That related to coronary heart disease

1. CONTENT
Introduction
Type of coronary Heart Disease
What is Atherosclerosis
Formation of Atherosclerosis
Causes and Risk Factors
Symptoms complication
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Summary
References

2. Introduction
 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), or coronary Artery disease,
tends to develop when cholesterol builds up on the artery walls,
creating plaques. These plaques can narrow the arteries,
reducing blood flow to the heart, or cause inflammation in and
hardening of the blood vessel walls. A clot can sometimes
obstruct blood flow, causing serious health problems.
 Coronary Artery Disease is the narrowing pr blockage of the
coronary arteries, usually caused by Atherosclerosis.

3. Type of Coronary Heart Disease
There are three type of Coronary Heart Disease including:
1. Obstructive Coronary Heart Disease :- occurs when your
coronary arteries gradually narrow due to plaque buildup.
It’s the most common and well-understood type of coronary
artery disease.
2. Nonobstructive coronary artery disease is not the result
of plaque buildup. Instead, it occurs because of other
coronary artery problems, such as:
 Constrictions at inappropriate times (coronary vasospasm)
 Malfunctions in your smaller artery branches (microvascular
dysfunction)
 Compression on your coronary arteries from your heart
muscle (myocardial bridging)

5. 3. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) occurs when a tear in the wall of
your coronary artery partially or completely blocks blood flow. This tear happens
unexpectedly and often presents as a heart attack.

6. What is Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is usually caused by a build-up of fatty
deposits (Atheroma) on the walls of the arteries around the heart
(coronary arteries). The build-up of atheroma makes the arteries
narrower, restricting the flow of blood to the heart muscle. This process
is called atherosclerosis.

7. Formation of Atherosclerosis

8. Causes and Risk factors
Coronary artery disease is thought to begin with damage or injury to the
inner layer of a coronary artery, Sometime as early as childhood. The
damage my be caused by various factors, including;
 Smoke
 Have high blood pressure (Hypertension)
 Have high cholesterol
 Have high levels of lipoprotein (a)
 Do not exercise regularly
 Have diabetes
 Thrombosis
 Genetics
 Emotional stress

9. Symptoms
CAD can lead to angina, a type of chest pain that has
a link to heart disease. Angina may cause shortness of
breath and the following sensations across the chest:
 Bradycardia(Decrease pulse rate)
 Hypertension
 Chest heaviness
 Chest pain
 Nausea
 Weakness
 Diaphoresis ( excessive sweating)
 Dyspnea (Shortness of breath)
 Fatigue

10. Diagnosis
Diagnosis (CHD) required a review of patient medical history, a physical
examination, and other medical testing, these tests include:
 Electrocardiogram This test monitors electrical signals that travel
through your heart. It may help your doctor determine whether you’ve
had a heart attack.
 Echocardiogram This imaging test uses ultrasound waves to create a
picture of your heart. The results of this test reveal whether certain things
in your heart are functioning properly.

11.  Computerized tomography (CT scan) Your doctor may use this
imaging test to check for calcium deposits in your arteries.
 Blood tests to check on your levels of blood sugar, cholesterol, and
triglycerides creatine kinase (CK-MB) (a type of fat in the blood)

12. Treatment
Treatment for coronary artery disease usually involves lifestyle changes
such as not smoking, eating healthy and exercising more. Sometimes,
medications and procedures are needed.
 Medication
There are many drugs available to treat coronary heart disease
1. Cholesterol drugs:- Statins, Niacin, Fibrate etc.( that help reduced
bad cholesterol and plague in the artery)
2. Aspirin (prevent blood to clot)
3. Beta blockers ( Slow heart rate and blood pressure)
4. Nitroglycerin ( help to relieve pain)
5. Ranolazine

13. Surgeries or other procedure
Coronary angioplasty and stent placement. This procedure is
done to open clogged heart arteries. It may also be called
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The heart doctor
(cardiologist) guides a thin, flexible tube (catheter) to the
narrowed part of the heart artery. A tiny balloon is inflated to
help widen the blocked artery and improve blood flow. A small
wire mesh tube (stent) may be placed in the artery during
angioplasty. The stent helps keep the artery open. It lowers the
risk of the artery narrowing again. Some stents slowly release
medication to help keep the arteries open.

15. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). A surgeon takes a
healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to create a new
path for blood in the heart. The blood then goes around the blocked or
narrowed coronary artery. CABG is an open-heart surgery. It's usually
done only in those with many narrowed heart arteries.

16. Lifestyle changes
 Don’t Smoke
 Control blood pressure
 Manage cholesterol
 Avoid unhealthy food
 Maintain blood sugar
 Do exercise
 Maintain a healthy weight
 Manage stress

17. Prevention
Managing blood cholesterol levels can help reduce the risk of CAD. To
better regulate their blood cholesterol levels, people can consider:
 Being more physically active
 Limiting alcohol intake
 Avoiding tobacco
 Adopting a diet with less sugar, salt, and saturated fat

18. Summary
CHD occurs when cholesterol deposits develop on the walls of the
coronary arteries. The condition causes blockages in the arteries that
feed oxygen-rich blood to the heart. The arteries also stiffen, and
inflammation increases. CAD can be difficult to treat and may lead to a
heart attack. However, people can help reduce their risk of CAD by
getting regular exercise, maintaining a nutritious diet, and avoiding or
stopping the use of tobacco products. People should seek immediate
medical attention if they experience chest pain and breathlessness, as
these symptoms could indicate a heart attack.

19. References
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184130,
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease Introduction Coronary heart
disease.
 https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/coronary-artery-
disease/types Type of Coronary Heart Disease.
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease
formation of Atherosclerosis.
 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/causes/ Causes and Risk Factors.
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184130#symptoms Symptoms
Complication.
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20350619 Diagnosis.
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20350619 Treatment.
 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/prevention/ Prevention.