2. Landscape Alteration
It is the changes in takeplace in land surface due to human actives
such as sand mining, quarrying, etc. and natural causes due to
degradation of mangroves, wetlands, costal erosion.
Land alteration leads to :
● Habitat fragmentation
● Habitat loss
● Habitat isolation
3. Quarrying
It is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or other minerals
from the ground in order to use them to produce materials for
construction or other uses.
Uses
● Extract stones for building materials
● Extract coal for electricity production
● Provides traditional flooring materials such as granite,
limestone, marble, etc.
5. It is the extraction of sand, mainly through an open pit but
sometimes mined from beaches and inland dunes or dredged from
ocean and river beds.
Sand is used for manufacturing different construction products and
for construction purpose.
Causes
● Affect habitat of plants and animals
● Affect the supply of groundwater system
● Soil erosions
6. Coastal Erosion
It is the wearing away of land by the sea causing heavy destruction to
the costal land.
Coastal erosion may be caused due to corrasion, abrasion, hydraulic
action.
7. Degradation of Mangroves
Mangrove is a shrub or small tree that
grows in coastal saline or blackish water.
It play a key role in carbon exchange i. e.,
removing about 1000 tonnes of carbon per
hectare, over thousands of years.
8. Degrading of Wetlands
Wetland degrading is the diminision or destruction of wetland due to
different reasons.
A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either
permanently or seasonally.
Functions of wetland
● Water purification
● Water storage
● Stabilization of shorelines
● Support to plants and animals
9. Ramsar Sites
A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international
importance under the Ramsar convention.
Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental environmental treaty
established in 1971 by UNESCO,which came into force in 1975.
