1. Please discuss the Hills criteria for causation in epidemiolog

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1. Please discuss the Hill's criteria for causation in epidemiology. 2. Discussion board : In this discussion forum please provide examples demonstrating how the real and spurious relationship between variables. ...

1. Please discuss the Hill's criteria for causation in
epidemiology.
2. Discussion board :
In this discussion forum please provide examples demonstrating
how the real and spurious relationship between variables.

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11 Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris From his book Me Talk Pretty One Day At the age of forty-one, I am returning to school and have to think of myself as what my French textbook calls Ba true debutant.D After paying my tuition, I was issued a student ID, which allows me a discounted entry fee at movie theaters, puppet shows, and Festyland, a far-flung amusement park that advertises with billboards picturing a cartoon stegosaurus sitting in a canoe and eating what appears to be a ham sandwich. IFve moved to Paris with hopes of learning the language. My school is an easy ten-minute walk from my apartment, and on the first day of class I arrived early, watching as the returning students greeted one another in the school lobby. Vacations were recounted, and questions were raised concerning mutual friends with names like Kang and Vlatnya. Regardless of their nationalities, everyone spoke what sounded to me like excellent French. Some accents were better than others, but the students exhibited an ease and confidence that I found intimidating. As an added discomfort, they were all young, attractive, and well-dressed, causing me to feel not unlike Pa Kettle trapped backstage after a fashion show. The first day of class was nerve-racking because I knew IFd be expected to perform. ThatFs the way they do it here # itFs everybody into the language pool, sink or swim. The teacher marched in, deeply tanned from a recent vacation, and proceeded to rattle off a series of administrative announcements. IFve spent quite a few summers in Normandy, and I took a monthlong French class before leaving New York. IFm not completely in the dark, yet I understood only half of what this woman was saying. BIf you have not meimslsxp or lgpdmurct by this time, then you should not be in this room. Has everyone apzkiubjxow? Everyone? Good, we shall begin.D She spread out her lesson plan and sighed, saying, BAll right, then, who knows the alphabet?D It was startling because (a) I hadnFt been asked that question in a while and (b) I realized, while laughing, that I myself did not know the alphabet. TheyFre the same letters, but in France theyFre pronounced differently. I know the shape of the alphabet but had no idea what it actually sounded like. BAhh.D The teacher went to the board and sketched the letter a. BDo we have anyone in the room whose first name commences with an ahh?D 12 Two Polish Annas raised their hands, and the teachers instructed them to present themselves by stating their names, nationalities, occupations, and a brief list of things they liked and disliked in this world. The first Anna hailed from an industrial town outside of Warsaw and had front teeth the size of tombstones. She worked as a seamstress, enjoyed quiet times with friends, and hated the mosquito. BOh, really,D the teacher said. BHow very interesting. I thought that everyone loved the mosquito, but here, in front of all the world, you claim to ...

11Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris From his b

11Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris From his b

11Me Talk Pretty One Day # By David Sedaris From his b

11 Program analysis using different perspectives Student's Name Institution Course Professor Date TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… Program Description/ Analysis of a Classical Liberal perspective………………………… Program Description/ Analysis of a Radical perspective…………………………………… Program Description/ Analysis of a Conservative perspective…………………………….. Program Description/ Analysis of a Mordern Liberal perspective...……………………… Comparisons of four perspectives…………………………………………………………… Assessment and modifications of the perspectives…………………………………………. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….. Introduction Program analysis using different perspectives In a political economy, policies and programs are essential tools that assist in understanding the ongoing struggle for equality and social justice. Although both have an underlying difference, they serve an almost similar purpose. Essentially, understanding the goal of any program or policy can be achieved by analyzing the contending perspectives (Harvey, 2020). This involves the intentional bringing of different perspectives in contrast. They help examine core economic problems or concepts from an orthodox perspective, and others criticize it from a heterodox perspective. The perspectives are essential since both the heterodox and orthodox positions can be examined and reach a consensus. In the United States, there has been a rise in spending on prescription drugs, which has led to the introduction of a Build Better Program. One proposal is driving down the cost of prescription drugs by allowing Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers over price; starting in 2025-ten drugs (plus insulin) would be on the table the first year, growing to 20 by 2028 (The White House, 2021). Although members of Congress have accepted the proposal, there is a need to analyze it using the different contending perspectives. This paper explores the proposal using the Classical Liberal, The radical, the Conservative Perspective, and the Modern Liberal Perspective. Individuals have the right to pursue their happiness, and proponents of the different political economy perspectives should work hand-in-hand to promote human development within society. Analysis by Perspective The Classical Liberal The political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism emphasize securing citizens' freedom by limiting government power. Today, the proponents hold various thoughts and Perspectives, one being Neo-Austrian economics (Clark, 2016). Essentially, the program's main aim is to reduce the overall cost of prescription drugs. From the Perspective of Neo-Austrians, humans are self-interested. They can act autonomously by utilizing their capacity to discover an efficient means of satisfying their desires and basic needs (Harvey, 2020). Also, the government is created by the people to protect their natural rights. At the same time, justice requires safeguarding the people's rights established by the c ...

11Program analysis using different perspectives

11Program analysis using different perspectives

11Program analysis using different perspectives

11 Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process Lua Shanks Dr. Thompson Valley State University 10-6-2021 Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process Contextual Factors The efficacious teaching and learning processes are important in generating the desired academic outcomes for students. Such processes entail the transformation and transfer of knowledge from the educators to students. It requires a combination of different elements within the procedure, in which an instructor determines and establishes the learning goals and objectives, and designs teaching resources. Thereafter, teachers implement the learning strategy that they will utilize to impart intellectual content into students. However, learning is a cardinal factor that an educator musty take into account while overseeing the process of knowledge acquisition and retention. Many factors play an important role in shaping the process of teaching and learning. Contextual factors, for instance, are associated with a particular context and characteristic that is distinct to a specific group, community, society, and individual. Such factors may take the form of a child’s educational, community, as well as classroom settings. Community, District, and School Factors Armstrong School District is a major public learning institution that occupies a geographical area of approximately 437 square miles. Located in Pennsylvania, it forms one of the 500 public school districts in the state, and hosts teachers and students from diverse racial, ethnic, and ethnic backgrounds. As a consequence, the institution partners with families, community leaders, and teachers to improve students’’ capacity to acquire knowledge ahead of their graduation. The community refers to the urban or rural environment in which both the teachers and learners operate. These may include the teacher and students’ ethnic, racial political or social affiliations that affect learning or knowledge acquisition. Additionally, parents and community members play an integral role in ensuring the quality of education in schools. They for, example, collaborate with teachers and school administrators to develop the most effective ways of improving their students’ learning outcomes. Indeed, community involvement in schooling issues is potentially a rich area for innovation that has immense benefits that far exceeds its limitations. Considering that governments are constrained in offering quality education due to contextual issues such as remoteness, bureaucracy, corruption, and inefficient management, community factors are pivotal in bridging the gap between government initiatives and community needs. This helps to adjust the child’s familial obligations to family interests, thereby shifting towards ways of mobilizing a sense of community by strengthening trust and relationships between community members, parents, governments, as well as teachers and school leaders. Other important community factors that af ...

11Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process

11Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process

11Factors that Affect the Teaching and Learning Process

11 Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Instructor’s Name: Course Code: Due Date: Racial discrimination Abstract When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult. Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. Introduction When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws. There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin. Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens. Literature Review and Definitions included in the research According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...

11Criminal Justice Racial discriminationStudent’s Nam

11Criminal Justice Racial discriminationStudent’s Nam

11Criminal Justice Racial discriminationStudent’s Nam

11 Communication Plan for Manufacturing Plant Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Instructor Course Date Communication Plan of a Manufacturing Plant Background In manufacturing companies, organization employees are at the centre of an organization. Most of them are at the front lines with the ability to change strategy into results. At the culmination of the day, the plant employees have the responsibility of ensuring that the operations are conducted smoothly, a product reaches consumers timely, and quality products are manufacture with the appropriate specifications. However, despite the primary role they play, manufacturing plants are disjointed (Adejimola, 2008). That disengagement is embodied with a hefty price which is paying a negative role in the performance of manufacturing plants just as they are being challenged to increase their efficiency and effectiveness to the company compared to previous years. To realize rapid growth around the globe, the manufacturing industry is attempting to standardize operations and continuously leverage operations. Such kind of effort needs a company to possess highly invested employees (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). For this reason, natural communication naturally is primary on the path to more highly engaged and motivated employees. However, it can sometimes be challenging to plant employees due to natural challenges that accompany workplace. Some may not frequently be on Smartphone’s or emails, or they may be having various shifts to manage, and the environment may be less conducive, which makes it challenging for them to have one-on-one conversations. Policies for Oral, Written, and Non-Verbal Communications Interpersonal communication in a manufacturing plant is the way employees or people communication with others. It may involve a group of p-people, another person or the members of the public. In some instances, it may encompass non-verbal, written or non-verbal communication. In the manufacturing industry, when an individual is communicating with others, they need to consider the person they are talking to, the type of information they want to deliver and the most appropriate and relevant form of communication change. In some instances, such issues may be determined by the information an individual wants to communication (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). At all times, it is required that the staff members remain polite, respectful to both the clients and one another. At no time should they sear, raise their voice, speak in a way belittling another. Cultural awareness is also another essential element when communicating in a cultural plant. All individuals working in the plant need to recognize that individuals emerge from varying backgrounds and cultures, and they also accompany various attitudes, different values and beliefs (Obiekwe, O& Eke, 2019). All staffs in the plant need to exercise non-judgmental communication remain respectful and are tolerant of the differences prevalence ...

11Communication Plan for Manufacturing PlantStud

11Communication Plan for Manufacturing PlantStud

11Communication Plan for Manufacturing PlantStud

11 Capital Karl Marx PART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEY CHAPTER I. COMMODITIES Section 1. The two factors of a commodity: use-value and value (the substance of value and the magnitude of value) The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as “an immense accumulation of commodities,”1 its unit being a single commodity. Our investigation must therefore begin with the analysis of a commodity. A commodity is, in the first place, an object outside us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another. The nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference.2 Neither are we here concerned to know how the object satisfies these wants, whether directly as means of subsistence, or indirectly as means of production. Every useful thing, as iron, paper, &c., may be looked at from the two points of view of quality and quantity. It is an assemblage of many properties, and may therefore be of use in various ways. To discover the various uses of things is the work of history.3 So also is the establishment of socially-recognised standards of measure for the quantities of these useful objects. The diversity of these measures has its origin partly in the diverse nature of the objects to be measured, partly in convention. The utility of a thing makes it a use-value.4 But this utility is not a thing of air. Being limited by the physical properties of the commodity, it has no existence apart from that commodity. A commodity, such as iron, corn, or a diamond, is therefore, so far as it is a material thing, a use-value, something useful. This property of a commodity is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities. When treating of use-value, we always assume to be dealing with definite quantities, such as dozens of watches, yards of linen, or tons of iron. The use-values of commodities furnish the material for a special study, that of the commercial knowledge of commodities.5 Use-values become a reality only by use or consumption: they also constitute the substance of all wealth, whatever may be the social form of that wealth. In the form of society we are about to consider, they are, in addition, the material depositories of exchange-value. Exchange-value, at first sight, presents itself as a quantitative relation, as the proportion in which values in use of one sort are exchanged for those of another sort,6 a relation constantly changing with time and place. Hence exchange-value appears to be something accidental and purely relative, and consequently an intrinsic value, i.e., an exchange-value that is inseparably connected with, inherent in commodities, seems a contradiction in terms.7 Let us consider the matter a little more closely. A given commodity, e.g., a quarter of wheat is exchanged for x blacking, y silk, or z gold, &c.—in short, for other commodities in the most different proportions. Ins ...

11CapitalKarl MarxPART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEYCHAPTER I.

11CapitalKarl MarxPART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEYCHAPTER I.

11CapitalKarl MarxPART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEYCHAPTER I.

1 1 Criminal Justice System Shambri Chillis June 11, 2022 Criminal justice system The criminal justice system is essential to identify and prevent crimes in the community. Various functions of the criminale system now adhere to the development of technology. Modern technology helps the criminal justice system in different ways. It has made the job easier and has assisted in the prevention of crimes. Role of criminal justice practitioners in the technology development The Ccriminal justice practitioners are responsible for identifying and analyzing different crimes in the community. They are responsible for developing and implementing the technology in the criminal justice system because they can use it for different purposes. They can introduce the new trends in the criminal justice system like the officers can collect and gather the data through the technology. Human error can be reduced through it. The dataset can be maintained, and it is also essential for criminal justice practitioners to develop the technology to locate the criminals and track their local places through GPS. The technology cannot be developed untill the criminal officers implement it in the routine. The criminal system now has to use robots and cameras that help them get information about the criminals. The practitioners can also implement the technology by guiding the juniors to use it. The training is needed to make them understand the use of advanced technologies and to ensure that they use them in the right direction. The high-performance computer and internet systems are also essential for developing the technology, and it has been seen that the future will be bright regarding implementing technology (John S. Hollywood, 2018). Controversial issues criminal justice policymakers face when considering an expansion in the use of DNA in criminal justice Tthere are various controversial issues that criminal justice policymakers must consider while using DNA in the criminal justice system. The first thing that is criticized during the use of DNA is the fundamental human error, and iIt has been observed that there can be errors in the investigation, and people have to suffer. The issue in technology is also referred to as the error in using DNA because it might be possible that the results do not come correct at the first attempt. It involves several people who are not linked to the crimes but have to go for the fingerprinting tests by courts. However, DNA technology in criminal justice is highly advanced and has multiple benefits compared to disadvantages, but it has always faced significant controversy in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has to make sure that if DNA technology is being used, it must be error-free. The controversy has two opinions. There are two schools of thought regarding the use of DNA. One of the classes of experts thinks that DNA can be used to catch the different criminals. It is helpful in the family c ...

11Criminal Justice SystemShambri Chill

11Criminal Justice SystemShambri Chill

11Criminal Justice SystemShambri Chill

1 1American Government and Politics in a Racially Divided World chap ter In 2016, Gov. Jack Markell signed a long-awaited resolution officially apologizing for the state’s role in slavery. The apology for slavery illustrates the long and sometimes painful history of the United States’ struggle with race, from the time of Thomas Jefferson, a slave owner, to President Barack Obama, the first Black president of the United States. 01-McClain-Chap01.indd 1 11/24/16 8:34 PM 08/20/2017 - RS0000000000000000000000562545 (Anthony Ratcliff) - American Government in Black and White 2 CHAPTER 1: AmericAn Government And Politics in A rAciAlly divided World intro D ecember 6, 2015, marked the 150th anniversary of the abolish- ment of slavery, when the U.S. Congress ratified the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. There were numerous events recognizing the end of slavery, including an official White House event presided over by President Obama. On February 11, 2016, Delaware joined eight other states to formally apologize for slavery when Gover- nor Jack Markell (D) signed the state’s joint resolution. Delaware’s resolution acknowledged its participation in 226 years of slavery first of both Native Americans and Africans in the mid-1600s; by the close of the 1700s its entire slave population was of African descent. The resolution also included acknowledgments that Delaware criminalized humanitarian attempts to assist slaves and that in later times Delaware passed and enforced Jim Crow laws to deny the rights of African American citizens for much of the twentieth century.1 On July 29, 2008, the U.S. House of Representa- tives passed a nonbinding resolution, introduced and championed by Representative Steven Cohen (D-TN), which offered a formal apology for the government’s participation in African American slavery and the establishment of Jim Crow laws. The resolution said, in part, “African Americans continue to suffer from the consequences of slavery and Jim Crow—long after both systems were formally abolished—through enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the loss of human dignity and liberty, the frustration of careers and profes- sional lives, and the long-term loss of income and opportunity.”2 On June 18, 2009, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed a similar resolution apologizing to African Americans for slavery and Jim Crow. The Senate resolution said explicitly that the apology could not be used in support of reparations (or compensation for past wrongs).3 The story of apologies for slavery is a complex one that highlights some of the underlying dilemmas that face the U.S. political system—how to reconcile its stated principles of how individuals should be treated with how the government actually treats and has treated individuals. The apologies are intended to acknowledge the nation’s complicity in a destructive and immoral institution, at ...

11American Government and Politics in a Racially Divid

11American Government and Politics in a Racially Divid

11American Government and Politics in a Racially Divid

1 1 Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer. Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow. An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...

11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells

11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells

11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells

1 1 SENSE MAKING Runze Du Chee Piong BUS 700 Leadership and Creative Solution s Implementation Feb 14th 2021 SENSE MAKING Sensemaking refers to an action or a process of making sense where meaning is given to something. Sensemaking is a process through which individuals give meaning to their collective experiences. Sensemaking is also a process of structuring the unknown by inserting stimuli into some framework kinds to enable individuals to understand or comprehend, attribute, to extrapolate and predict the meaning of something. Sensemaking is an activity that allows people to turn the ongoing complexity in the entire world into a situation that can be understood. Sensemaking Therefore, Sensemaking requires articulating the unknown because, in many cases, trying to put meaning to something strange is the only means by which one can understand it. For instance, the occurrence or the origin of COVID-19 in the entire world has been a phenomenon that has disturbed the heads of many trying to understand what it is, where it came from, who caused it, how it can be prevented and how it can be cured. In attempting to understand COVID 19, people came up with the explanations of what it is, what caused it, and that is where the scientists realized that this is a disease that is caused by a virus known as Coronavirus, since the condition merged in the year 2019, the virus was given the name coronavirus 19, and the disease it caused known as COVID 19. This is how sensemaking enables individuals to give meaning to something that can be understood easily by individuals. The organization that I am familiar with that has experienced a current change in its operations is Starbucks. Starbucks is an American company that is known for its production and sell of coffee products. It was started in 1971 as a coffee selling company where it was majorly involved in roasting, marketing and selling coffee globally. It has more than 300 stores all over the world selling coffee. This organization has sold coffee within its stores since its initiation. However, because of the corona's onset, the management of this organization decided to change its operation to accommodate the changes in the environment depending on the restrictions imposed on businesses by the ministries of health all over the world. Starbucks company reacted to the industry changes brought about by COVID 19, where businesses were required to close their doors to enhance the measures of curbing the spread of coronavirus disease. Thus, the company embraced technology where it introduced Starbucks-pick up only stores that replaced the over 300 stores globally. The new stores required that no one could sit in as they take their coffee. Instead, everyone would be allowed only to take their orders from the store and to avoid congesting people in one place. Starbucks introduced Starbucks pick-up stores that use technology to supply coffee to customers. The business submitted a mobile app ...

11SENSE MAKING Runze DuChee PiongBUS 700 L

11SENSE MAKING Runze DuChee PiongBUS 700 L

11SENSE MAKING Runze DuChee PiongBUS 700 L

119 E ECUTIVE BAR AININ : CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PA WITH EMPLO EES OR CORPORATE E ICIENC By Nathan Witkin I INTRODUCTION Rising executive pay is a significant problem that points to a structural flaw in American corporations. This article presents a solution to that flaw through which Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) negotiate their pay in company resources with lower-paid employees. Exploring this solution also unearths an explanation for capitalism s apparent drive toward inequality and examines the historical development of corporations and trade unions in the United States. The problem is that managers and corporate directors will raise pay at the top so long as that pay-setting process does not consider the pay of average- and low-wage workers. The solution is that CEOs and other top executives negotiate their pay in company resources with employees in a process that determines the pay and bonuses of both sides. Microeconomic theory indicates that confronting the tradeoffs of raising executive compensation with other potential corporate expenditures—by negotiating this compensation with workers from different parts of the company—will make executive compensation more efficient.1 Also, historical analysis indicates a pattern in which executive compensation became aligned with public interest only during the period in which workers had significant power to negotiate their wages and Master of Public Policy Candidate at eorgetown University s McCourt School of Public Policy J.D., The Ohio State Moritz College of Law. The Author is an independent researcher, originator of a variety of social innovations (co-resolution, interest group mediation, consensus arbitration, dependent advocacy, the popular tax audit, the hostile correction, a partnership between citizen review boards and community policing, and a two-state/one-land solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict), and author of several ambitious theories (the shift in sovereignty from land to people under international treaties, the use of impact bonds as a solution to climate change, and resistance to the accelerating expansion of the universe as the cause of gravitation). He is also a former solo-practitioner in criminal and family law. 1 N. RE OR MAN IW, PRINCIPLES O MICROECONOMICS ( th ed. 2012) (describing the first principle of microeconomics as centered on trade-offs). Many basic microeconomic models involve trade-offs between potential allocations of resources to achieve efficiency. See DAVID BESAN O RONALD R. BRAEUTI AM, MICROECONOMICS 20 07 (5th ed. 201 ). 120 KAN. J.L. & P B. POL’Y Vol. I :1 benefits. This is not to say that the solution to executive compensation is a return to unions, which developed as a separate organizational structure with their own flaws and inefficiencies. Rather, a corporation that synthesizes the inputs of all its employees will be able to maximize efficiency and productivity, producing profits for shareholders and growth for the overall econ ...

119E ECUTIVE BAR AININ CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PAWITH EM

119E ECUTIVE BAR AININ CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PAWITH EM

119E ECUTIVE BAR AININ CEOS NE OTIATIN THEIR PAWITH EM

11CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU The Emergence and Evolution of the Multidimensional Organization J. Strikwerda J.W. Stoelhorst “In terms of its impact, not just on economic activity, but also on human life as a whole, the multidivisional organizational design must rank as one of the major innovations of the last century.”—John Roberts1 T he multidivisional, multi-unit, or M-form, is widely acknowledged as the most successful organization form of the twentieth century.2 Firms that employ the M-form organize their activities in separate business units and delegate control over the resources needed to create economic value to the managers of these units. This organization form is widespread, is central to the “theory in use” of managers, and serves as the basis of most accounting systems. However, the organization of productive activities in many contemporary firms violates the principle that is central to the M-form: that business units are self-contained. The quest for synergies that has been high on the corporate agenda since the late 1980s has resulted in the widespread adoption of corporate account management, shared service centers, and matrix organizations. As a result, most business units now depend at least in part on resources that are controlled by other units. This raises fundamental questions about the status of the M-form in contemporary firms. Questioning the status of the M-form is not merely a theoretical fancy, but is high on the agenda of managers as well. In this article, we report on research that was commissioned by the Foundation for Management Stud- ies, a Dutch organization of management executives. These practical men and women shared a fundamental uneasiness about structuring their organizations. On the one hand, many of them experienced problems with the M-form: high employee costs, internal battles over resources, lack of standardization, lack of cooperation, and loss of market opportunities. On the other hand, they did not The Emergence and Evolution of the Multidimensional Organization UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 CMR.BERKELEY.EDU12 see any viable alternatives to the multi-unit organization form. The need to exploit synergies across business units was widespread, but it was unclear which organizational designs are most appropriate to achieve this. This led to a research project to explore the ways in which leading Dutch organizations, including subsidiaries of foreign multinationals, have adapted the M-form to better exploit synergies across business units. As we expected, the results of the study vividly illustrate the fundamental tension between the need for contemporary firms to exploit synergies and their need for clear accountability. However, an additional and unexpected finding was that a number of firms in the study have evolved an organizational form that signals a new way of res ...

11CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 C

11CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 C

11CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL. 51, NO. 4 SUMMER 2009 C

1 1 Insert Title Here Insert Your Name Here Insert University Here Course Name Here Instructor Name Date Literature Review Include the literature review information here. Important Note: Students should refer to the information presented in the Unit I study guide and the Unit I syllabus instructions to complete this section of the project. Use the following subheadings to include all required information. Delete instructions and examples highlighted in yellow before submitting this assignment. Particulate Matter (PM) Article Safety Training Effectiveness Article Sound-Level Exposure Article New Employee Training Article Lead Exposure Article Return on Investment Article References Include references here using hanging indentations. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE. ...

11Insert Title HereInsert Your Name HereI

11Insert Title HereInsert Your Name HereI

11Insert Title HereInsert Your Name HereI

1/18/22, 10:17 AM Estimating and Managing Costs https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated/mba/2218-mba670/learning-resourcelist/estimating-and-managing-costs.html?ou=622272 1/27 Estimating and Managing Costs An important part of a project manager’s job is managing money. All types of organizations must manage their money well in order to fulfill their mission, including not- for-profit and government organizations. The tools and methods used to manage money on a project vary depending on the phase and complexity of the project. This chapter describes the methods used to estimate the cost of a project, create a budget, and manage the cost of activities while the project is being executed. Estimating Costs Estimating Costs to Compare and Select Projects During the conceptual phase when project selection occurs, economic factors are an important consideration when choosing between competing projects. To compare the simple paybacks or internal rates of return between projects, an estimate of the cost of each project is made. The estimates must be accurate enough so that the comparisons are meaningful, but the amount of time and resources used to make the estimates should be appropriate to the size and complexity of the project. The methods used to estimate the cost of the project during the selection phase are generally faster and consume fewer resources than those used to create detailed estimates in later phases. They rely more on the expert judgment of experienced managers who can make accurate estimates with less detailed information. Estimates in the earliest stages of project selection are usually made using estimates based from previous projects that can be adjusted—scaled—to match the size and complexity of the current project or by applying standardized formulas. Analogous Estimate An estimate that is based on other project estimates is an analogous estimate. If a similar project costs a certain amount, then it is reasonable to assume that the current project will cost about the same. Few projects are exactly the same size and complexity, so the estimate must be adjusted upward or downward to account for the difference. The Learning Resource 1/18/22, 10:17 AM Estimating and Managing Costs https://leocontent.umgc.edu/content/scor/uncurated/mba/2218-mba670/learning-resourcelist/estimating-and-managing-costs.html?ou=622272 2/27 selection of projects that are similar and the amount of adjustment needed is up to the judgment of the person who makes the estimate. Normally, this judgment is based on many years of experience estimating projects, including incorrect estimates that were learning experiences for the expert. Analogous Estimate for John’s Move For example, John asked a friend for advice about the cost of moving. His friend replied, “I moved from an apartment a little smaller than yours last year and the distance was about the same. I did it with a fourteen-foot truck. It cost about ...

11822, 1017 AM Estimating and Managing Costshttpsleo

11822, 1017 AM Estimating and Managing Costshttpsleo

11822, 1017 AM Estimating and Managing Costshttpsleo

1191268 - Pearson Education Limited © 13 System Implementation Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: provide an overview of the system implementation process; describe how software applications are tested; apply four installation strategies: direct, parallel, single-location, and phased installation; list the deliverables for documenting the system and for training and supporting users; explain why system implementation sometimes fails; describe the threats to system security and remedies that can be applied; and show how traditional implementation issues apply to electronic commerce applications. 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 1191268 - Pearson Education Limited © Introduction After maintenance, the implementation phase of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the most expensive and time-consuming phase of the entire life cycle. Implementation is expensive because so many people are involved in the process; it is time consuming because of all the work that has to be completed. In a traditional plan-driven systems development project, physical design specifications must be turned into working computer code, and the code must be tested until most of the errors have been detected and corrected. In a systems development project governed by agile methodologies, design, coding, and testing are done in concert, as you learned in previous chapters. Regardless of methodology used, once coding and testing are complete and the system is ready to “go live,” it must be installed (or put into production), user sites must be prepared for the new system, and users rely on the new system rather than the existing one to get their work done. Implementing a new information system into an organizational context is not a mechanical process. The organizational context has been shaped and reshaped by the people who work in the organization. The work habits, beliefs, interrelationships, and personal goals of an organization’s members all affect the implementation process. Although factors important to successful implementation have been identified, there are no sure recipes you can follow. During implementation, you must be attuned to key aspects of the 1191268 - Pearson Education Limited © organizational context, such as history, politics, and environmental demands—aspects that can contribute to implementation failure if ignored. In this chapter, you will learn about the many activities that the implementation phase comprises. We will discuss coding, testing, installation, documentation, user training, support for a system after it is installed, and implementation success. Our intent is not to teach you how to program and test systems—most of you have already learned about writing and testing programs in the courses you took before this one. Rather, this chapter shows you where coding and testing fit in the overall scheme of implementation, especially in a traditional, plan-driven context. The chapter s ...

1191268 - Pearson Education Limited ©13 System Implementat

1191268 - Pearson Education Limited ©13 System Implementat

1191268 - Pearson Education Limited ©13 System Implementat

1185880 - McGraw Hill Education © PProjectroject netnetworksworks 66 ManagingManaging riskrisk 77 MonitoringMonitoring progrprogressess 1313 TTeamseams 1111 OutsourcingOutsourcing 1212 LeadershipLeadership 1010 StrategyStrategy 22 IntroductionIntroduction 11 OrgOrganizationanization 33 ScheduleSchedule resourresources/costsces/costs 88 Inte rna tion al Inte rna tion al pro ject s pro ject s 1515 1818 OverOvers ightsight Agile Agile PMPM CarCareer eer pathspaths 1717 1616 PProjectroject closureclosure 1414 EstimatEstimatee 55 ReducingReducing project project durationduration 99 DefineDefine projectproject 44 C H A P T E R C H A P T E R T W OT W O 2424 Organization Organization Strategy Strategy and and Project Project SelectionSelection The The Strategic Strategic Management Management Process: Process: An An OverviewOverview The The Need Need for for a a Project Project Portfolio Portfolio Management Management SystemSystem A A Portfolio Portfolio Management Management SystemSystem Selection Selection CriteriaCriteria Applying Applying a a Selection Selection ModelModel Managing Managing the the Portfolio Portfolio SystemSystem SummarySummary Appendix Appendix 2.1: 2.1: Request Request for for Proposal Proposal (RFP)(RFP) Organization Organization Strategy Strategy and and Project Project SelectionSelection 1185880 - McGraw Hill Education © StrStrategy ategy is is implemented implemented thrthrough ough projectsprojects. . Every Every prproject oject should should have have a a cclear lear link link to to the the orgorganizationanization’s ’s strstraategytegy.. StraStrategy tegy is is fundamentally fundamentally deciding deciding hohow w the the organizaorganization tion will will competecompete. . OrganizaOrganizations tions use use prprojects ojects to to conconvert vert strastrategy tegy into into new new prproductsoducts, , servicesservices, , and and processes processes needed needed ffor or successsuccess. . FFor or exampleexample, , Intel’Intel’s s major major strategy strategy is is one one ofof differ differentiation. entiation. Its Its prprojects ojects tartarget get innovinnovation ation and and time time to to marmarket. ket. CurrCurrentlyently, , Intel Intel is is directing directing its its strastrategy tegy totoward ward specialty specialty chips chips ffor or prproducts oducts other other than than computerscomputers, , such such as as autosautos, , securitysecurity, , cell cell phonesphones,, air air contrcontrolsols. . Another Another goal goal is is to to reduce reduce prproject oject cycle cycle timestimes. . Intel, Intel, NEC, NEC, General General Electric, Electric, and and AAT&T T&T hahave ve reduced reduced their their cycycle cle times times by by 20–50 20–50 percent. percent. PrProjects ojects and and prproject oject management management plaplay y the the key key rrole ole in in supporting supporting strastrategic tegic goalsgoals. . It It is is vita ...

1185880 - McGraw Hill Education ©PProjectrojectnetnetwor

1185880 - McGraw Hill Education ©PProjectrojectnetnetwor

1185880 - McGraw Hill Education ©PProjectrojectnetnetwor

1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing Learning Topic Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing Your business case needs to be brief and communicate the basics of cloud computing in a manner that is easy for a layperson to understand. Analogies are a good way to convey this information to nontechnical audiences, such as your executive leadership team. Example: Complex Concept Analogy Cloud computing is billed based on actual usage on a recurring basis, and does not require an upfront investment in computer hardware, networks, staff, or facilities. Cloud computing is similar to purchasing electricity from the utility company. When you use electricity, you get a bill from the utility. The utility customer doesn't have to invest in purchasing or maintaining power generation equipment, staff, or facilities. Economies of Scale One of the benefits of cloud computing is the ability to take advantage of economies of scale. Cloud service providers provide a large-scale platform to a number of different clients, which reduces the unit cost that each client pays. In a traditional on-premise IT model, each organization has to invest in data center facilities, telecommunications links, network infrastructure, servers, storage, staffing, applications, and databases. Under a cloud computing model, an organization can simply rent these items from an organization that invests in these items on a much larger scale. Return on Investment (ROI) 1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing Calculating the return on investment (ROI) (the amount of return on an investment relative to its cost) is critical for an organization's decision-making process. Organizations are more likely to invest in an initiative if you can provide management with evidence that the investment will pay off financially. For example, if you find that moving the organization's infrastructure to the cloud will result in a 431 percent annual cost savings, then you should highlight this savings in your presentation. UMGC graphic In this case, ROI would be calculated with: gain from investment (GFI) = $10,073 - $1,596 cost of investment (COI) = $1,596 ROI = (gain from investment - cost of investment) / cost of investment h6 1/18/22, 11:57 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing ($8,477 - $1,596) / ($1,596) = 431% ROI = 431% On-Premise Model vs. Cloud Model for Data Storage On-Premise Model Cloud Computing Hardware/software hosted on-premise by the organization Hardware/software is hosted off-premise by an external organization (public cloud model). Provisioning is based on estimated peak demand, which can lead to insufficient resources during peak periods and a surplus of resources during normal periods Provisioning is dynamic based on actual demand. Internal IT staff support the entire technology stack -- data centers, networks, compute, storage, applications, and databases Staf ...

11822, 1157 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing

11822, 1157 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing

11822, 1157 PM Building a Business Case for Cloud Computing

11/8/21, 2:45 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1 %SimulationName% Video Transcript DR. KOVAC: How are you feeling, Mrs. Travis? MRS. TRAVIS: I guess as expected. DR. KOVAC: Mr. Travis, your wife did very well during the surgery. It took a little longer than we expected. MR. TRAVIS: I was worried. DR. KOVAC: We found a small tumor in her stomach. Because of the size, the surgery was more complicated than we anticipated. We were successful in removing the entire tumor. However, I'm concerned about the appearance of this tumor, and we noted some areas on her liver and her pancreas that were abnormal. We obtained many biopsies, and we should have the results soon. I would like to admit her to the hospital and observe her overnight. MR. TRAVIS: This can't be happening. 11/8/21, 2:41 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1 %SimulationName% Video Transcript ESCORT: May I help you, Mr. Travis? MR. TRAVIS: I’m so worried. I know I come up here every five minutes or so. ESCORT: Can I get you a bottle of water or something? MR. TRAVIS: No, thanks. I'm fine. Has anyone called for me yet? ESCORT: Uh, no, there have been no calls yet, but it has been a while. I can check again on your wife if you would like. MR. TRAVIS: Yes, that would be great. Thank you. ESCORT: I was just going to call back. Do you have an update for Mr. Travis about how his wife is doing? He hasn’t been able to sit still the entire time that she’s been in surgery. If you don’t have something to tell him, I’m going to just tell him that everything is going to be just fine. MR. TRAVIS: Heather, do you know something about my wife? Why is it taking so long? 11/8/21, 2:39 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1 %SimulationName% Video Transcript HEATHER: Mrs. Travis, you pushed your call light. Is there something we can do for you? MRS. TRAVIS: My husband went to the waiting room to get more coffee. I've never seen him so nervous. Do you know how soon they'll come and get me for surgery? HEATHER: We can check on that. Right, Rose? ROSE: Yes, we can check on that. MRS. TRAVIS: Thank you. My husband’s so nervous, he’s making me nervous. I’m having a hard time relaxing. I don’t know what to do to help him calm down so that I can relax. 11/8/21, 2:37 PM Nurse's Touch Video Interaction Family in a Stressful Situation https://scorm.atitesting.com/courses/FCAEA235-130E-47FC-A14E-88DF7D4186A1/1/launchpage.html 1/1 %SimulationName% Video Transcript HEATHER: Mr. Travis, is there anything I can do for you? I see you looking out into the hallway often. Were you looking for someone? MR. TRAVIS: Yeah, I'm just watc ...

11821, 245 PM Nurses Touch Video Interaction Family in a S

11821, 245 PM Nurses Touch Video Interaction Family in a S

11821, 245 PM Nurses Touch Video Interaction Family in a S

116 [6] W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R E In 2017, the city of Cape Town, South Africa’s second most- important economic center, began to run out of water. Experiencing a drought of historic proportions, officials in the city of nearly four million people watched with trepidation as water levels in key reservoirs declined at alarming rates. Most worried was Patricia de Lille, a former laboratory technician and labor- union leader who served as Cape Town’s mayor. “ We are in a very serious crisis and we know there are still some customers who are acting as if our resources are not under strain,” she warned in February 2017.1 In October 2017, de Lille said that “[i] f consumption is not reduced to the required levels of 500 million liters (132 million gallons) of collective use per day, we are looking at about March 2018 when supply of municipal water would not be available.”2 The fateful date soon became more precise: March 13, 2018. The countdown began to what came to be known as Day Zero— the day when, for the first time in modern history, the taps of a major city would run dry. To avert the crisis, de Lille and her team rolled out every tool available. The government raised water rates, imposed fines on de- linquent water users, tightened enforcement, and expanded leak de- tection and repair. It rushed to bring new infrastructure on line to increase water supply, including new desalination plants. The city Building a Resilient Tomorrow: How to Prepare for the Coming Climate Disruption. Alice C. Hill and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz, Oxford University Press (2020). © Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190909345.003.0007 W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R E 117 117 imposed a water- use target of 50 liters (~30 gallons) per person per day— enough for drinking, cooking, hygiene, doing dishes and laundry, a ninety- second shower, and one toilet flush. But as late as January 2018, only about half of the city’s residents were complying with water restrictions.3 So the mayor complemented the carrots and sticks already in place with tools drawn from behavioral science. In addition to all its other measures, her government experimented with “nudging,” that is, applying techniques designed to prod behavior in a predictable direction, but which by themselves do not forbid options or significantly change economic incentives. The government turned to a study commissioned some years before by the South Africa Water Research Commission that suggested significant additional water savings could occur if customers received notice of how their excessive water use compared to their neighbors’ water use.4 The government decided to harness the power of peer pressure— naming and shaming, as well as recognizing achievement— to change behavior. Cape Town authorities applied this concept on a large scale. The city launched a web- based water map, which allowed anyone to see the water usage of individu ...

116[6]W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R EIn

116[6]W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R EIn

116[6]W O R K W I T H H U M A N N AT U R EIn

11/8/21, 10:30 AM Straight Photography https://coastdistrict.instructure.com/courses/86967/assignments/1594094?module_item_id=5260973 1/3 Straight Photography Due Sunday by 11:59pm Points 30 Submitting a text entry box, a media recording, or a file upload Start Assignment Straight photography emerged in the early twentieth century and was a way of thinking about photography as independent and unique from other artistic media like painting. It attempted to capture a scene as objectively as possible therefore it didn't rely on methods of photographic manipulation. One of the first photographers to experiment with straight photography was Alfred Stieglitz in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He would often employ straight photography to depict everyday scenes of modern life as seen in his photograph The Terminal. Alfred Stieglitz, The Terminal. 1893, printed 1911. Photogravure. Source: flickr (https://www.flickr.com/phot os/[email protected]/3775792984/in/photolist-6KDVH3) License: CC BY-NC 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ 2.0/) Watch the 10 minute video segment below from the documentary film called Alfred Stieglitz: The Eloquent Eye (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j2N1Bdh830) to learn more about Alfred Stieglitz https://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/3775792984/in/photolist-6KDVH3 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j2N1Bdh830 11/8/21, 10:30 AM Straight Photography https://coastdistrict.instructure.com/courses/86967/assignments/1594094?module_item_id=5260973 2/3 Straight Photography (1) and his photographs. Instructions: 1. Visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/270032) and read the short description about The Terminal by Alfred Stieglitz. 2. Take your own Stieglitz inspired photograph using the method of straight photography. Keep to his theme of illustrating the everyday scenes of modern life--but updated to illustrate life today. 3. In a paragraph (5-6 sentences) describe how your photograph uses the method of straight photography. Also, describe how the subject matter represents life today. Alfred StieglitzAlfred Stieglitz https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/270032 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nc6hHSyxv8 Introduction to Art Chapter 29: Between World Wars 394 Chapter 29: Between World Wars Dada When you look at Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain, a factory-produced urinal he submitted as a sculpture to the 1917 exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in New York, you might wonder just why this work of art has such a prominent place in art history books. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (original), photographed by Alfred Stieglitz in 1917 after its rejection by the Society of Independent Artists You would not be alone in asking this question. In fact, from the moment Duchamp purchased the urinal, flipped it on its side, signed it with a ...

11821, 1030 AM Straight Photographyhttpscoastdistric

11821, 1030 AM Straight Photographyhttpscoastdistric

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1191268 - Pearson Education Limited ©13 System Implementat

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