively. The problem was not necessarily the extra $150, but that
the transaction had to be done with U.S. dollars; the source notes that German reichsmarks were
not acceptable equivalents. The article does not mention why Japan made this a visa
requirement.
Epstein, Ira. Shanghai Sanctuary. New Haven, CT: Southern Connecticut State University, 2002.
"Erwin Marx Biographical Materials." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erwin Marx
Papers. Accessed August 7, 2016.
assets.ushmm.org/pdf/1990.283.13_001_001.pdf
One of the most interesting things about this collection of documents is that it contains
medical documents, including several regarding vaccines received in Shanghai. This
demonstrates the level of medical care the refugees received.
Estorick, Eric. "The Evian Conference and the Intergovernmental Committee." The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science 203 (1939): 136-41.
While I can’t obtain a full copy of this source to read it completely, it appears to be a
contemporary account of the events of the Evian Conference. The purpose of this conference
was for the invited countries to decide how to react to the influx of Jewish refugees. Only one
country (the Dominican Republic) offered to take in more Jewish immigrants.
Eu, Miranda, and Tisa Ng Eu. Shanghai Sisters: A Memoir. N.p.: Landmark Books, 2005.

Excerpt from a Training Guide by SS-Sturmbannfuhrer Paul Zapp on the "Jewish Question" (end
of 1940). Translated by Thomas Dunlap. 1940. Accessed July 23, 1940.
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1530.
Falbaum, Berl, ed. Shanghai Remembered...: Stories of Jews Who Escaped to Shanghai from
Nazi Europe. N.p.: Momentum Books, 2005.
While I have been unable to obtain a copy of this book, based on several reviews it
appears to be a collection of personal accounts of a dozen or so Jewish refugees in Shanghai.
Fine, Alvin I. Alvin I. Fine to Moses Leavitt, November 7, 1945. American Jewish Joint
Distribution Committee. Accessed May 30, 2016.
http://archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_letter-of-chaplain-alvin-i-fine.pdf.
This letter was written by a man who worked alongside JDC members in Shanghai. He
briefly describes his feeling regarding the JDC's work as well as commends the work of Manuel
"Manny" Siegel, who worked for the JDC.
Finnane, Antonia. Far from Where?: Jewish Journeys from Shanghai to Australia. Melbourne
University, 1999.
Fiszman, Joseph R. "The Quest For Status: Polish Jewish Refugees in Shanghai, 1941-1949."
The Polish Review 43, no. 4 (1998): 441-60. Accessed July 5, 2016.
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.oswego.edu:2048/stable/25779080.
I can only access the first page of this article due to JSTOR’s restrictions, but it seems to
be a very technically detailed account of the Polish-Jewish experience in Shanghai. The first
page examines the initial journey of many Jewish Poles into the Soviet-occupied zone of Poland,
which Fiszman mentions was “relatively safer” than staying in the German-occupied zone.
"Fort Ontario Emergency Refugee Shelter." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
https://www.ushmm.org/research/research-in-collections/search-the-collections/bibliogra
phy/fort-ontario-emergency-refugee-shelter.
This is a very brief article from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum’s website. There
are a few enlightening paragraphs about the refugee shelter in Oswego. One of the most
interesting details of this article concerns how President Roosevelt arranged for the refugees to
come to the United States despite laws about immigration and visas: he declared them “guests.”
However, this gave them no legal status and they would be required to return to their native

countries at the end of the war. Despite this, President Truman eventually allowed for the
refugees to become citizens.
The article also mentions the conditions in which the refugees lived. Apparently they
were not permitted to leave the barracks, even to work (this contradicts Rome’s article) or to visit
family members who had already settled in the country. There was some tension in the camp
due to the uncertainty of the situation and close quarters.
However, this web page is most useful for its extensive bibliography regarding the
refugees in Fort Ontario. It cites various primary and secondary sources which I may not have
access to over the internet but which appear very interesting and promising.
Gates, Anita. "Film Review: Holocaust Stories from Some of the Luckier Ones." The New York
Times, December 9, 1999. Accessed May 23, 2016.
http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/movies/film-review-holocaust-stories-from-some-o
f-the-luckier-ones.html
This article is mainly useful due to its reference to, summary of, and reflections on a
documentary regarding the lives of Jewish refugees in Shanghai. This documentary is called
“The Port of Last Hopes” and is by Joan Grossman and Paul Rosby. Although the review
criticizes the tone of the film, it still presents an overall positive review.
Geist, Raymond. Raymond Geist to George S. Messersmith, April 4, 1939. Item 1187.
University
of Delaware Library, Newark, DE. Accessed July 23, 2016.
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1527.
This is a copy of a primary source, a report sent from Raymond Geist, an American
consul in Germany, to George S. Messersmith, the assistant Secretary of State. Though it does
not deal directly with the Shanghai refugees, it does offer insight into why they left Germany.
Geist reports on the Schacht Plan of 1939. Under this plan, Jews would be forced to emigrate
from Germany, and this emigration would be partly financed by seized Jewish assets.
One of the aspects of this letter that I found to be very important occurs on its third and
last page, where Geist writes about the current situation concerning Jewish emigration. He
makes note of the number of German passports issued a day to Jewish people and states rather
wryly that if one is given a German passport, it is a clear sign that the German government
expects that person to use the passport to leave. In Berlin, he states, about 180-200 passports are
issued a day. This demonstrates that the Germans were actively making an effort to get the Jews
out of the country.
Finally, Geist unknowingly foreshadows the events of the Holocaust by stating that there
can only be an internal solution to the “Jewish problem” and that, if emigration to other countries
is not successful, most of the remaining Jews will probably be forced into “work camps.”

Overall, this document is useful in that it underlines the importance of the Evian
Conference: despite German intentions to force emigration, Western countries were still not
willing to take in refugees. This in turn forced the refugees to leave for places like Shanghai.
Girsdansky, Gwendolyn. "Into Oswego: Safe Heaven." The Oswegonian, November 17, 2007.
Accessed June 19, 2016. http://www.oswegonian.com/2011/11/17/2322/2322/.
This article briefly goes over Oswego’s involvement as a residence for Jewish refugees in
World War II. It is useful because it features quotes from a former Safe Haven volunteer who
worked with the refugees. Girsdansky notes that while the refugees were not technically allowed
to leave the barracks, many did anyway, including one man who went all the way to New York
City. Another important aspect of this article is Girsdansky’s emphasis on the education of the
young refugees; she notes that the U.S. government originally did not want for the children to
attend school in Oswego, but that Ralph Faust, the high school principal, fought the government
to allow it.
Glass, Werner. "Oral History Interview with Werner Glass." By Marian Salkin. United States
http://collections.ushmm.org/oh_findingaids/RG-50.462.0083_trs_en.pdf
This oral history interview is with a refugee who fled Germany in the early 1930s and
whose family was wealthy in Shanghai for several years. Glass, interestingly, makes note of
some student resistance to the Japanese occupation.
The Globe and Mail, Inc. (Toronto). "Jews Remember Haven Offered by Shanghai, Return to
China." June 29, 1994, A14. Accessed August 31, 2016. InfoTrac Newsstand
(edsgcl.163688814).
Gluckman, Ron. "The Ghosts of Shanghai." Chinaweek 23, no. 22 (June 6, 1997). Accessed July
10, 2016. Academic Search Complete (9707023597).
I have only found incomplete copies of this article, but it has some interesting
information, chiefly the names of several shops and stores used by the Jewish residents of
Shanghai on the first page. In addition to this, Gluckman mentions several works written by
former refugees. Finally, he draws some attention to the current relevance of Jewish studies at
the university level in China and how both Israel and China are become more connected because
of Shanghai’s position for the refugees.
Goldstein, Evelyn. "Oral History Interview with Evelyn Goldstein." By Esther Finder. Video
file.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed August 3, 2016.

http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn608172.
This is a videotaped interview with a former refugee. Most of the interviews I found
were with male refugees, but this was with a woman, offering some insight onto the experience
of women in general as refugees.
Gottheiner, Leah. "You Don’t Have to Live Like a Refugee: The German-Jewish Refugees in
Shanghai During the Second World War." Bachelor's thesis, Pacific University Oregon,
2005. Accessed June 28, 2016.
http://www.pacificu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Leah%20Gottheiner.pdf.
While it may be questionable to use a college student’s senior thesis for a class (although
this particular thesis was listed on Pacific University Oregon’s website as a “distinguished senior
thesis”), Gottheiner lists her sources at the end of her work and many of them appear promising.
Gottheiner’s grandfather is also listed as a source of information, so it is likely that he himself
was a former refugee and that she interviewed him.
Gould, Randall. "Aid to China: A Shanghai View." Far Eastern Survey 17, no. 13 (July 7, 1948):
While not directly mentioning the status of Jewish refugees in post-World War II China,
this primary source does draw attention to the Chinese perspectives on American economic aid
to China (including to Shanghai). It is pointed out that after World War II, the economy of
China was in shambles but that the Chinese were not necessarily very welcoming of American
aid.
Grebenschikoff, Betty. Once My Name Was Sara. N.p.: Original Seven Publishing Company,
1993.
According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s website, this book is a
memoir written by Jewish woman who, with the rest of her family, fled Berlin for Shanghai a
few days before her father’s anticipated arrest by the Gestapo.
Griffiths, James. "Shanghai's Forgotten Jewish Past." The Atlantic, November 21, 2013.
Accessed May 24, 2016.
http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-
past/281713/.
This is an excellent article about why Jews came to Shanghai, what life was like there,
and the preservation (or lack thereof) of the Jewish Ghetto. It features quotes (possibly from an
interview) with a man, Gary Matzdorff, who was a Jewish refugee in Shanghai.

Groom, Debra J. "65 Years Ago This Summer, Oswego was Safe Haven for Nearly 1,000
Refugees --Mostly Jews -- Fleeing World War II." The Post-Standard, July 26, 2009.
http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/07/65_years_ago_this_summer_osweg.
ml.
This article briefly summarizes Oswego’s role in helping Jewish refugees in 1944. At
that time, President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill both decided to accept a few Jewish
refugees and house them in campus. According to Groom, Roosevelt chose Oswego as one of
these havens because there were old army quarters available to house refugees, and because
Oswego “represented American values.” The city was home to a total of 982 refugees, 89% of
them Jews.
Gross, Daniel A. "The U.S. Government Turned Away Thousands of Jewish Refugees, Fearing
That They Were Nazi Spies." The Smithsonian, November 18, 2015. Accessed July 21,
2016.
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/us-government-turned-away-thousands-jewish-
refugees-fearing-they-were-nazi-spies-180957324/?no-ist.
This article explains why the United States chose to turn away refugees--a refusal which
led many to seek asylum in Shanghai. During the time of World War II, there was a very
prevalent opinion in the government that the Jews requesting visas could be German spies. As
such, the country was very skeptical of any Germans (Jewish or not) who were permitted visas or
allowed into the country.
Gross focuses most of his article on the case of Herbert Karl Friedrich Bahr, a German
attempting to get into the United States, who was tried for espionage against the U.S. and found
guilty. According to the FBI, the Gestapo had given Bahr $7,000 to steal American industrial
secrets. This incident was seen as evidence that any potential emigrant from Germany, whatever
story they told about attempting to escape Hitler, could pose a huge threat. This, in turn, caused
the U.S. to turn away many Jewish refugees, many of whom were later killed on Hitler’s orders.
Because of incidents like the one Gross uses here, the United States was unwilling to
accept Jewish emigrants. Doubtless, this led many of them to seek refuge in Shanghai.
Guang, Pan. "The Central European Jewish Community in Shanghai 1937-1945." In Reading
Asia: New Research in Asian Studies, edited by Frans Husken and Dick van der Meij.
N.p.: Psychology Press, 2001.
Guang, Pan. "Shanghai: a Haven for Holocaust Victims." United Nations. Accessed May 24,
2016.
http://www.un.org/en/holocaustremembrance/docs/paper15.shtml.

This very informative article focuses a small section on the history of Jews in China.
From there, it discusses cultural and logistical reasons why many Jews decided to refugee to
Shanghai, the Meisinger Plan for getting rid of the Jews and why it was not accepted by the
Japanese, as well as life in Shanghai. Specifically, Guang talks about organizations such as the
JDC which gave aid to the Jewish refugees in Shanghai.
Guang, Pan. "Zionism and Zionist Revisionism in Shanghai, 1937-1949." In The Jews of
Shanghai, edited by Jonathan Goldstein, 267-76. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Routledge,
2015.
First published 1999 by M. E. Sharpe.
Hall, Casey. "Jewish Life in Shanghai’s Ghetto." New York Times, June 19, 2012. Accessed May
23, 2016.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/travel/jewish-life-in-shanghais-ghetto.html?_r=0.
Although this source does not offer much information on Jewish life in Shanghai, it does
offer some background information as well as info regarding the Ohel Moshe Synagogue (now
the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum) as well as a brief, implicit quote from the museum’s
director regarding the welcome Jewish refugees received in Shanghai.
Hanin, Leo. "Oral History Interview with Leo Hanin." By Ginger Miles. United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum. Accessed August 3, 2016.
http://collections.ushmm.org/oh_findingaids/RG-50.549.02.0036_trs_en.pdf.
Hanwell, Norman D. "Rising Living Costs Accompany Shanghai's Recovery." Far Eastern
Survey 8, no. 3 (February 1, 1939): 32-34. Accessed June 13, 2016.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3021867f.
Hanwell, Norman D. "Shanghai's Worst Crisis." Far Eastern Survey 7, no. 15 (July 27, 1938):
Harris, Morris J., and James D. White. "21,000 Jews Escape Hitler Only to Be Caught in Orient."
Hope Star (Hope, AR), August 25, 1942. Accessed July 13, 2016. Newspaper Archive.
This is a very brief article from an Arkansas newspaper. It gives the standard account of
the Jews in Shanghai: they went there to escape Hitler, they live in generally poor conditions,
and those agencies which promised aid in past years (the JDC is mentioned) do not have the
resources necessary to keep up with the needs of the Jewish population.
However, what I found most interesting was the article’s length and position on the
newspaper page. Although it refers to a total of 21,000 people (Harris’ and White’s estimation

of the number of Jews in Shanghai), the article is remarkably short and there is not much
information beyond the bare bones of the situation. Furthermore, the article does not explicitly
request aid from the newspaper’s readers, although it does mention the need for aid. This could
demonstrate several things: either the writers included details concerning the need for aid in
order to inspire others to make donations without asking explicitly, or the matter was just not
important enough for them to do so.
This contrasts oddly with the position of the article on the bottom of the first page of the
newspaper. That it is placed on the front page at all indicates that the Hope Star’s editor thought
it news that everyone should know, although its position on the very bottom of the page
demonstrates that it was not considered a particularly attention-grabbing headline.
Overall, the significance of this article is that it shows that the American public was, to
some extent, aware of the situation in Shanghai (though not in great detail)and had the
opportunity to improve the lives of the refugees. From other sources I know that articles like this
contributed to funds amassed by organizations like the JDC, which continued receiving
donations (particularly from Jewish-Americans) until the end of World War II.
Harris, Morris J., and James D. White. "Jews in Shanghai Face Death and Suffering." Syracuse
Herald-Journal, August 25, 1942, 10. Accessed July 13, 2016. Newspaper Archive.
Hartmann, Arnold. Arnold Hartmann to Marianna Amer, March 10, 1941. Letter. From United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Arnold Hartmann Correspondence. Accessed
August 2, 2016.
This is a reply to the Amer letter above, where Arnold Hartmann refuses to give any aid
to his cousin Marianna, who is a refugee in Shanghai.
Heim, Susanne. "Emigration and Jewish Identity: 'An Enormous Heartbreak.'" The Journal of
Holocaust Education 10, no. 1 (2001): 21-33.
Heppner, Ernest G. Shanghai Refuge: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto. N.p.:
University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
This book is a memoir written by a man who spent much of his youth as a refugee in
Shanghai. While not the most readable of books, it is very informative and contains many
interesting details.
I obtained a copy from a library and read the first chapter, which covered the man’s
childhood in Weimar and Nazi Germany. One of the most striking things about this chapter was
the examples provided about how different childhood was for a German Jew than it was for a
German Christian. This was especially true in schools, where Heppner grew accustomed to anti-

Semitism and related beatings from the other boys; while the other boys were not punished for
their actions (at least, Heppner does not mention hearing anything about it), he was brought to
the principal’s office for fighting back. He also details how much life changed under the Nazi
regime, especially in school. He writes that schools were given quotas for non-Aryan students,
that clubs and organizations had to be segregated, and German schools were even encouraged to
expel Jewish students based on their race alone.
This first chapter indicates that the book would be a valuable source because of these
details. In addition to this, the author notes in the preface that he blocked out his memories for a
while, but that he worked with a major historian of the Jewish community in Shanghai, David
Kranzler, to make sure that all the major events he remembered actually occurred.
Heppner, Ernest G. “Strange Haven: A Jewish Childhood in Wartime Shanghai.” Shofar no. 3
(2001). Literature Resource Center, EBSCOhost (accessed May 30, 2016).
This source is a review of the Tobias book. Although it cites several of the work’s
historical inaccuracies, it also states that the work is also one of the most detailed accounts of
everyday life in Shanghai for Jews.
Hertzman, Elchonon Yosef. Escape to Shanghai. Translated by Chaim U. Lipschitz. Brooklyn:
Beys Veylepole, 1981.
Hinder, Eleanor M. "Japan Moves In." Far Eastern Survey 12, no. 4 (February 22, 1943): 36-37.
This primary source details how the Japanese assumed political control over Shanghai in
1943. Specifically, although the Shanghai Municipal Council had Chinese, American, British,
German, and Dutch members in 1941, the Japanese used the presence of their formidable
military in order to force American, British, and Dutch council members to resign. Several other
councils resigned of their own free wills (as far as Hinder knew, presumably). These members
were replaced by Japanese ones. By 1943, the following council departments were under
Japanese control: Secretariat, Police, Public Health, Legal, and the Industrial and Social
Division. The remaining three departments under non-Japanese control were: Public Works,
Fire, and Finance.
Hitler, Adolf. Speech presented at German Reichstag, Berlin, Germany, January 30, 1939. German
History in Documents and Images. Accessed July 23, 2016.
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=2339.
Ho, Feng-Shan. My Forty Years as a Diplomat. Edited by Monto Ho. Dorrence Publishing, 2010.
Hochstadt, Steve. Exodus to Shanghai: Stories of Escape from the Third Reich. Palgrave

Studies in Oral History. N.p.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Although I cannot at this time obtain a copy of this book, it appears to contain about 20
years’ worth of interviews with about 100 former Jewish refugees who lived in Shanghai at one
point.
Honaker, Samuel. Samuel Honaker to Hugh R. Wilson, "American Consul Samuel Honaker's
description of Anti-Semitic persecution and Kristallnacht and its aftereffects in the
Stuttgart region (November 12 and November 15, 1938)," November 12, 1938. Accessed
July 23, 2016. http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-
dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1525.
Holter, Dominik. "Shanghai: China's Safe Haven." The Vienna Review (Vienna, Austria), May 1,
2008. Accessed June 22, 2016.
http://www.viennareview.net/news/special-report/shanghai-chinas-safe-haven.
This article was written by a staff member of the Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai.
Holter describes the current (as of 2008) state of the demolition of parts of the Jewish ghetto as
well as the restoration of certain of its buildings. Interestingly, he describes both the demolition
and the restoration as commercial ventures: Shanghai stands to gain industrially from the
buildings that will soon occupy the spots where there is currently demolition, while there will be
further financial gain from the tourists who wish to come to Shanghai to see the restored
buildings and areas. Holter also notes that the city of Shanghai seems quite proud of this episode
of its past.
Furthermore, he briefly describes the ways in which German and Austrian immigrants
brought their heritage with them to Shanghai, making specific note of cafes and food. He also
references a memoir about the period by Ursula Bacon called Shanghai Diaries.
Hughes, Anthony. "Sport and Jewish Identity in the Shanghai Jewish Community 1938-1949."
International Sports Studies 21, no. 1 (2001). Accessed August 22, 2016.
http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ISS/ISS2201/ISS2201e.pdf.
Hyman, Elizabeth Rebecca. "'An Uncertain Life in Another World': German and Austrian
Refugee Life in Shanghai, 1938-1950." Master's thesis, University of Maryland, 2014.
http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/15877/Hyman_umd_0117N_15374.pdf?s
equence=1&isAllowed=y.
Iwry, Samuel. To Wear the Dust of War: From Bialystok to Shanghai to the Promised Land, an
Oral History. Edited by L. Kelley. Palgrave Studies in Oral History. N.p.: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2004.

Jakubowics, Andrew. Remembering and Recovering Shanghai: Seven Jewish Families
[Re]-connect in Cyberspace to Save As … Digital Memories, edited by Joanne
Garde-Hansen, Andrew Hoskins, and Anna Reading, 96-114. N.p.: Palgrave Macmillan
UK, 2009.
Jakubowics, Andrew, and Aleksandra Hadzelek. "The Polish Jews of Shanghai and the Political
Sociology of Historical Memory." Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History
19, no. 3 (Fall 2013): 27-64. Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
Javits, J. K. Letter to Karl Redrisch, July 31, 1948. Erika Lewin Weinblum Papers. United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.
JDC News (New York, NY). "JDC Shanghai Representative Liberated." August 30, 1945.
Accessed May 30, 2016.
http://archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_jdc-shanghai-representative-liberated.p
df.
This is a primary source, an article mentioning two individuals who acted as JDC
representatives in China. It focuses on their efforts in Shanghai as well as on donations
contributed by the organization.
The Jewish Criterion (Pittsburgh, PA), December 21, 1945. Accessed June 26, 2016.
http://doi.library.cmu.edu/10.1184/pmc/CRI/CRI_1945_107_008_12211945.
On this page of The Jewish Criterion, it is quickly mentioned that HIAS (an American
charity directed toward displaced Jews) was accepting donations of up to $100 a month, which
would go toward an individual or a family unit of Jewish refugees in Shanghai. Notably, it is
remarked that there will be no charge for the service, perhaps in an effort to make donating more
appealing.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "American Jews Accused of Indifference to Brethren in Shanghai."
November 16, 1937. Accessed August 13, 2016.
http://www.jta.org/1937/11/16/archive/american-jews-accused-of-indifference-to-brethr
n-in-shanghai.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "Anti-Semitic Campaign Reported in North China, Manchukuo."
December 20, 1938.
http://www.jta.org/1938/12/20/archive/anti-semitic-campaign-reported-in-north-china-m

nchukuo.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "Epidemic in Shanghai Refugee Camp." May 9, 1939. Accessed
August 13, 2016.
http://www.jta.org/1939/05/09/archive/epidemic-in-shanghai-refugee-camp.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "J.D.C.-i.r.o. Programming of Transferring 5,000 Jews from
Shanghai to Israel is Completed." November 13, 1950. Accessed July 29, 2016.
http://www.jta.org/1950/11/13/archive/j-d-c-i-r-o-program-of-transferring-5000-jews-fr
m-china-to-israel-is-completed.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "Jewish Refugees in China Barred from Japanese-Controlled Areas."
April 6, 1939. Accessed August 13, 2016.
http://www.jta.org/1939/04/06/archive/jewish-refugees-in-china-barred-from-japanese-c
ntrolled-areas.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "Jewish Relief Unit in Australia Permitted to Work Among
Refugees in Shanghai." October 31, 1945. Accessed July 29, 2016.
http://www.jta.org/1945/10/31/archive/jewish-relief-unit-in-australia-permitted-to-work-
mong-refugees-in-shanghai.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "Roosevelt Lauds Contribution of Refugees to American Economy
and Culture." January 17, 1944. Accessed July 29, 2016.
http://www.jta.org/1944/01/17/archive/roosevelt-lauds-contribution-of-refugees-to-amer
can-economy-and-culture.
This is a very brief article notable mainly for its (most likely unintentional) irony. The
JTA reports a speech made by FDR where he extols the virtues of having a refugee population
and says that “by maintaining its tradition of asylum” toward refugees, the United States has
“done itself honor.” He seems to have conveniently glossed over the events of the Evian
Conference.
Jewish Telegraph Agency. "Shanghai Jews, Funds Exhausted, Fear Arrival of Refugees."
December 9, 1938.
http://www.jta.org/1938/12/09/archive/shanghai-jews-funds-exhausted-fear-arrival-of-re
ugees.
Jinqian, Liu. "Calling Shanghai Home." Beijing Review 49, no. 11 (March 16, 2006): 20-21.
Accessed July 10, 2016. Academic Search Complete (20381255).

This article first discusses the first two waves of Jewish emigration to Shanghai and on
the architectural impacts made by the emigrants. It spends less time on the impact of the third
wave of emigration on architecture, but does offer information about Shanghai during the war.
Though the article is brief, some of its information comes from a former refugee named Claude
Wilton. Wilton’s story is a brief one of his journey to Shanghai and the conditions he enjoyed in
that city.
Wilton offers several key insights into this process. The process of getting an American
visa is mentioned, but is noted to have taken about eight years to get the necessary paperwork.
Also, upon arrival in Shanghai, Wilton notes some racial curiosity about the Chinese people. In
addition to this, he mentions the living conditions there, which were greatly inferior to those he
was accustomed to in Germany. Finally, he also mentions that his parents made a significant
amount of money by selling the things they had brought from Germany. In all of these aspects,
Wilton’s story seems to be a fairly typical one among the Jewish refugees.
Jonas, Bertram. "Jews in the Chinese War Zone." The Sentinel, August 12, 1937, 6. Accessed
July 27, 2016.
7%2F08%2F12&id=Ar00600&sk=525ED448.
Kaleem, Jaweed. "Chiune Sugihara, Japan Diplomat Who Saved 6,000 Jews During Holocaust,
Remembered." The Huffington Post, January 24, 2013, Religion. Accessed July 1, 2016.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/24/chiune-sugihara-japanese--jews-
holocaust_n_2528666.html.
Kaplan, Marion A. "Jewish Women in Nazi Germany: Daily Life, Daily Struggles, 1933-1939."
Feminist Studies 16, no. 3 (Fall 1990): 579-606. Accessed July 10, 2016.
Kaplan, Vivian Jeanette. Ten Green Bottles: The True Story of One Family's Journey from
War-torn Austria to the Ghettos of Shanghai. St. Martin's Griffin, 2004.
Kearney, Gerald David. "Jews Under Japanese Domination, 1939-1945." Shofar 11, no. 3
(1993):
54-69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42941838.
Kranich, Fred. Shanghai, China, an "Air Raid Shelter" which was Previously Used as an
Ordinary Building. Photograph. From Yad Vashem, Item ID 45103. Accessed August 19,
2016.
Klemperer, Victor. I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1933-1941. Translated by
Martin Chalmers. New ed. Vol. 1. N.p.: Modern Library, 1999.

The main reason this book will be useful is that it offers insights as to what he refugees
were leaving behind in Germany. Of particular interest to me was an entry from March 31, 1933,
regarding the impending boycott of Jewish businesses.
Kranzler, David. Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community in Shanghai,
1938-1945. N.p.: Yeshiva University Press, 1976.
Kranzler, David. "Japanese Policy toward the Jews, 1938-1941." Japan Interpreter 11, no. 4
(1977): 493-527. Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
Kranzler, David. "Overestimating the Power of the Jews Led Japan to Aid them in WW II." The
Sentinel, March 30, 1972. Accessed July 29, 2016.
2%2F03%2F30&id=Ar05300&sk=82E9C71C.
Kranzler, David. "Restrictions Against German-Jewish Refugee Immigration to Shanghai in
1939." Jewish Social Studies 36, no. 1 (January 1974): 140-61. Accessed June 29, 2016.
Humanities Source (24551864).
Kranzler, David. "The Jewish Refugee Community of Shanghai, 1938-1945." Wiener Library
Bulletin 26, no. 3/4 (1972): 28-37. Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
Kranzler, David. "Women in the Shanghai Jewish Refugee Community." In Between Sorrow and
Strength: Women Refugees of the Nazi Period, edited by Sibylle Quack, 129-37.
Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 1995.
Krasno, Rena. Strangers Always: A Jewish Family in Wartime Shanghai. N.p.: Pacific View,
2000.
According to reviews online, this book is a memoir by a Russian Jewish woman whose
parents refugeed to Shanghai following the Russian Revolution. Supposedly, Krasno writes
about her experiences from 1942-1945 based on journals she kept while in college in Shanghai.
This work could contain very valuable first-hand experiences concerning life in Shanghai’s
Jewish community as well as an outsider’s perspective on the lives of German and Austrian
refugees.
Krebs, Gerhard. "The 'Jewish Problem' in Japanese-German Relations, 1933-1945." In Japan in
the Fascist Era, edited by E. Bruce Reynolds, 107-32. N.p.: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004.
L., B. "Shanghai Tackles Slum Problem." Far Eastern Survey 6, no. 11 (May 26, 1937): 124-25.

This primary source deals briefly with problems in the International Settlement before the
war and before the large influx of refugees. This is relevant because it was in the International
Settlement that many of the Jewish refugees would later settle. Its main problem was
overcrowding, and in order to solve this problem, it was decided that there would be an inquiry
into conditions in the Settlement, and a Municipal Council would be put in place in order to fix
them. This article offers many details about housing, but perhaps the most interesting is that the
typical breathing space per person in the Settlement was roughly 336 cubic feet (“a cubicle 11
feet long, 5 feet wide, and 6 feet high”).
B also identifies two more specific problems. One is that refugees often illegally
constructed houses of out whatever materials they could find, but colonies of these types of
homes were in the process of being cleared away by the Fire Department. The other main
problem is that housing was often used, unauthorized, as workshops or small factories. This was
very unsanitary and also not good for the house.
Lahusen, Thomas. "Remembering China, Imagining Israel: The Memory of Difference." South
Atlantic Quarterly, Winter 2000, 253-68. Accessed July 22, 2016.
doi:10.1215/00382876-99-1-253.
This is presumably an English translation of Lahusen’s original French article listed
below.
Lahusen, Thomas. "Se Souvenir de la Chine, Inventer Israel: Memoires de la Difference"
[Remembering China, Inventing Israel: Memories of Difference]. Revus des Etudes
Slaves 73, no. 2/3 (2001): 283-91. Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
While this promising-looking article is in French, I am currently searching for an English
translation.
Laqueur, Walter. Generation Exodus: The Fate of Young Jewish Refugees from Nazi Germany.
N.p.: I. B. Taurus, 2004.
This book about the focuses on the lives of teenage and young adult refugees in
Shanghai. It examines both their lives in Shanghai as well as their successes and failures
afterword using interviews, memoirs, and the author’s own experiences during the time.
Law for the Reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service (April 7, 1933). In United States
Chief Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression,
Volume III. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1946,

Document 1397-PS, pp. 981-83. (English translated accredited to Nuremberg staff;
edited by GHI staff.) Accessed July 23, 2016.
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=2159
Leather Boy Scout Badge with a Red Dragon Worn by a Jewish Refugee in Shanghai.
Photograph. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Les L. Salter Collection.
Lewin, Erika, and Jakob Weinblum. Speech, August 5, 1949. From United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum Papers. Accessed August 9, 2016.
Letter to Herbert H. Lehman. Letter. From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika
Lewin Weinblum Papers. Accessed August 9, 2016.
Letter to Homer Ferguson, April 10, 1950. Letter. From United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum Papers. Accessed August 9, 2016.
Letter to J. K. Javits, May 29, 1950. From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika
Lewin Weinblum Papers. Accessed August 6, 2016.
"Letters Sent by Max Karp from Berlin and Zbaszyn to Relatives in New York Requesting
Assistance in Emigration to Shanghai, 1938-1939." From Yad Vashem, item 4021315.
http://collections1.yadvashem.org/full_pdf_srika/4021315_03161175/0001.pdf.
The illegible original letters (most likely written in German) are included, as are
translations documenting Karp’s experiences, which begin on page 36.
Lewin, Erika, and Jakob Weinblum. Erika Lewin and Jakob Weinblum to Scott Lewis, February
2, 1950. Letter. From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin
Weinblum

Lewin, Erika, and Jakob Weinblum. Erika Lewin and Jakob Weinblum to J.K. Javits, May 24,
1950. Letter. From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum
Lewin, Erika, and Jakob Weinblum. Erika Lewin and Jakob Weinblum to J. K. Javits, May 28,
1950. Letter. From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin Weinblum
Lewin, Erika, and Jakob Weinblum. Erika Lewin and Jakob Weinblum to W. A. Wood, Jr, June
27, 1950. Letter. From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin
Weinblum Papers. Accessed August 5, 2016.
Lewin, Izaak. "Proby Ratowania Zydow Europejskich Przy Pomocy Polskich Placowek
Dyplomatyocznych Podczas Drugiej Wojny Swiatowej" [Attempts at Saving European
Jews with the Help of Polish Diplomatic Missions During World War II, Part II].
Biuletyn
Zydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego w Polsce, no. 2 (1979): 69-87. Accessed July 6,
2016. EBSCOhost.
Liao, Yvonne. "‘Die gute Unterhaltungsmusik’: Musical Cafés in Wartime Shanghai’s ‘Little
Vienna’, and the Ir/Relevance of Military Control." PhD diss., King's College London.
Lockwood, William W., Jr. "Shanghai Faces Uncertainty." Far Eastern Survey 6, no. 24
(December 1, 1937): 276-78. Accessed June 13, 2016.
This primary source, an article, is valuable due to its information concerning the state of
Shanghai following the Japanese takeover of the area in 1937, just before the majority of Jewish
refugees began to arrive. Lockwood focuses primarily on two things: the destruction of the city
and the potential international repercussions within the city. He notes that “three months’

warfare reduced a third of the city to ruins” and that trade within the city is very difficult. As for
international repercussions, he acknowledges that Shanghai is a hugely international city and
port and that Japanese interests laid in diminishing this international element. Interestingly,
whether deliberately or not, one of the ways that the Japanese eroded Western influence was by
settling into the two areas of the city where foreigners were likely to reside: the International
Settlement (where many wealthy Jewish refugees lived before being forced to leave for
Hongkew), and the French Concession. In addition to this, Lockwood also notes that Shanghai
was already full of “hundreds of thousands” of refugees at this point, although he does not note
their nationalities.
M., S. "A Refugee in Shanghai." The Sentinel, August 27, 1936, 9, 21. Accessed July 27, 2016.
http://www.jpress.nli.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI/sharedpages/SharedView.Page.aspx?sk=26
D537&href=CGS/1936/08/27&page=9
6%2F08%2F27&id=Ar02102&sk=91065073.
This is another primary source from The Sentinel, offering a look into the life of an early
refugee who went to Shanghai due to the increasing anti-Semitism in Germany. The second link
is to the continued article on page 21 of the paper.
Marcus, Fred. Survival in Shanghai: The Journals of Fred Marcus 1939-1949. Edited by Audrey
Friedman Marcus. Translated by Rena Krasno. Berkeley, CA: Pacific View Press, 2008.
Margolis, Laura. "Oral History Interview with Laura Margolis." By Linda G. Kuzmack. United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed July 30, 2016.
This is a transcript of an interview with Laura Margolis, who worked extensively for the
JDC in Shanghai and was at one point placed in an internment camp in Asia.
Margolis, Laura L. "Race Against Time in Shanghai." Survey Graphic, March 1944. Accessed
May 30, 2016. http://archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_race-against-time-in-
shanghai.pdf.
This is a primary source, an article written by Laura Margolis, a representative of the
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in Shanghai. She writes about her experiences in
Shanghai attempted to help the refugees there, while also giving a description of the city and,
notably, attempts by the Jewish community to make themselves feel at home in an alien
environment. Margolis also records the kind of aid given by the JDC in great detail. She also
provides photographs taken in Shanghai.

Margolis, Laura L. "Remarks by Laura Margolis at Annual Meeting of Members and Directors
of NRS (National Refugee Service)." Speech, January 15, 1944. American Jewish Joint
Distribution Committee. Accessed May 30, 2016.
http://archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_remarks-by-laura-margolis.pdf.
This is a primary source, a copy of a speech given to the National Refugees Service by a
woman who spent a great deal of time in Shanghai as part of the American Jewish Joint
Distribution Committee. She talks about the conditions in Shanghai and how the JDC attempts
to help people. Of particular significance is a note written to the JDC by a middle-aged couple
who was receiving aid but committed suicide; this as well as other instances Margolis mentions
demonstrate that the JDC is doing its absolute best to help people, but that its best is often not
enough.
Margolis, Laura L. "We Carried on Even under the Japs." The Sentinel, December 30, 1943.
3%2F12%2F30&id=Ar00600&sk=944D8ED7.
Mars, Alvin. "A Note on the Jewish Refugees in Shanghai." Jewish Social Studies 31, no. 4 (Fall
1969): 286-91. Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
Marshberg, Michael. "American Diplomacy and the Jewish Refugee, 1938-1939." In YIVO
Annual of Jewish Social Science, by Schlomo Noble, 339-54. Vol. 15. N.p.: YIVO
Institute for Jewish Research, 1974.
Martane, Anais. "Shanghai Jews." Jewish Quarterly 52, no. 4 (2005): 21-25. Accessed July 5,
2016. doi:10.1080/0449010X.2005.10705262.
McKale, Donald M. "The Nazi Party in the Far East, 1931-45." Journal of Contemporary
History 12, no. 2 (April 1977): 291-311. Accessed June 28, 2016.
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.oswego.edu:2048/stable/260218.
Medoff, Rafael. The Deafening Silence: American Jewish Leaders and the Holocaust. N.p.:
Carol Pub Group, 1986.
Medzini, Meron. "China, the Holocaust, and the Birth of the Jewish State." Israel Journal of
Foreign Affairs 7, no. 1 (2013): 135-45.
Melchior, Friedrich. Good-bye Mr. Ghoya Pamphlet. Shanghai: n.p., 1945. Accessed July 30,
2016. http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn28238.

This is a collection of political cartoons mocking Sgt. Kano Ghoya, the former vice chief
of the Stateless Refugees’ Affairs Bureau in Shanghai. This demonstrates the hatred felt by
many refugees at their treatment at the hands of the Japanese. In a brief explanatory section
repeated throughout the pamphlet, Melchior states that Ghoya beat and humiliated the refugees.
Memorandum to the Joint Distribution Committee in the Matter of the Polish Refugees being
Evacuated from Kobe, Japan, to Shanghai, China. Textual material. From American
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1933-1944 New York Collection: Selected
Documents. Accessed August 28, 2016.
http://search.archives.jdc.org/multimedia/Documents/NY_AR3344/33-44_Count_1/AR
3-44_Poland-19/NY_AR3344_Poland_19_00037.pdf#search='shanghai'
Meyer, Maisie. "A Great Leap Forward?" Jewish Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2005): 29-33. Accessed
July 11, 2016. doi:10.1080/0449010X.2005.10706900.
Meyer, Maisie J. From the Rivers of Babylon to the Whangpoo: A Century of Sephardi Jewish
Life in Shanghai. N.p.: University Press of America, 2003.
Meyer, Maisie J. "The Interrelationship of Jewish Communities in Shanghai." Immigrants and
Minorities 19, no. 2 (2000): 71-90.
Mommsen, Hans. "Hitler's Reichstag Speech of 30 January 1939." History and Memory 9, no.
1/2: 147-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25681003.
Moshinsky, Sam. Goodbye Shanghai. N.p.: Mind Film and Publishing, 2009.
Murphy, Rhoads. "The Food Supply of Shanghai." Far Eastern Survey 17, no. 11 (June 2, 1948):
The New York Times. "Shanghai Jews Sail for Israel." December 25, 1948. Accessed August 15,
2016.
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E2DD1E3DE13BBC4D51DFB467
383659EDE&legacy=true.
This is a link to the article’s abstract; since I don’t have a subscription to this paper I was
unable to access the full article.
The New York Times. "Shanghai Jews to Be Evacuated." May 11, 1949. Accessed August 15,
2016.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940CE4DA133DE03ABC4952DFB3663
82659EDE&url=http:%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1949%2F05%
2F11%2F96455398.html&legacy=true.
This is just a link to the abstract; I was unable to access the article because I do not have a
subscription to The New York Times.
The New York Times. "Shanghai Recalled as a Haven for Jews; Wartime Identity Cards How
They Survived." August 4, 1980, A8.
The New York Times. "Shanghai to Take 30,000 Jews." May 12, 1939.
Niles, David K. David K. Niles to Erika Lewin, February 15, 1949. Erika Lewin Weinblum
Papers. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. Accessed August
5, 2016.
Nowak, Willi, and Else Nowak. "Oral History Interview with Willi Nowak." By Josey Fisher.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed August 3, 2016.
I had a very difficult time finding oral history transcripts of female refugees. Although
the primary interviewee here is Willi Nowak, his wife Else is present and makes some comments
about their experiences.
O'Connor, Joe. "Miracle Man: How One Chinese Diplomat Saved Thousands of Jews from
Death Camps." National Post, November 1, 2011. Accessed July 20, 2016.
http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/miracle-man-how-one-chinese-diplomat-
saved-thousands-of-jews-from-the-death-camps.
Ofer, Dalia. "The Israeli Government and Jewish Organizations: The Case of the Immigration of
Jews from Shanghai." Studies in Zionism 11, no. 1 (1990): 67-80. Accessed June 28,
2016. doi:10.1080/13531049008575962.
While I have been unable to find more than a copy of the first page of this article (the
database says that I do not have access to the complete PDF), it appears to be about the
immigration of Jewish refugees in Shanghai to Israel.
"Otto and Hilde Egener Collection." 1939-1950. 2009.188. United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Washington, D.C. Accessed August 2, 2016.

http://digitalarchives.assets.ushmm.org/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=/pdf/2009.188_001.
df#nameddest=inventory.
This is an incredibly useful collection of primary documents related to the lives of Otto
and Hilde Egener, Germans who became refugees in Shanghai. The collection includes a
Reisepass (a German travel document), immunization records, and the certificate of Otto’s and
Hilde’s marriage, which took place in Shanghai in 1946.
The Palestine Post. "7,000 Refugees in Shanghai on Relief." March 11, 1939. Accessed July 27,
2016.
0%2F03%2F11&id=Ar00506&sk=F16BC475.
The Palestine Post. "Aid for Jews Overseas to Continue." January 1, 1942. Accessed July 27,
2016.
2%2F01%2F01&id=Ar03201&sk=01279D60.
The Palestine Post. "Anxiety for Shanghai Bound Refugees." October 18, 1939. Accessed July
27, 2016.
9%2F10%2F18&id=Ar00207&sk=2E85590F.
The Palestine Post. "Japan to Release Rabbinical Students." July 10, 1945. Accessed July 29,
2016.
5%2F07%2F10&id=Ar00303&sk=E49FB10C.
The Palestine Post. "Mail Censorship at Shanghai." March 6, 1938. Accessed July 27, 2016.
8%2F03%2F06&id=Ar00822&sk=1FC99D82.
The Palestine Post. "Nazi Demand Jewish Ghetto in Shanghai." July 23, 1942. Accessed July 27,
2016.
2%2F07%2F23&id=Ar02403&sk=669FD3B3.
The Palestine Post. "Plight of Refugees in Shanghai." May 26, 1939. Accessed July 27, 2016.
9%2F05%2F26&id=Ar00718&sk=A94B75E2.

The Palestine Post. "Refugee Children Expected Shortly." October 18, 1939. Accessed July 27,
2016.
9%2F10%2F18&id=Ar00207&sk=2E85590F.
The Palestine Post. "Refugees Leave for Shanghai." July 14, 1939. Accessed July 27, 2016.
9%2F07%2F14&id=Ar00211&sk=2E12C739.
The Palestine Post. "Shanghai Jews Defended." September 12, 1937. Accessed July 27, 2016.
7%2F09%2F12&id=Ar00702&sk=379711BB.
The Palestine Post, May 4, 1938. Accessed July 27, 2016.
8%2F05%2F04&id=Ar00318&sk=83652651.
Pan, Guang. "Zionism in Shanghai, 1903-1949." Studies in Zionism 14, no. 2 (1993): 169-82.
Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
Pelcovits, N. A. "European Refugees in Shanghai." Far Eastern Survey 15, no. 21 (October 23,
This very informative article is a primary source that focuses on the relationship between
the (mostly Jewish) European refugees and the Chinese government after World War II. Even
before the end of the war in Japan, there were signs of conflict between native residents of
Shanghai and the refugees, but these escalated after the war. The main way that the Chinese
government arranged for its citizens to calm down was by promising that the refugees would
have to leave as soon as transport out of Shanghai could be arranged. This was, however, a very
difficult bureaucratic process to follow through on. Because of issues with visas and
transportation, even after the war most of the refugees were still living in Shanghai, in a country
that wanted them to leave.
Player, Wiliam O., Jr. "State Dept. Urged to Help Jews in China." New York Post Home News,
November 1948. From United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Erika Lewin
Weinblum Papers. Accessed August 9, 2016.
"Postcards Written By Walther Israel Cohn in Berlin to his Daughter Dina Dorothea Cohn in
Shanghai, 1940-1941, and Documentation Regarding Dina's Studies in Shanghai,

1944-1947." 1940-1947. From Yad Vashem, item 10594870. Accessed August 17, 2016.
http://viewer.yadvashem.org/viewer/Show.aspx.
Prasso, Sheridan. "Salvaging Jewish Heritage in China, Block by Block." The New York Times,
May 31, 2004, Arts. Accessed July 10, 2016.
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/31/arts/salvaging-jewish-heritage-in-china-block-by-b
ock.html?_r=0.
Preuss, Rolf. "Growing up in Shanghai." Unpublished typescript, 1999. United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, Rolf Preuss Papers. Accessed July 30, 2016.
assets.ushmm.org/pdf/1999.A.0076_001_005.pdf.
This is one of a collection of Preuss’ documents about his experiences in Shanghai (the
entire list can be found at http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn502162 and other
entries will most likely be listed in this bibliography later). This particular document is a
numbered list of things Preuss recalls about living in Shanghai as a refugee.
"Proclamation Concerning Restriction of Residence and Business of Stateless Refugees." Speech
presented in Shanghai, China, February 18, 1943. Kulanu. Accessed July 11, 2016.
http://www.kulanu.org/china/proclamation.php.
This is the script of a speech given in Shanghai by the commander-in-chief of the
Imperial Japanese Army in the Shanghai area in 1943. It was also widely printed in newspapers
in Shanghai. First, it restricts the areas where “stateless refugees” (defined in newspapers as
refugees from Germany who arrived after 1937) are permitted to live: they are only allowed to
live in the International Settlement. More specific boundaries are given.
Stateless refugees were no longer permitted to live or to work outside of those specified
areas and were instructed to move their residences and businesses to areas within the
International Settlement by May 18 (three months from the date of the Proclamation).
Furthermore, stateless refugees had to get Japanese permission before selling, leasing the houses
and shops that they owned and were being forced to vacate.
Anyone but the refugees needed Japanese permission to move into the area designated for
the refugees.
People who disregarded or violated the proclamation could be dealt with severely.
Pulvers, Roger. "Chiune Sugihara: Man of Conscience." The Japan Times, July 11, 2015.
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/07/11/national/history/chiune-sugihara-man-
conscience/#.V3bFYPkrLIV.
This article for The Japan Times was written by a friend of Sugihara’s son, who had
access to stories about their family. He briefly details Sugihara’s life and his efforts to help Jews

to escape Hitler. While posted in Kaunas, Lithuania, as the Japanese consul, Sugihara
encountered masses of Jews attempting to leave Europe for Asia, Japan included. In order to
leave Europe for Asia, they would need transit visas. Sugihara was instructed not to give any
undue visas, but instead he wrote about 2,000 of them in Kaunas. Since many of those 2,000
people had children with them, it is estimated that he saved about 6,000 people. After the war,
he lost his job because of his insubordination, but in 1989 he was recognized in Japan for the
good he had done. While this article is not directly linked to the Jewish Shanghai community, it
does reinforce the notion that people were trying to leave for Asia, and that there were people
like Sugihara who were willing to help them.
Qin, Amy. "In China, Rejuvenating a Classical Music Heritage Linked to a Jewish Community.
The New York Times, August 9, 2016, Music. Accessed August 31, 2016.
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/10/arts/music/in-china-rejuvenating-a-classical-music-
heritage-linked-to-a-jewish-community.html?_r=0.
Refugee Department, Vienna. Letter from Refugee Department, Vienna to Joint Distribution
Committee, New York, Subject: Appeal from Central Information Bureau for Jewish War
Sufferers in the Far East. Letter. From Jewish American Joint Distribution Committee,
1921-1932 New York Collection. Accessed August 28, 2016.
http://search.archives.jdc.org/multimedia/Documents/NY_AR2132/00035/NY_AR2132_
03932.pdf#search='shanghai'
Rep. No. 78, 2d Sess. (1944). Accessed May 30, 2016.
http://archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_refugees-in-the-far-east.pdf.
This very touching primary source is important for two reasons. It contains excerpts
from a speech given in front of the United States House of Representatives by Laura L. Margolis
of the JDC, as well as an introduction given by a representative. Of primary importance is the
way in which Margolis describes conditions for the JDC in China. While borrowing enormous
sums from neutral organizations to keep JDC operations going, the JDC could only supply about
5,000 meals a day (usually a soup or stew) during the war, although at one point there were also
able to give out bread as well. Because of the limitations on the number of meals, only the
weakest received meals. There were perennial issues with money, and at one point Margolis
could no longer pay her workers; nonetheless, they all showed up to work for free afterward.
Margolis also reports hearing that even the poorest of refugees were still trying to help one
another. Obviously, the purpose of her speech was to raise awareness of what her organization
was doing in Shanghai as well as to persuade the members of Congress to contribute some
money to her cause.
The second reason for the importance of this source (at least, in my opinion) is because of
the introduction by Arthur G. Kline. He talks for a while about the good the JDC does in Japan
and how it will go down in history as an organization which, through tremendous self-sacrifice,

did a great deal of good for the Jewish people. The admiration he shows here is completely at
odds with the attitude shown by the United States prior to the war at the Evian Conference.
Reuters. "Israel Thanks Shanghai for Helping Jews during World War II." Jerusalem Post,
August 28, 2015. Accessed July 11, 2016.
http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Israel-makes-video-to-thank-Shanghai-for-helping-Jews
during-Holocaust-413572.
Ring, Jack. "Oral History Interview with Jack Ring." By Joseph J. Preil. Video file. United States
This is a recorded interview with a rabbi who emigrated to Shanghai. Particularly notable
are his remarks on the German influence in Hongkew.
Ristaino, Maria. Port of Last Resort: The Diaspora Communities of Shanghai. N.p.: Stanford
University Press, 2003.
Romain, Gemma. "The Anschluss: the British Response to the Refugee Crisis." Journal of
Holocaust Education 8, no. 3 (1999): 87-102. Accessed May 24, 2016. EBSCOhost
(7352315).
This is an analysis of how the British responded to the possibility of massive Jewish
emigration following the Anschluss. Specifically, the article discusses the government’s
immediate response to the situation and their reactions, focusing on the British visa policy and
how it was affected by economic and social factors. Romain reaches the conclusion that,
although the British were sympathetic to the plight of the persecuted Jews, they did not want the
financial burden that could be caused by many refugees competing with British citizens for jobs.
In addition to this, despite this sympathy there was also significant anti-Semitism in Britain
which could, according to British officials, have escalated with the arrival of Jewish refugees.
These concerns manifested themselves through the British policy of obligatory visas for anyone
attempting to come to Britain as well as on visa restrictions regarding who would be allowed into
the nation. Due to these restrictions, German and Austrian Jews fled to Shanghai instead, since
that city lacked such restrictive policies.
Rome, Claudia. "59 Years Ago, They Fled to an Internment Camp." The New York Times, July
21, 2003. Accessed June 19, 2016.
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/21/nyregion/59-years-ago-they-fled-to-an-internment-
camp.html.

This article briefly examines the lives of European refugees in Oswego from 1944 to
1946. According to Rome, whose information comes from interviews with several of the
refugees, the refugees did not feel that he country as a whole welcomed them, since they were
assigned to supposedly prison-like barracks. However, after a month there, children were
allowed to attend school in Oswego, and the refugees were provided with English lessons. Rome
also notes a story of how two of the teenage refugees managed to sneak out of their barracks,
hitchhike, and spend a day in Manhattan.
One of the most useful things about this article is that it mentions several refugees as well
as a few of the people who were involved in the process, such as Ruth Gruber, who went to Italy
and had to choose which refugees would be permitted to go to the Oswego internment camp.
Rosenfeld, Abner G. "Refuge in China." The Palestine Post, July 27, 1939. Accessed July 27,
2016.
9%2F07%2F27&id=Ar00600&sk=947DB44D.
Ross, Alex. Escape to Shanghai: A Jewish Community in China. N.p.: Free Press, 1993.
This intriguing book is based off about 200 interviews and seems to have been
exhaustively researched. Ross focuses on the lives of four specific members of the Jewish
community in Shanghai: an Austrian doctor, a young man, a rabbi’s daughter, and a young boy.
He pays special attention to deteriorating conditions in Hongkew during the Allied bombing
raids. Another interesting section seems to be about an underground Jewish movement that
sabotaged the Japanese regime.
Ruben, Evelyn Pike. Ghetto Shanghai. N.p.: Schreiber,Shengold Publishing, 1998.
While I haven’t found a copy of this book yet, it appears available on Amazon.com as
well as on several other sites. It is a memoir written by a woman who, with her family, spent 8
years as a Jewish refugee in Shanghai.
Rutland, Suzanne D. "Waiting Room Shanghai: Australian Reactions to the Plight of the Jews in
Shanghai after the Second World War." Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 32 (1987): 407-
33.
Accessed July 6, 2016. EBSCOhost.
Sakamoto, Pamela R. Japanese Diplomats and Jewish Refugees: A World War II Dilemma.
Events of the Twenty-First Century. N.p.: Praeger, 1998.
Based on reviews, this book seems to examine why Japan allowed Jewish refugees to
settle in Shanghai. Its conclusions appear rather cynical: Sakamoto writes that Jews were

permitted to enter Shanghai via Japan due to a combination of rudimentary Japanese immigration
policies, lack of communication in the Japanese government, and the (wrongful) belief that Jews
had a great deal of influence in the powerful United States. While I haven’t obtained a copy of
this book to examine it fully, several reviews applaud Sakamoto’s use of Russian, Japanese, and
other primary sources and of various archives.
Schnell, Walter. "Oral History Interview with Walter Schnell." By Linda Kuzmack. United
States
Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed July 30, 2016.
This is a transcript of an oral history interview with a former refugee. He recounts his
experiences with anti-Semitism in Germany before moving on to talk about his life in Shanghai
on page 12 of the interview.
The Sentinel. "1,800 Jewish Refugees Arrested in Shanghai." December 18, 1941. Accessed July
27, 2016.
1%2F12%2F18&id=Ar03206&sk=6A23E53A.
The Sentinel. "Aid Sought for 1,600 Polish Refugees Facing Ouster from Japan." May 8, 1941.
1%2F05%2F08&id=Ar01203&sk=EF73951C.
The Sentinel. "B'nai Brith to Give Aid to Shanghai Jews." November 25, 1937. Accessed July 27,
2016.
7%2F11%2F25&id=Ar03401&sk=6E778043.
The Sentinel. "Chinese Government to Facilitate Aid to Refugees in Shanghai." September 27,
1945. Accessed July 29, 2016.
5%2F09%2F27&id=Ar00200&sk=4BCED17E.
The Sentinel. "Criticize Indifference to Jews in Shanghai." November 17, 1937. Accessed July
27, 2016.
7%2F11%2F18&id=Ar03400&sk=BB8E6048.
The Sentinel. "Drive on Jewish Refugees in Shanghai, Thailand Continues; Synagogues Closed."

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