My presentation is based on pre-historic Archeology in which I briefly discussed human evolution from stone age to Iron age. I also shed some light on the cultural evolution of Human.

1. Begin with the name of Allah the
most merciful and Almighty.

2. What is Culture?
I will called “culture as a hidden force which drives us. What we do or act
today it was someone's opinion from the past”.
We humans born immature and dependent we learn from our fellow humans.
• we learn from society.
• We learn from family.
• We learn from our ancestral history.
• We learn from religion.
We learn via intercultural communication and interpersonal communication.
Elements of culture include values & Beliefs and Norms also it include ethics.

3. Culture is like an iceberg including visible and invisible parts.
visible part:
The visible part of culture including our Language , Tradition
and clothing Music and food.
invisible part:
The invisible part includes our cultural stereotypes our
emotions and feeling
Our values and beliefs and norms.

4. Brief history of cultural evolution
Timeline:
Lower Paleothic - 2500000 BC to 200000 BC.
Middle Paleolithic – 200000 BC to 50000 BC.
Upper Paleolithic - 50000 BC to 10000 BC
Mesolithic and Neolithic – 10000 BC to 3000 BC
Bronze age - 3000 to 10000 BC
Iron Age - 1000 BC till present.

5. Classification of culture:
The classification is based on pre-historic Archeology in
which it is divided on the basis of different time period in the
following categories:
 Paleolithic
 Mesolithic
 Neolithic
 Bronze age
 Iron age

6. A) Paleolithic
Paleolithic time period further divided into three sub-
categories.
i. Lower Paleolithic
ii. Middle Paleolithic
iii. Upper Paleolithic

7. Lower Paleolithic:(2500000 BC to 200000 BC)
History:
first tool was discovered from olduvain region of East Africa the
tool was made from stone rigid , heavy and without any proper
symmetry. Geological time scale of the era was Pleistocene epoch.
Tool culture:
Hand tool axes types was chellean , Abbevellian and Acheulin.
These name were originated from the culture.
Cleavers found in Acheulin culture pebble tool and chopper tool
used for different purpose like cutting animals skin these tool
were formed from metamorphic and sedimentary rock found in
Java , India and China.

9. Lifestyle:
 Biological species during the time period (Homo-erectes).
 These species were in Eric posture.
 Bi-pedalism started from this period.
 They hunt for food survival and make tool from stone.

10. Middle Paleolithic(200000 BC to 50000 BC)
Life style:
• Species of that time was (Neanderthal man).
• They lives in caves and use also rocks as their shelter.
• They also believe in supernatural creatures evident from burial
practice.
• Belief on after life.
• Fossils found with flower which indicates that they buried their
dead's with proper funerals.
• They were clever species understanding hunting and how to
survive.

12. Tool culture:
• Burin were used for engraving purpose.
• Scrappers were used for scrapping barks from trees these barks were used
for covering their bodies.
• Borers were used to drill the holes.
• These tools were small pieces from a big stone to hunt easily and also do
other chores.
• Points were important tools of the era like an arrow head used for hunting.

13. Upper peliolthic
Now they start making tools from other materials with stones tools like bones
and ivory.
Aurignation culture:
discovered at the site of La-Aurigna. Tools were found was blade tools like
knife engraved blade and burin. Species associated with this culture was cro-
Magnon.
Solitarian or needle culture:
Discover at solitarian site.
flask and Needles were discovered both eyed and uneyed.
Magdalenian or art from culture:
Flake tool made of born and horns proper art on them from that art their
beliefs , religion and climate lightened. Colder climate.

15. B) Mesolithic age:
Mesos – Middle Lithos – stone it is also called middle stone
age. From 11000 to 6000 BC. It is considered transformation
from the old stone age to the new stone age. Humans in that
time learned how to control fire. And use fire for their
benefits. Also development in language that time.
Characteristics:
•now their interaction with environment very good.
•They started domestication of animals.
•They also started to depends on rivers.

16. Main features of Mesolithic age:
According to their environment that time Mesolithic age splits into two
societies.
• Pastrol society
• Horticultural society
• Tools were made in that time was from stones also from horns. It includes
bows and arrows used for hunting purpose also fish hooks.

17. Life style:
 Transformation in their life style now they start building huts for living instead
of caves.
 Now they rely on hunting small animals instead of big animals. They prefer
more fishing.
 They learned to store food for harsh days.
 Different religions were followed in that time like Islam , Judaism and
Christianity also ancestoral religion also followed.
 Nomadic and also sedentary society in that time.
 Leadership and governance started people select leaders to combat wars.
 Education in that time was informal from their elders no institutions.
 Male dominant society woman depends on man for hunting and food
production.

18. Mesolithic Art:
In Mesolithic art now proper color and different styles were use the art look
more realistic because of color. Only red color were used in that time. Fossils
from different sites showed the art. They show their ideas on the art.

19. c) Neolithic age:
• Neo-New Lithos-stone it was also called new stone age transformation from
the old stone age.
• It started to developed around 6000 BC.
Lifestyle:
• Major changes witness in the life style of Neolithic age was that in Mesolithic
and Paleolithic people lives in caves and use hunting for survival and food
now in Neolithic people started to live in huts.
• Hunting animals was very tiring and laborious so now man discovered in this
age wild wheat seed they start eating them and then a major discovery
farming happened now they started to sow this seed.
• From hunting they started farming.
• Food were easily available many ways of production developed.

20. • They started sowing grains and vegetable.
• They also started domestication of animals to obtain dairy products such as
milk.
• Sedentary life style developed now man can live in their farms in one place.
• Cities and civilization were born.
Cultural changes:
• Town were born.
• First time the concept of owner and renter were introduced. Those who own
lands were rich and people living in their lands were poor.
• Political life developed the owners were their leaders.
Religious changes:
• Worshiping nature multiple gods in that time.

21. Tool culture:
• As farming was a lifestyle in Neolithic age so they make sharper tools for
harvesting the wheat and vegetables.
• Wheels were also discovered in that time means of transportation developed.
• They started making clay pots and other utensils from clay.
• Houses made of brick also started.
Art culture:
• They start making different arts on the pots painted pots was discovered from
one of the site which evident that.
• They also started art on their walls.
• Art grown in Neolithic period.

23. d) Bronze age
Before first talk about bronze age we must goes to an age before bronze age
and it was called Chalcolithic age. In this age man discover copper. Copper
were more better than stone so they make tools from copper which were
more sharper but a great disadvantage in copper they made weapons from
copper but these weapon were bend easily. So they now started digging the
earth a great discovery happened they discovered tin.
Beginning:
They mix tin with copper melted it after cooling new metal discovered called
the bronze. Which is ally of copper and tin.
Tool culture:
• they started making weapons from the bronze and other tools.
• Potter wheel was a major discovery in bronze age.

24. Life style:
• People started living in rectangular shape houses with more space than huts
and bricks houses.
• More people can live in the house.
• Cities were built and civilization were born in bronze age.
• Government laws and codes were developed.
• Empires were made.
• Slavery were first time introduced.
• Trade network was developed.
Use of metal tools:
Use of metal tools were started because it was sharp and more better. Even
today bronze are used in making medals and statue.

25. e) Iron age:
The beginning of iron age started from discovering Iron. Iron was the hardest
metal from bronze , copper and tin. It was obtained from the iron ore. Iron is
easily available around the world while tin isn’t. iron was better to make tools
and weapons because it doesn’t melt on heating.
History:
Iron age started around 1200 to 1000 BC.
Tool culture:
• Tools were made from Iron for the purpose of digging.
• Iron sickles helped in harvesting improve farming.
• Cooking pots , nails and jewelry made from Iron.
• Even arrow head , spear and sword were formed from iron.

26. Transportation:
Wooden wheel of Neolithic and bronze age were replaced by Iron wheel which
were more durable and hard improved transportation a lot.
Art:
Art in Iron age also flourished different statues made from the iron.
Economics and trade:
Barter system was first introduced in the Iron age and trade improved and
flourished.
Civilizations:
Roman and Greek civilization were made in the Iron age.

27. Thank you!