agronomy

1. Production Technology of Toria
Presentation by:
Muhammad Awais Iqbal
Roll No. (SP18C1BE022)
Semester 4th
B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture
University college of Agriculture & Environmental
sciences
The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur
Monday,
December 9, 2019
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2. Production Technology of Toria
Production Technology
of Toria
Botanical
Description
History
Economic
Importance
Locality and
Soil Cultural
Practices
Time of
planting
Seed bed
preparation
Seed Rate &
Method of
Sowing
Fertilizer
Application
Interculture
And
Weeding
Intercroping
And
Rotation
Irrigation
Harvesting ,
Threshing
and Storing
Cultivars And
Yields
Insect Pests
And
Diseases
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December 9, 2019
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3. Botanical Description
 Toria belongs to the family Cruciferae
 Commonly this crop is known as Sarson
 This is an annual Rabi Crop
 Toria is 50-200cm tall and branched plant
 It has taproot with many lateral roots concentrated in the shallow sub surface soil
 Elongated recemes are on the terminals of the main stem and branches , producing usually yellow
flowers
 There happens both types of pollination
 The fruit is a pod , 5-10cm long , with two carpels
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December 9, 2019
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4. History of Toria
 The place of origin of Toria is not definitely known
 Its cultivation has been traced to 2000 B.C. in India , China and Japan
 Wild forms of Toria are found from western Europe to China
 Its seed was first used for oil extraction in India
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December 9, 2019
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5. Economical Importance
Area
1976-76
(000 ha)
Area
1991-92
(000 ha)
Yield
1975-76
(kg/ha)
Yield
1991-92
(kg/ha)
Pakistan 471 287 569 767
Punjab 301 145 577 951
Sindh 107 75 595 584
NWFP 52 35 521 469
Balochistan 11 31 304 691
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December 9, 2019
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6. Locality and Soil
 More than 50% of the crop is grown in Punjab in districts of Multan, Khushab, Kasure, Leiah,
Bhakar, Bahawalngar, Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Lahore, and Rawalpindi.
 In sindh, the major production districts are Sukkur, Nawabshah, and Sangar.
 Cultivation of Toria is confined to the south of Sindh.
 Among the southern districts in NWFP, D.I. Khan is the main growing area.
 Among the north (Hazara,Malakand ) and central zones (Peshawar, Mardan) also grow.
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December 9, 2019
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7. Cultural Practices
Time of Planting:
 It is grown in the zaid kharif season at the end of summer and the start of winter
 It is palnted in late August or early September and harvested in December
Seedbed Preparation:
 Since the seeds are small’
they require a fine, well-prepared,
leveled and firm seedbed with
adequate soil moisture for good
seed germination and an acceptable
stand of plants.
 A heavy irrigation is first given to the soil
 Soil is ploughed with the mouldboard
plough to a depth of about 30cm
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December 9, 2019
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8. Cultural Practices
Seed rate and Methods of sowing:
 The seed rate can vary and maximal
yield be achieved by manipulation of
various inputs
 Seed rate can be ranged from 2-8 kg/ha
 Healthy and pure seed should be used
 Generally the seed is sown by broadcasting
 Seed should be planted in well prepared
with sufficient moisture content
 In rainfed areas seed should be soaked
in water for 6-12 hours before planting
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December 9, 2019
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9. Cultural Practices
Fertilizer Application:
 The fertilizer requirements are vary according to crop requirement and soil fertility status
 An adequate quantity of Nitrogen is needed for proper leave development
 Sufficient phosphorous reduces the time of flowering and seed maturity
 Band application of fertilizer has a slight advantage over the broadcast method
Interculture and weeding:
 About 15-20 days after emergence the seedling first hoeing should be done with rotatory or wheel hoe
to reduce labour cost
 In Sindh, at least two intercultivation are needed
 In Punjab , 1 or 2 hoeing are required after the first irrigation
 Hand weeding is an effective method of weed control
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December 9, 2019
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10. Cultural practices
 The dried crop is threshed with bullocks or by running a tractor over it.
 The seed is the winnowed, sun dried, and stored.
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December 9, 2019
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11. Yield
 The average yield of toria increased from 569 kg/ha to 767 kg/ha in 1991-92.
 The average yield in 1991-92 in Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Balochistan were 951,584,469, and 691
kg/ha, respectively.
Insect Pests and Diseases
 The major insect pest are painted bug and aphid.
 Both th adults and the nymphs suck the cell sap
from the leaves, flowers, and pods.
 Painted bug can be controlled by a pre-sowing
application of Themit 10 G granules @ 15 kg/ha
with a soaking dose of irrigation.
 Metasystox 25 EC can be sprayed at thev
rate of 1000-1250 ml/ha.
 The main disease are powdery mildew,
downy mildew, and white rust.
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December 9, 2019
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12. Thanks
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December 9, 2019
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