Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
1. Algaepptx__2020_11_29_09_47_23.pptx
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4. Summary
• What are Algae
• Types, Life forms and
Structure
• Microalgae
• Macroalgae
• Classification
• Importance
5. What are Algae
• A large and incredibly diverse group of
eukaryotic organism
• Single or multi-cellular organism that has
no roots, stems or leaves
• Photosynthetic lifeforms (Chlorophylls)
• Algae, as a group, produce a vast
majority of the oxygen on Earth.
• Exist in Fresh water, Marine water, Snow.
6. Types, Life forms
and Structure
• Unicellular (Microalgae)
• Multicellular (Macroalgae)
• Free-living unicellular
• Colonies or multicellular organism
• Membrane bound nucleus, chloroplasts,
and mitochondria.
• Pigments
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
7. • Most are aquatic and
autotrophic
• Don’t have many of the
distinct cell and tissue types,
such as stomata, xylem, and
phloem, which are found in
land plants.
• Much Simple than Plants
11. Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
• Occurrence: Most forms are fresh water and a few are marine.
• Pigments: Chief pigments are Chlorophyll A and B and Carotenoids (red-orange pigments)
• Reserve food: Starch
• Structure: Unicellular motile to heterotrichous filaments.
• Cell wall consists of Cellulose. Pyrenoids are commonly surrounded by starch sheath.
Motile cells have equal flagella (2-4).
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction ranges from isogamous to advanced oogamous type.
• Example: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Scenedesmus ,Pediastrum.
12. Xanthophyceae (Yellow green algae)
• Class: Xanthophyceae (Yellow green algae)
• Occurrence: Most forms are fresh water but a few are marine.
• Pigments: Yellow Xanthophyll is found abundantly.
• Reserve food: oil
• Structure: Unicellular motile to simple filamentous. Cell wall rich in pectic compounds and
composed of two equal pieces overlapping at their edges.
• Motile cells have two very unequal flagella. Pyrenoids absent.
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is rare and always isogamous.
• Example: Vaucheria
13. Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
• Class: Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
• Occurrence: Mostly marine
• Pigments: Chlorohyll a & c, Carotenes, Xanthophylls,
not chlorophyll b
• Reserve food: Mannitol as well as laminarin and fats
• Structure: The plants may be simple filamentous to
bulky Parenchymatous forms.
• Several plants attain giant size, external and internal
differentiation.
• Examples: Sargassum, Padina, Fucus, etc
14. Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
• Occurrence: Few forms are fresh water and others are
marine.
• Pigments: Chromatophores are red blue containing pigments
like red phycoerythrin and blue phycocyanin, Chlorphyll-a,d,
carotenes.
• Reserve food: Floridean starch
• Structure: Simple filamentous to attaining considerable
complexity of structure. Motile structures are not known.
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is advanced oogamous
type. The male organ produces non-motile gametes and the
female organ has a long receptive neck. After sexual
reproduction special spores (carpospores) are produced
• Example: Batrachospermum, Polysiphonia
15. Chrysophyceae (Golden algae)
• Occurrence: Most forms occur in cold fresh water but a
few are marine.
• Pigments: Chromatophores are brown or orange
(Golden) colored. Phycochrysin serves as chief accessory
pigments.
• Reserve food: Fat and leucosin.
• Structure: Plants are unicellular motile to branched
filamentous. Flagella are unequal attached at front end.
Cells commonly contain one or two parietal
chrmoatophores.
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction seldom occurs but is
of isogamous type.
• Examples: Dinobryon, Synura, etc
16. Myxophyceae (Cyanophyceae or Blue green algae)
• Occurrence: Found in sea and fresh water,
• Pigments: Chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophylls, and phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. The
ratio of last two pigments exhibits colour variation, commonly blue green.
• Reserve food: Sugars and Glycogen
• Structure: Simple type of cell to filamentous, some of the filamentous forms show false or
true branching, very Simple/basic/undeveloped nucleus, no proper chromatophores, the
photosynthetic pigments being diffused throughout the peripheral position. No motile
stages.
• Reproduction: There is no sexual reproduction.
• Example: Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Anabena, Lyngbia, Spirolina, Spirogyra, Chlorococcus
17.
18.
19. Cyanobacteria
Phylum of bacteria that obtain their
energy through photosynthesis
The only photosynthetic prokaryotes
able to produce oxygen.
Nitrogen fixers
No True or developed Nucleus,
Diffused Pigments around
membrane
27. Nutraceuticals
Spirulina used as single cell protein
food supplements, dietary supplements,
value-added processed foods as well as non-
food supplements such as tablets, soft gels,
capsules etc. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids (PUFA) Carotenoids
28. Biofuels
• Algae can be converted into various types of fuels.
• The lipid, or oily part of the algae biomass can be
extracted and converted into biodiesel.
• The carbohydrate content of algae can be fermented
into bioethanol or butanol fuel
29. CO2 Fixation
• Algae are primary producer and are
responsible for about half of the O2
production on planet earth (Lee 2008).
• They can produce 280 tons of dry biomass
ha-1 year-1 with sequestration of 513 tons of
CO2 (Bilanovic et al. 2009).
• CO2 capture efficiency of microalgae is 10-
50 times faster than that of higher plants,
and they can grow much faster (Wang et al.
2008).
• It is estimated that 1 kg of dry algal
biomass utilize about 1.83 kg of CO2 (Chisti
2007).
30. Waste water
treatment
• Algae can be used in wastewater treatment
• Removal of coliform bacteria
• Reduction of both chemical and biochemical
oxygen demand
• Removal of N and/or P, and also for the
removal of heavy metals
31. Biofertilizer
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
• An algae Biofertilizer is a natural,
organic and renewable energy
source.
• They help retain essential nutrients
and water in the soil which is required
for the proper growth of the plants.
• Cyanobacteria – Nostoc, Anabena,
Oscillotoria, Azolla
32. Animal feed
Microalgae have high nutritional value
and are used to feed adult and larval
stages of bivalves, the larvae of
some fish and crustaceans and
zooplankton.
Algae are high protein, nutritious, natural
and a low cost food option for animals,
that have the potential of replacing the
existing expensive grains that are fed
to animals.
Looking at the economic and food crises
over the world harvesting algae can be
used as a good option to produce animal
feed.
