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Similar to Cisco CCNA module 9
Similar to Cisco CCNA module 9 (20)
Cisco CCNA module 9
- 1. 1© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP
Addressing
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The TCP/IP Model
The Department of Defense (DoD) developed the TCP/IP reference model to
provide a communication network that could continue to function in wartime.
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TCP/IP Applications
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Transport Layer Protocols
• The functions of TCP and UDP
Segment upper-layer application data
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Transport Layer Protocols
TCP is responsible for:
• end-to-end communication
• flow control
• reliability of data delivery
TCP supports a logical connection between the sending and receiving hosts
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Transport Layer Protocols
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Internet Layer ProtocolsThe IP Protocol is responsible for:
• defining packet format and addressing scheme
• routing packets to remote hosts
• transferring data between the internet layer and the network access layer
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Internet Layer Protocols
• IP - connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of
packets.
• ICMP - control and messaging capabilities.
• ARP - determines the data link layer address for known
IP addresses.
• RARP - determines the IP address for a known MAC
address.
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Internet Path Determination
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Question
• Why is IP sometimes referred as an
unreliable protocol?
• Is it really unreliable?
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Answer
• IP is sometimes referred to as an unreliable
protocol.
• This does not mean that IP will not accurately
deliver data across a network.
• Calling IP an unreliable protocol simply means
that IP does not perform error checking and
correction.
• That function is handled by upper layer protocols
from the transport or application layers.
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Network Access Protocols
The Network Access Layer is the host-to-
network layer of the TCP/IP model.
• Encapsulation of IP packets into frames
• Interface to the physical medium
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Comparing TCP/IP with the OSI Model
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Router Connects Two Networks
• A network of networks is called an internet, indicated with the lowercase “i”.
• When referring to the networks that developed from the DoD on which the
Worldwide Web (www) runs, the uppercase “I” is used and is called the Internet.
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Routers Connect Local and Remote Networks
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Users See TCP/IP Cloud
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Physical Details Hidden from Users
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“Scale-Free Networks”
Scientific American
May 2003
The internet somewhere
in the N.E. US
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Forwarding Packets—IP address
• A router forwards packets from the originating
network to the destination network using the
IP protocol.
• The packets must include an identifier for both
the source and destination networks.
• Accordingly, every IP address has two parts
– One part identifies the network where the
system is connected
– A second part identifies that particular
system on the network
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Host Address
192.168.1.0
1. 192.168.1.1
2. 192.168.1.2
3. 192.168.1.3
4. 192.168.1.4
192.168.2.0
1. 192.168.2.1
2. 192.168.2.2
3. 192.168.2.3
4. 192.168.2.4
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Consecutive Decimal and Binary Values
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Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)
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Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)
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One Byte (Eight Bit Number)
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Decimal to Binary Conversion
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Two Byte (Sixteen Bit Number)
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Binary to Decimal Conversion
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Network Layer Communication Path
• Routers use IP to make decisions about how to reach
a particular destination
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Network and Host Addressing
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Internet Addresses
• IP address space is hierarchical
• Uses the concept of classes
• Compare this with the flat MAC address space
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Identifying Address Classes
• The pattern of High Order Bits defines the class of the network
address
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Address Class Prefixes
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Network and Host Division
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Class D Address Architecture
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Class E Address Architecture
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Network Address
• Host portion all zeros
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Broadcast Address
• Host portion all ones
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Unicast Transmission (to ONE Host only)
• Addressed to a specific host
i.e. 176.10.16.1
• Only that host looks at the contents of the packet
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Broadcast Address (to ALL Hosts)
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Broadcast Transmission
• All hosts listen for broadcast messages
• Only the host with the appropriate service
responds
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Required Unique Address
• A packet can only be sent out onto the Internet if it has a
unique address
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Private IP Addresses
• You can use these addresses on any private LAN.
• You CANNOT use them on the internet.
• Internet routers will block them.
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Using Private Addresses in the WAN
•Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet requires
translation of the private addresses to public addresses
•This translation process is referred to as Network Address Translation (NAT)
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IPv4 Address Allocation
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IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses
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Assigning IP Addresses
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TCPIP/IP Configuration for Windows 98
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ARP/RARP Message Structure
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BOOTP Message Structure
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DHCP Message Structure
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Which host has this IP address?
• ARP
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Quick Reference Subnetting Chart