K12 middle school life science – practice tests

K12 Middle School Life Science – Practice Tests From GradeHop.com
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Practice Tests
K12 Life Science
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Table of Contents
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 1 MS Studying Life.................................................................................5
Answers...............................................................................................................................................13
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 2 MS What is a Living Organism..........................................................14
Answers...............................................................................................................................................22
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 3 MS Cells and Their Structures..........................................................23
Answers...............................................................................................................................................28
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 4 MS Cell Functions.............................................................................29
Answers...............................................................................................................................................34
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 5 MS Cell Division, Reproduction, and Protein Synthesis...................35
Answers...............................................................................................................................................43
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 6 MS Genetics .....................................................................................44
Answers...............................................................................................................................................52
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 7 MS Evolution....................................................................................53
Answers...............................................................................................................................................61
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 8 MS Prokaryotes................................................................................62
Answers...............................................................................................................................................67
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 9 MS Protists and Fungi ......................................................................68
Answers...............................................................................................................................................73
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 10 MS Plants .......................................................................................74
Answers...............................................................................................................................................82
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 11 MS Introduction to Animals...........................................................83
Answers...............................................................................................................................................88
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 12 MS Invertebrates ...........................................................................89
Answers.............................................................................................................................................102
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 13 MS Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles...........................................103
Answers.............................................................................................................................................113
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 14 MS Birds and Mammals ...............................................................115
Answers.............................................................................................................................................123
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 15 MS Animal Behavior.....................................................................124

Answers.............................................................................................................................................129
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 16 MS Skin, Bones, and Muscles.......................................................130
Answers.............................................................................................................................................141
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 17 MS Food and the Digestive System..............................................141
Answers.............................................................................................................................................149
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 18 MS Cardiovascular System...........................................................150
Answers.............................................................................................................................................158
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 19 MS Respiratory and Excretory Systems .......................................159
Answers.............................................................................................................................................164
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 20 MS Controlling the Body..............................................................165
Answers.............................................................................................................................................173
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 22 MS Reproductive Systems and Life Stages ..................................174
Answers.............................................................................................................................................182
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 23 MS Introduction to Ecology .........................................................183
Answers.............................................................................................................................................197
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 24 MS Ecosystem Dynamics..............................................................198
Answers.............................................................................................................................................206
K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 25 MS Environmental Problems .......................................................207
Answers.............................................................................................................................................218

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 1 MS Studying Life
1) Fill in the blank in the below sentence
Claims must be ___________ by ___________ evidence.
1. backed, adequate
2. backed, asks
3. questions, scientist
4. backed, wonders
2) Identify true or false in the below sentences
A. Scientists repeat their experiments so they were confident in their results.
B. A scientist wonders and asks questions.
1. Both A and B are false.
2. Both A and B are true.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Scientists explain the world based on their observations.
B. A scientist wonders and asks questions.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Examples of scientific theory in life science include Mendel 's laws of inheritance.
B. Scientific theory describe how traits are passed from parents to their offspring.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
___________ was a dinosaur ___________.
1. Dimetrodon, chemical
2. Dimetrodon, scientists
3. Dimetrodon, ancestor
4. knowledge, keeps

6) Identify all true sentences from the following
1. Science is a way of learning about the natural world that depends on evidence, reasoning, and
repeated testing.
2. A scientist is observant.
3. Examples of scientific theory in life science include Mendel 's laws of inheritance.
4. Scientists repeat their experiments so they were confident in their reasoning.
1. Examples of scientific theory in life science include Mendel 's laws of inheritance.
2. Claims must be backed by adequate reasoning.
4. Scientists explain the world based on their observations.
1. A scientist wonders and asks questions.
2. Scientific knowledge keeps changing because scientists are always `` doing science. ''
3. A scientific theory is a description of what always occurs under certain conditions in nature.
4. A scientific law explains how living things change through time as they adapt to their environment.
1. If Scientists develop new ideas about the way the world works, they set up ways to test these new
ideas.
2. Scientific law are tested and confirmed repeatedly.
3. A scientist wonders and asks questions.
4. A scientific law explains how living things change through time as they adapt to their environment.
1. A scientific law is a broad explanation that is widely accepted because it is supported by a great deal
of evidence.
3. A scientist is skeptical.
4. A scientific theory describes many observations but does n't explain them.
11) Fill in the blanks in the below sentence
A scientist tries to find answers using _____ and _____.
1. logic, confirmed
2. logic, repeated testing
3. evidence, logic

4. logic, evidence
Scientific theories are _____ and _____ repeatedly.
1. tested, confirmed
2. confirmed, logic
3. confirmed, repeated testing
4. confirmed, evidence
Science is a way of learning about the natural world that depends on _____, reasoning, and _____.
1. evidence, repeated testing
2. repeated testing, confirmed
3. repeated testing, logic
4. repeated testing, evidence
A. Controls are kept constant so they will not affect the results of the experiment.
B. The steps in the scientific methods are Make Observation, Ask questions, Form Hypotesis, Test
hypoteshis, Draw Conslusion and Communicate Results.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
Replication allows other scientists to repeat the ___________ to ___________ whether they get the
same results.
1. investigation, Experimental
2. investigation, Controls
3. investigation, see
4. investigation, testing
A. The senses include sight, hearing, touch, feel, smell, and taste.
B. Experimental controls are other factors that might affect the independent variable.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.

The ___________ in the ___________ methods are Make Observation, Ask questions, Form
Hypotesis, Test hypoteshis, Draw Conslusion and Communicate Results.
1. steps, anything
2. steps, often
3. steps, scientific
4. steps, takes
A. A hypothesis is a potential, testable answer to a scientific question.
B. The scientific investigation is a series of logical steps for testing a possible answer to a question.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. The scientific method is a series of logical steps for testing a possible answer to a question.
2. The steps in the scientific methods are Make notes, Ask questions, Form Hypotesis, Test hypothesis,
Draw Conslusion and Communicate Results.
3. A hypothesis is a potential, testable answer to a scientific question.
4. An experiment investigates the effects of dependent variable on independent variable.
1. Teh steps in the scientific methods are Make Observation, Ask questions, Form Hypotesis, Test
hypoteshis, Draw Conslusion and Communicate Results.
2. The senses include sight, hearing, touch, feel, smell, and taste.
3. A hypothesis is a potential, testable answer to a scientific investigation.
1. A hypothesis is a potential, testable answer to a scientific investigation.
2. Testable means that if the hypothesis is false, it 's possible to find evidence showing that it 's false.
4. Controls may be kept constant so they will not affect the results of the experiment.
1. An experiment investigates the effects of independent variable on dependent variable.
2. The scientific investigation means that if the hypothesis is false, it 's possible to find evidence showing

that it 's false.
4. An experiment investigates the effects of dependent variable on independent variable.
1. A scientific investigation follows a general plan called the scientific method.
2. The scientific method is a series of logical steps for testing a possible answer to a question.
3. A scientific method follows a general plan called the scientific method.
4. Testable means that if the hypothesis is false, it 's possible to find evidence showing that it 's false.
When results are communicated, scientists should describe their _____ and how it was _____ in
addition to the results of the test.
1. tested, Communicate
2. hypothesis, tested
3. tested, taste
4. tested, Conslusion
Teh steps in the scientific methods are Make Observation, Ask questions, Form Hypotesis, Test
hypoteshis, Draw _____ and _____ Results.
1. Conslusion, Communicate
2. Communicate, touch
3. Communicate, tested
4. Communicate, hearing
The senses include sight, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
1. touch, smell, taste, tested
2. hearing, touch, smell, taste
3. hearing, smell, taste, Communicate
4. hearing, smell, taste, Conslusion
A. Robert Hooke was the first to observe bacteria.
B. Many important life science discoveries would not have been possible without the microscope.
3. Only A is true.

4. Only B is true.
A. Microscope gave scientists a direct view into the unseen world of the extremely tiny.
B. Many important life science discoveries would not have been possible without the microscope.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
In the mid-1600s, Robert Hooke was the first scientist to ___________ ___________ things with a
microscope.
1. study, it
2. study, Hans
3. study, living
4. study, 1600s
A. Microscope gave scientists a direct view into the unseen world of the extremely tiny.
B. He was the first to observe bacteria.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
The ___________ of the microscope ___________ scientists to see cells, bacteria, and many other
structures that are ___________ small to be seen with the unaided eye.
1. invention, unaided, observe
2. invention, allowed, too
3. invention, first, too
4. invention, unaided, continued
1. Hans and Zacharias Jansen made the first light microscope in the late 1500s.
2. Robert Hooke was the first to identify and describe cells.
3. Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to study living things with a microscope.
4. Robert Hooke was the first to observe bacteria.

1. In the mid-1600s, Robert Hooke was the first scientist to study living things with a microscope.
2. Robert Hooke was the first to identify and describe cells.
1. In the late 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek improved the microscope.
2. Electron microscopes continued to improve and are still used today.
4. To see extremely small objects, an light microscope, must be used.
1. Leeuwenhoek was the first to identify and describe cells.
1. To see extremely small objects, an light microscope, must be used.
4. He used it to observe many living cells and organisms.
Robert Hooke was the first to identify and _____ cells.
1. describe, used
2. describe, other many structures
3. describe, organisms
4. identify and, describe
He used it to observe many living cells and _____.
1. living many cells, organisms
2. organisms, other many structures
3. organisms, used
4. organisms, describe
The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to see _____, _____, and many other structures

that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
1. bacteria, other many structures, Zacharias Jansen
2. cells, other many structures, describe
3. cells, bacteria, other many structures
4. bacteria, other many structures, used
Light microscopes _____ to improve and are still _____ today.
1. used, describe
2. used, other many structures
3. used, organisms
4. continued, used
_____ and _____ made the first light microscope in the late 1500s.
1. Zacharias Jansen, organisms
2. Zacharias Jansen, used
3. Hans, Zacharias Jansen
4. Zacharias Jansen, other many structures
Lab safety symbols warn of specific hazards, such as flames or broken __________________.
1. glass
2. specific
3. immediately
4. basic
___________ the symbols ___________ ___________ to recognize and avoid the dangers.
1. Knowing, allows, you
2. Knowing, recognize, recognize
3. Knowing, warn, you
4. gear, recognize, warn
A. Following basic safety rules, such as wearing safety gear, helps prevent accidents in the lab and
in the field.
B. All accidents should be reported immediately.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
Following basic safety rules, such as wearing safety gear, __________________ prevent accidents in
the lab and in the field.
1. dangers
2. immediately
3. symbols
4. helps
Following basic safety rules, such as wearing safety __________________, helps prevent accidents
in the lab and in the field.
1. symbols
2. gear
3. immediately
4. wearing
Answers
1. 1 2. 2 3. 2 4. 1 5. 3 6. 1,2 7. 3,4 8. 1,2 9. 1,3 10. 2,3 11. 3 12. 1 13.
1 14. 2 15. 3 16. 1 17. 3 18. 3 19. 1,3 20. 1,4 21. 2,3 22. 1,3 23. 1,2,4 24.
2 25. 1 26. 2 27. 4 28. 2 29. 3 30. 2 31. 2 32. 1,2 33. 1,2 34. 1,3 35.
3,4 36. 2,4 37. 4 38. 1 39. 3 40. 4 41. 3 42. 1 43. 1 44. 2 45. 4 46. 2
---End of Test---

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 2 MS What is a Living Organism
Like plants, all living __________________ have the capacity for growth.
1. Organisms
2. things
3. Reproduction
4. other
The ability to ___________ is another characteristic of ___________ ___________.
1. reproduce, made, made
2. reproduce, made, causes
3. reproduce, Reproduction, things
4. reproduce, living, things
All ___________ ___________ are made of one or more cells.
1. living, things
2. made, causes
3. living, causes
4. living, made
Producers use sunlight for energy to ___________ their ___________ ___________.
1. produce, controlling, food
2. produce, own, food
3. produce, Multicellular, made
4. produce, Multicellular, Multicellular
A. Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
B. Producers use sunlight for energy to produce their own food.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.

1. All living things maintain a stable internal environment.
2. All living organisms have mechanisms for controlling such factors as their internal temperature, blood
pressuere, water balance, and acidity.
3. Consumers eat plants.
4. When the cell 's internal environment is stable, the condition is called homeostasis.
1. All living things grow and reproduce.
2. All living organisms have mechanisms for controlling such factors as their internal temperature, blood
pressuere, water balance, and acidity.
3. Single-celled living organisms have ways of maintaining homeostasis.
4. Producers use sunlight for energy to produce their own food.
1. Single-celled organisms grow in size by reproduction.
2. A stimulus response is something in the environment that causes a reaction in an organism.
3. All living things maintain a stable internal environment.
4. All living things are made of one or more cells.
1. All living things grow and reproduce.
2. All living things respond to stimuli in their environment.
3. When the cell 's internal environment is stable, the condition is called homeostasis.
4. Organisms may be grouped on the basis of the source of food they use.
1. In sexual reproduction, the daughter cells are identical to each other and to the parent cell.
2. Producers use sunlight for energy to produce their own food.
3. A stimulus is something in the environment that causes a reaction in an organism.
4. Single-celled living organisms have ways of maintaining homeostasis.
All living things grow and reproduce.
1. reproduce, acidity
2. reproduce, internal temperature
3. reproduce, other organisms
4. grow and, reproduce

Multicellular organisms like ducks grow by increasing the _____ and _____ of their cells.
1. number, acidity
2. number, reproduce
3. number, internal temperature
4. size, number
In asexual reproduction, the daughter cells are identical to each _____ and to the _____.
1. parent cell, internal temperature
2. parent cell, acidity
3. other, parent cell
4. parent cell, reproduce
All living organisms have mechanisms for controlling such factors as their _____, _____, and _____.
1. water balance, acidity, parent cell
2. water balance, acidity, Plants
3. water balance, acidity, number
4. internal temperature, water balance, acidity
_____ and _____ use this food for energy.
1. other organisms, acidity
2. other organisms, internal temperature
3. other organisms, reproduce
4. Plants, other organisms
Proteins ___________ up biochemical reactions ___________ life processes.
1. fatty, form
2. speed, regulate
3. speed, other
4. speed, simple
A. Carbon is an element that has a tremendous ability to form large compounds.
B. Catabolic reactions require energy.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Enzymes are highly specific for certain chemical reactions, so they are very effective.
B. The sequence of amino acids in chains and the number of chains in a protein determine the
protein 's shape.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Nucleic acids stores genetic information in cells helps cells make proteins.
B. Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of biochemical reactions.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
Phospholipids make up the cell ___________ of ___________ ___________.
1. membranes, involved, things
2. membranes, living, things
3. membranes, bind, things
4. membranes, adenine, things
1. Each atom of carbon can form four chemical bonds with other atoms.
2. The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element is a molecule.
3. Lipids provide energy to cells stores energy in plants stores energy in animals makes up the cell walls
of plants.
4. Carbohydrates contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
1. A compound is a unique type of matter in which two or more elements are combined chemically in a
certain ratio.
2. The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element is a molecule.

3. Carbohydrates speed up biochemical reactions regulate life processes.
4. Lipids contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
1. Proteins contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
2. Nucleic acids contains proteins, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
3. Nucleic acids contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
4. The smallest particle of a compound that still has the properties of that compound is an atom.
1. A molecule of glucose contains 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen.
2. Plants and some other organisms make glucose in the process of photosynthesis.
3. Nucleus stores genetic information in cells helps cells make proteins.
4. Plants make starches to store extra glucose.
1. Lipids contains carbon and oxygen.
2. Lipids provide energy to cells stores energy in plants stores energy in animals makes up the cell walls
of plants.
3. Nucleic acids contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
4. Nucleic acids stores genetic information in cells helps cells make proteins.
Photosynthesis is the process in which producers capture light energy from the sun and use it to
make glucose.
1. use it to make glucose, fats
2. use it to make glucose, stored
3. capture light energy from the sun and, use it to make glucose
4. use it to make glucose, cellular respiration
Types of lipids include _____, _____, and _____.
1. fats, oils, phospholipids
2. oils, phospholipids, cellular respiration
3. oils, phospholipids, make cell membranes
4. oils, phospholipids, one
_____ and _____ may be elements or compounds.

1. products, cellular respiration
2. Reactants, products
3. products, fats
4. products, stored
Carbohydrates contains _____, _____, and _____.
1. carbon, oxygen, oils
2. carbon, oxygen, cellular respiration
3. hydrogen, oxygen, sugar
4. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
The sequence of _____ in chains and the _____ of chains in a protein determine the protein 's shape.
1. number, phospholipids
2. number, cellular respiration
3. number, stored
4. amino acids, number
A species is defined as a group of organisms that can ___________ and produce fertile offspring
___________.
1. breed, together
2. breed, nomenclature
3. breed, given
4. nomenclature, unique
A. The cells of all Eukarya have a nucleus and other organelles.
B. The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. The Archaea Domain includes only the Archaea Kingdom, and the Bacteria Domain includes
only the Bacteria Kingdom.
B. Each phylum is divided into classes, each class into orders, each order into families, and each
family into genera.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A virus is nothing more than some DNA or RNA __________________ by a coat of proteins.
1. surrounded
2. broadest
3. added
4. phylum
The Archaea and Bacteria Domains ___________ only ___________ organisms.
1. contain, classifications
2. contain, father
3. contain, single-celled
4. contain, structure
1. Kingdoms are divided, in turn, into phyla.
2. Carl Linnaeus is called the `` father of taxonomy. ''
3. Modern scientists base classifications of living things mainly on cellular similarities.
4. Modern scientists base classifications of living things mainly on molecular similarities.
1. Scientists classify living things in order to organize and make sense of the incredible diversity of life.
2. The Archaea Domain includes only the Archaea Kingdom, and the Fungus Domain includes only the
Bacteria Kingdom.
3. The Archaea and Bacteria Domains contain only single-celled or multicellular organisms.
4. Carl Linnaeus is called the `` father of taxonomy. ''
1. As a result of microscopes, a new taxon, called the domain, was added to the classification system.
2. The cells of Archaea and Bacteria have a nucleus.
3. The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy.
4. The cells of all Eukarya do not have a nucleus and other organelles.

1. The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy.
2. A virus use energy, respond to stimuli, grow, or maintain homeostasis.
3. The species is the narrowest category in the Linnaean system.
4. Scientists classify living things in order to organize and make sense of the incredible diversity of life.
1. The science of classifying objects or elements is called taxonomy.
2. A virus use energy, respond to stimuli, grow, or maintain homeostasis.
3. In the Linnaean system includes the Plant Kingdom, Fungus Kingdom, and Protist Kingdom.
4. The species is the narrowest category in the Linnaean system.
In binomial nomenclature, both names are always _____ in italics, and the genus name is always
_____.
1. capitalized, reproduce, viruses can evolve
2. capitalized, Plant
3. capitalized, order
4. written, capitalized
The Archaea Domain _____ only the Archaea Kingdom, and the Bacteria Domain _____ only the
Bacteria Kingdom.
1. reproduce, viruses can evolve
2. includes
3. other organelles
4. make
Both _____ and _____ have cells walls, but their cell walls are made of different materials.
1. Bacteria, reproduce, viruses can evolve
2. Archaea, Bacteria
3. Bacteria, other organelles
4. Bacteria, Animal
The cells of _____ and _____ lack a nucleus.
3. Bacteria, Animal

_____ and _____ may seem more similar to each other than either is to Eukarya.
4. Bacteria, Animal
Answers
1. 2 2. 4 3. 1 4. 2 5. 2 6. 1,3 7. 1,4 8. 3,4 9. 1,2 10. 2,3 11. 4 12. 4 13.
3 14. 4 15. 4 16. 2 17. 3 18. 2 19. 2 20. 2 21. 1,4 22. 1,4 23. 1,3 24.
1,2,4 25. 3,4 26. 3 27. 1 28. 2 29. 4 30. 4 31. 1 32. 2 33. 2 34. 1 35. 3 36.
1,2,4 37. 1,4 38. 1,3 39. 1,3,4 40. 3,4 41. 4 42. 2 43. 2 44. 2 45. 3
---End of Test---

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 3 MS Cells and Their Structures
A. Common cell parts are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.
B. Many protists consist of a single cell.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. The function of a nerve cell is to carry messages to other cells.
B. Some protists consist of a single cell.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Specialized cells may be organized into tissues.
B. The function of muscle tissue is to contract or expand in order to move the body or its parts.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
If the volume of a cell ___________ too great, ___________ wo n't have enough surface area to
transfer all of its nutrients and wastes.
1. has, Molecules
2. becomes, job
3. becomes, has
4. becomes, it
A nerve ___________ has ___________ long `` arms '' that extend outward from the ___________.
1. cell, many
2. group, arms
3. cell, same

4. cell, made
1. The function of muscle tissue is to contract or expand in order to move the body or its parts.
2. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is in the cytoplasm, rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane.
3. A tissue is a group of cells of the same kind that performs the same or different function.
4. Living things with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes.
1. Ribosomes are structures in the cytoplasm where proteins are made.
2. Cytoplasm includes a watery substance called cytosol.
3. Eukaryotes are all single-celled organisms.
4. The mitochondrion is an organelle inside the nucleas that provides energy to the cell.
1. All the organisms in the Bacteria and Archaea Domains have prokaryotic cells.
2. An organelle is any structure inside a cell that is enclosed by a membrane.
3. The function of muscle tissue is to contract or expand in order to move the body or its parts.
4. Eukaryotic cells are more complex.
1. Prokaryotic cells are larger than Eukaryotic cells.
2. All the organisms in the Bacteria and Archaea Domains have prokaryotic cells.
3. Specialized cells may be organized into organs.
4. Cytoplasm includes other cell structures suspended in the cytosol.
1. Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
2. A white blood cell has a lot of surface area for transferring oxygen.
3. Prokaryotic cells are cells that lack a nucleus.
4. An organelle is any structure inside a cell that is enclosed by a membrane.
A bigger cell _____ more nutrients and _____ more wastes.
1. creates, wastes
2. creates, Bacteria
3. creates, enters
4. needs, creates

Ribosomes consist of _____ and _____.
1. proteins, protists
2. proteins, environment
3. RNA, proteins
4. proteins, wastes
A red blood cell is _____ and _____.
1. smooth, enters
2. small, smooth
3. smooth, Bacteria
4. smooth, wastes
Besides water, cytosol contains _____ and _____.
1. other substances, protists
2. enzymes, other substances
3. other substances, enters
4. other substances, wastes
To carry _____ life processes, a cell must be able to pass substances _____ and _____ of the cell.
1. out, wastes
2. out, enters
3. into, out
4. out, Bacteria
A. Cytoplasm includes the watery, gel-like cytosol.
B. Endoplasmic reticulum store and transport materials in the cell.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. The chloroplasts may contain pigments that give flowers their colors.
B. The main types of plastids are chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids.
B. Cytoplasm help in providing a site for many of the biochemical reactions of the cell.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Nucleolus function is to form ribosomes.
B. ATP packages energy in smaller amounts that cells can use.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. The nuclear envelope has tiny holes, or pores, in it.
B. Crisscrossing the cytoplasm is a structure called the cytoskeleton.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. The nuclear envelope has tiny holes, or pores, in it.
2. Vacuoles are used as chambers for biochemical reactions.
3. Vesicles are used to store needed substances such as water.
4. A ribosome is a small organelle where proteins are made.
1. Nucleolus function is to form ribosomes.
2. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and several other types of organelles.
3. Vesicles are much larger than vacuoles and have a variety of functions.
4. Most plant cells have a large central vesicle.

1. Cytoskeleton consists of thread-like filaments and tubules.
3. Lysosome are located near the nucleus.
4. Lysosome ensure that the DNA divides correctly when the cell divides.
1. Vesicles are used to store needed substances such as water.
2. Lysosome are located near the nucleus.
4. Cytoskeleton helps the cell keep its shape.
1. Cytoskeleton holds cell organelles in place within the cytoplasm.
2. A centrioles is an organelle that recycles unneeded molecules.
3. The vesicles carry energy from the ER.
4. The mitochondrion uses energy in glucose to make smaller molecules called ATP.
The main types of plastids are _____, _____, and _____.
1. chloroplasts, leucoplasts, store starch
2. chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts
3. chromoplasts, leucoplasts, environment
4. chloroplasts, leucoplasts, oil
The _____ let water, nutrients, and other substances move _____ and _____ of the cell wall.
1. pores, move, out, supports
2. move, into, out, oil
3. pores, move, out, gathers
4. pores, move, into, out
The heads are _____, and the tails are _____.
1. hydrophobic, supports
2. hydrophilic, hydrophobic
3. hydrophobic, environment
4. hydrophobic, oil

Central vacuole may store substances such as _____, _____, and _____.
1. water, enzymes, salts
2. enzymes, salts, environment
3. enzymes, salts, oil
4. enzymes, salts, store starch
The cell wall _____ and _____ the cell.
1. supports, protects
2. protects, environment
3. protects, central large vacuole
4. protects, oil
Answers
1. 2 2. 3 3. 3 4. 4 5. 1 6. 2,4 7. 1,2 8. 1,4 9. 2,4 10. 1,3 11. 4 12. 3 13.
2 14. 2 15. 3 16. 3 17. 1 18. 2 19. 2 20. 2 21. 1,4 22. 1,2 23. 1,2 24.
3,4 25. 1,4 26. 2 27. 4 28. 2 29. 1 30. 1
---End of Test---

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 4 MS Cell Functions
Passive transport ___________ ___________ a substance moves from an area where it is more
___________ to an area where it is less ___________.
1. happens, named, concentrated
2. happens, comes, concentrated
3. happens, when, concentrated
4. happens, pinches, other
A. A carrier protein allows large molecules to pass through the cell membrane.
B. ATP allows special transport proteins called pumps to move substances to areas of higher
concentration.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Two layers of phospholipids make the outer surfaces of the membrane hydrophilic.
B. Two layers of phospholipids make the interior of the membrane hydrophobic and the lipid heads
point toward the outside of the membrane.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
Passive transport occurs when a substance __________________ through the cell membrane
without needing any energy to pass through.
1. hydrophobic
2. lipid
3. happens
4. passes
A. The ADP energy causes the carrier protein to change shape and pumps the three sodium ions
out of the cell.
B. When some substances are too big to be pumped across the cell membrane, they may enter or
leave the cell by active transport.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. In facilitated diffusion, molecules need help from transport proteins to pass through the membrane
The two types of transport proteins are channel proteins and carrier proteins.
2. The process is called diffusion.
3. Hydrophilic molecules are very small molecules and can pass through the cell membrane by simple
diffusion.
4. A channel protein allows large molecules to pass through the cell membrane.
1. For Active transport, the energy comes from the molecule named ADP.
2. Passive transport occurs when a substance passes through the cell membrane without needing any
energy to pass through.
3. Oxygen and potassiumare examples of molecules that can cross cell membranes by Simple diffusion.
4. Hydrophilic molecules need help to pass through the membrane.
1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are examples of molecules that can cross cell membranes by Simple
diffusion.
2. A carrier protein allows water or hydrophilic molecules to bypass the hydrophobic interior of the
membrane.
3. Hydrophilic molecules and very large molecules ca n't pass through the cell membrane by simple
diffusion.
4. Active transport is the opposite of osmosis.
1. A channel protein allows large molecules to pass through the cell membrane.
2. Water can pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion, without the help of channel proteins.
3. Passive transport happens when a substance moves from an area where it is more concentrated to an
area where it is less concentrated.
4. In Simple diffusion, the substance simply passes through tiny spaces in the membrane.
1. Passive transport occurs when a substance passes through the cell membrane without needing any
energy to pass through.

2. Simple diffusion occurs when a substance diffuses through a cell membrane without any help from
other molecules.
3. The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions into the cell and potassium Ions out of the cell.
4. A carrier protein forms a tiny hole called a pore in the cell membrane.
The sodium-_____ pump moves sodium ions out of the _____ and _____ Ions into the _____.
1. potassium, carrier channel transport transport proteins
2. cell, potassium
3. potassium, make the interior of the membrane hydrophobic and the lipid
4. potassium, carries
Osmosis an important means of transport in cells because the _____ inside and outside cells is
mostly water.
1. fluid
2. carries
3. make the interior of the membrane hydrophobic and the lipid
4. carrier channel transport proteins
When the carrier protein receives a phosphate from ATP, ADP is _____ and energy is _____.
1. formed, released
2. released, carries
3. released, carrier channel transport proteins
4. released, make the interior of the membrane hydrophobic and the lipid
_____ and _____ are present mainly as positively charged ions dissolved in water.
1. potassium, make the interior of the membrane hydrophobic and the lipid
2. potassium, carries
3. Sodium, potassium
4. potassium, fluid
In facilitated diffusion, molecules need help from transport proteins to pass through the membrane
The two types of transport proteins are channel proteins and carrier proteins.
1. make the interior of the membrane hydrophobic and the lipid
2. carries
3. carrier channel transport proteins

4. fluid
A. Aerobic respiration releases far more energy than anaerobic respiration does.
B. Cellular respiration is begins in mitochondria.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Anaerobic respiration is much quicker than aerobic respiration.
B. During electron transport, the oxygen combines with hydrogen from the energy-storing
molecules to forms water.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. With fermentation, some organisms can produce ATP from glucose anaerobically.
B. The lactic acid gives unsweetened yogurt its sour taste.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Cellular respiration uses oxygen in addition to glucose.
B. Anything that needs oxygen is described as aerobic.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Fermentation does not include aerobic steps.
B. The products of photosynthesis are needed for cellular respiration.
3. Only A is true.

4. Only B is true.
1. Cellular respiration occurs in autotrophs such as plants as well as heterotrophs such as animals.
2. Aerobic respiration results in the formation of less molecules of ATP.
3. Anything that does not need oxygen is described as anaerobic.
4. The products of cellular respiration may be needed for photosynthesis.
1. The stages Cellular respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
2. During electron transport stage, as many as 34 molecules of ADP are produced.
3. The carbon combines with the oxygen from the pyruvate molecules to form carbon dioxide.
4. During Cellular respiration, the energy is used to form dozens of molecules of ATP.
1. During electron transport stage, as many as 34 molecules of ADP are produced.
2. Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
3. Cellular respiration occurs in autotrophs such as plants as well as heterotrophs such as animals.
4. The products of photosynthesis may be needed for cellular respiration.
1. During Glycolysis, Enzymes split a molecule of glucose and results in a net gain of two molecules of
ATP and other energy-storing molecules.
2. Glycolysis may require oxygen.
3. Cellular respiration begins in the cytoplasm of cells.
4. Cellular respiration is completed in mitochondria.
1. The mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed organelle in the chloroplast.
2. Anything that needs oxygen is described as aerobic.
3. During The Krebs Cycle, the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis next enter the matrix of a
mitochondrion.
4. During electron transport, the hydrogen combines with oxygen from the energy-storing molecules to
forms water.
In _____ic fermentation, glycolysis is followed by a step that produces _____ and _____ dioxide.
1. carbon, store
2. carbon, use the energy to make ATP

3. alcohol, carbon
4. carbon, alcoholic acid lactic fermentation
Glucose is the simple sugar that living things use to store and _____ energy.
1. store and, transport
2. transport, carbon
3. transport, use the energy to make ATP
4. transport, water
The types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
1. carbon dioxide
2. carbon
3. plants
4. alcoholic acid lactic fermentation
Cells first need to release the energy and _____ it in ATP, or adenosine triphosphate.
1. store, use the energy to make ATP
2. release the energy and, store
3. store, water
4. store, carbon
The _____ and _____ stage of cellular respiration is called electron transport.
1. third, final
2. final, carbon
3. final, use the energy to make ATP
4. final, store
Answers
1. 3 2. 2 3. 2 4. 4 5. 3 6. 1,2 7. 2,4 8. 1,3 9. 3,4 10. 1,2 11. 2 12. 1 13.
1 14. 3 15. 3 16. 3 17. 2 18. 2 19. 2 20. 2 21. 1,3 22. 1,4 23. 2,3 24.
1,3,4 25. 2,3 26. 3 27. 1 28. 4 29. 2 30. 1
---End of Test---

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 5 MS Cell Division, Reproduction, and Protein Synthesis
A. In eukaryotes, the cell cycle has interphase and mitotic phase.
B. During Telophase, the chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers break down.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. During prophase, Fibers called spindles form between the centrioles.
B. By the time mitosis occurs, the cell 's DNA has already replicated.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Each daughter cell gets a complete copy of the parent cell 's genetic material.
B. During prophase, Fibers called spindles form between the centrioles.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Interphase is longer than mitotic phase.
B. Before a cell divides its DNA must be copied.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
As a cell ___________ to divide, its ___________ ___________ forms one or more structures called
chromosomes.
1. prepares, DNA, first
2. prepares, circular, replicates
3. prepares, circular, formed

4. prepares, circular, membranes
1. Adenine always bonds with thymine, and cytosine always bonds with guanine.
2. Chemical bonds between the bases hold the two strands of DNA together.
3. Prokaryotic cell division is called binary fission.
4. During prokaryotic cell division, the cell membrane grows toward the center of the cell.
3. Binary fission occurs in bacteria and other prokaryotes.
4. Prokaryotic DNA forms multiple rodlike chromosomes.
1. During prokaryotic cell division, the cell membrane grows toward the center of the cell.
3. During prokaryotic cell division, the chloroplast splits apart, and the cell pinches in two.
1. When the chromosomes splits apart it 's called cytokinesis.
2. Eukaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
3. Chromosomes are circular in prokaryotes and rodlike in eukaryotes.
4. The sugar in DNA is called deoxyribose.
1. Nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
2. Chromosomes are rod like in prokaryotes.
3. Cell division is more complex in eukaryotic cells, as they have other organelles.
4. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus holding their DNA.
During Telophase, the chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers break down.
1. uncoil, and the spindle fibers, break down
2. break down, telophase
3. break down, cytokinesis
4. break down, other organelles

Before a eukaryotic cell divides, the _____ and _____ must be copied.
1. nucleus, other organelles
2. other organelles, mitosis
3. other organelles, cytokinesis
4. other organelles, down
A chromosome consists of _____ and _____ molecules coiled into a definite shape.
1. protein, down
2. DNA, protein
3. protein, cytokinesis
4. protein, prophase
In DNA, each nucleotide includes a _____, a _____, and a _____.
1. phosphate, nitrogen base, mitosis
2. sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
3. phosphate, nitrogen base, cytokinesis
4. phosphate, nitrogen base, cytosine
The prokaryotic cell _____ in size, its DNA replicates, and the cell _____.
1. divides, telophase
2. divides, cytokinesis
3. divides, other organelles
4. grows, divides
A. Special cells called gametes are produced by the parents in Sexual reproduction.
B. During Metaphase II, the Chromosomes form, the nuclear membrane breaks down.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Independent assortment occurs when chromosomes go to opposite poles of the cell in anaphase I.
B. Meiosis is basically mitosis times four.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Binary fission occurs when a parent cell simply splits into two daughter cells.
B. Yeasts can reproduce by Fragmentation.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. In humans, the diploid number is two times 23, or 46.
B. During Meiosis, DNA replication results in two haploid daughter cells.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
In meiosis I, ___________ chromosomes pair ___________ and then separate.
1. nuclear, eukaryotes
2. homologous, up
3. homologous, nuclear
4. homologous, asexual
1. During Meiosis, DNA replicates before meiosis I but not before meiosis II.
2. Meiosis produces diploid daughter cells.
3. During Telophase I, Chromosomes form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
4. Sexual reproduction involves two parents.
1. During Telophase I, Chromosomes form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
3. Meiosis occurs when an organism makes gametes.
4. During Metaphase II, Centrioles move to opposite poles and Spindle fibers form.

1. During Telophase I, Spindle fibers form between the centrioles.
2. Meiosis is basically mitosis times four.
4. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and then separate.
1. Meiosis II is just like meiosis.
2. During Meiosis, DNA replication results in four haploid daughter cells.
4. During Meiosis, the DNA replicates only twice.
1. The initial cell that forms when two gametes unite is called a zygote.
2. In Meiosis, the original haploid cell divides twice.
3. During Prophase I, the chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers break down.
4. During Meiosis, DNA replicates before meiosis I but not before meiosis II.
Different methods of asexual reproduction are _____, _____, and _____.
1. binary fission, fragmentation, budding
2. fragmentation, budding, spindle fibers
3. fragmentation, budding, form, and the nuclear membrane breaks
4. binary fission, budding, random union
In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair _____ and _____ separate.
1. then, budding
2. up, then
3. then, random union
4. then, meet and
In Asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically identical to each _____ and to the _____.
1. parent, random union
2. parent, develops
3. parent, meet and
4. other, parent

Ways of genetic variation are crossing over, _____, and the _____ of gametes.
1. random union, budding
2. independent assortment, random union
3. random union, mate
4. random union, happen very quickly and does n't
The bud stays attached to the parent while it _____ and _____.
1. develops, budding
2. develops, random union
3. grows, develops
4. develops, meet and
A. RNA copies instructions in DNA and carries them to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
B. The two nitrogen bases make up the `` letters '' of the genetic code.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. DNA stores genetic information.
B. UAG, UGA, and UAA do n't code for any amino acids.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. All organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor.
B. The mRNA contains bases that are complementary to the bases in the DNA strand.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Each codon codes for just one amino acid.
B. A point mutations change just one or a few bases in DNA.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. At the ribosome, the proteins are joined together to form a chain of amino acids.
B. Messenger DNA copies genetic instructions from RNA in the nucleus.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. Transfer DNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.
2. DNA stores genetic information.
3. Proteins determine the structure and function of all your cells.
4. Proteins consist of a single amino acid.
1. During transcription, after the DNA unwinds, the enzyme can read the bases in one of the DNA
strands.
2. During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is read to make an amino acids.
3. Most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon.
4. Each codon codes for just one amino acid.
1. Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.
2. Proteins determine the structure and function of all your cells.
3. Groups of four bases each make up code `` words.
4. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are contained outside the nucleus.
1. UAG, UGA, and UAA are all stop codons.
2. During translation, using one strand of DNA as a template, nucleotides are joined together to make a
complementary strand of mRNA.
3. AUG for the start signal.
4. UAG, UGA, and UAA do n't code for any amino acids.

1. RNA consists of one nucleotide chain rather than two chains as in DNA.
2. The four nitrogen bases make up the `` letters '' of the genetic code.
3. DNA helps build proteins.
4. DNA is smaller than RNA.
The ribosome consists of _____ and _____.
1. proteins, daughter body cells
2. proteins, structure
3. proteins, instructions
4. rRNA, proteins
During translation, the molecule of mRNA _____ the nucleus and _____ to a ribosome.
1. moves, daughter body cells
2. leaves, moves
3. moves, structure
4. moves, instructions
RNA copies _____ in DNA and _____ them to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
1. carries, daughter body cells
2. carries, UAG
3. instructions, carries
4. carries, structure
A protein 's _____ and _____ depends on the sequence of its amino acids.
1. structure, function
2. function, carries
3. function, daughter body cells
4. function, RNA
_____, _____, and _____ do n't code for any amino acids.
1. UGA, UAA, carries
2. UAG, UGA, UAA
3. UAG, UAA, daughter body cells

4. UAG, UAA, RNA
Answers
1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 1 6. 1,2,3 7. 1,2,3 8. 2,4 9. 3,4 10. 1,3 11. 1 12. 1 13.
2 14. 2 15. 4 16. 3 17. 3 18. 3 19. 3 20. 2 21. 1,4 22. 2,3 23. 3,4 24.
2,3 25. 1,4 26. 1 27. 2 28. 4 29. 2 30. 3 31. 3 32. 2 33. 2 34. 2 35. 1 36.
2,3 37. 1,3,4 38. 1,2 39. 1,3,4 40. 1,2 41. 4 42. 2 43. 3 44. 1 45. 2
---End of Test---

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 6 MS Genetics
A. For each trait, he got the same results.
B. Moreover, the two forms of the trait always showed up in the F2 plants in the same 3:1 ratio.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. In Pea plants, the female gametes lie deep within the flowers.
B. An example of Mendel 's first set of experiments is his research on flower color.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. In Mendel experiment, the offspring formed the second generation F2.
B. One form of the trait seemed to disappear in the F1 plants.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. The recessive factor is hidden.
B. Mendel repeated this experiment with each of the other traits.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Fertilization occurs when pollen from one flower reaches the female gametes in the same or a
different flower.
B. Two forms of the trait always showed up in the F2 plants in the same 3:1 ratio.
3. Only A is true.

4. Only B is true.
1. All of the F1 plants had violet flowers.
2. Mendel concluded if dominant and recessive factors are present in an individual, the dominant factor
may be expressed.
3. Fertilization is a process of fertilization when pollen from one flower reaches the female gametes in
the same or a different flower.
4. The F1 plants should have only violet-flowered offspring.
1. In Pea plants, the female gametes are released by tiny grains of pollen.
2. The offspring formed the first generation F1.
3. Mendel transferred pollen from a plant with violet flowers to a plant with white flowers called cross-
pollination.
4. In Pea plants, the male gametes are released by tiny grains of pollen.
1. The recessive factor is eliminated.
2. An example of Mendel 's first set of experiments is his research on flower color.
3. All of the F1 plants had violet flowers.
1. The recessive factor is eliminated.
2. Fertilization occurs when pollen from one flower reaches the female gametes in the same or a
different flower.
4. Pea plants are easy to grow and grow quickly.
1. The first generation F1 plants should have only white-flowered offspring.
2. Pollination is a process of fertilization when pollen from one flower reaches the female gametes in the
same or a different flower.
3. Pollination occurs when pollen from one flower reaches the female gametes in the same or a
different flower.
4. Mendel transferred pollen from a plant with white flowers to a plant with violet flowers called cross-
pollination.

According to law of segregation, the two factors that control a trait separate and go to different
gametes.
1. go to different gametes, grow and grow quickly
2. go to different gametes, recessive
3. go to different gametes, white violet flowers
4. control a trait separate and, go to different gametes
In other words, F2 plants with violet flowers and F2 plants with white flowers had a 3:1 ratio.
1. F2 F2 plants, grow and grow quickly
2. white violet flowers, F2 F2 plants
3. F2 F2 plants, go to different gametes
4. F2 F2 plants, dominant
Mendel concluded if _____ and _____ factors are present in an individual, only the _____ factor is
expressed.
1. recessive, white violet flowers
2. dominant, recessive
3. recessive, go to different gametes
4. recessive, grow and grow quickly
Pea plants are easy to grow and grow quickly.
1. dominant
2. white violet flowers
3. go to different gametes
4. grow and grow quickly
A. Homologous chromosomes may be the same or different alleles.
B. Genes on sex chromosomes may be inherited differently than genes on autosomes.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
The ___________ b allele is expressed ___________ in the bb genotype.

1. complex, plant
2. recessive, pair Chromosomes
3. recessive, only
4. recessive, codominance
A. If a gene has two alleles, one may not be dominant to the other.
B. The B allele is dominant to the b allele.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
Each ___________ may have ___________ versions called alleles.
1. gene, versions
2. gene, both
3. gene, different
4. gene, pattern
A. X - linked traits have a different pattern of inheritance than traits controlled by genes on
autosomes.
B. A gene can be defined as a section of a chromosome that contains the genetic code for a
particular protein.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. Mothers pass an X to their daughters and a Y to their sons.
2. The phenotype refers to the organism 's traits, such as purple or white flowers.
3. In a Bb heterozygote, only the dominant B allele is expressed.
4. If a gene has two alleles, one possibility is called codominance and another is called inactive
dominance.
1. Fathers pass an X chromosome to each of their children.
2. If the parents had four offspring, the genotype ratios of their actual offspring may differ.

3. The Punnett square shows the possible genotypes and their most likely possibilities.
4. The B allele is dominant to the b allele.
1. Each trait Mendel studied was controlled by one gene with one alleles.
2. With incomplete dominance, a recessive allele is not completely dominant.
3. Inheritance is often more complex than it is for traits like those Mendel studied.
4. The phenotype refers to the organism 's traits, such as purple or white flowers.
1. If the parents had four offspring, their most likely genotypes would be one BB, two Bb, and one bb.
2. The Punnett square shows the possible genotypes and their most likely possibilities.
3. Inheritance is often more complex than it is for traits like those Mendel studied.
4. Fathers pass an X chromosome to each of their children.
1. One gene on the X chromosome determines male sex.
2. With codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in homozygotes.
3. If a gene has two alleles, one possibility is called codominance and another is called incomplete
dominance.
4. The expression of an organism 's genotype is called its phenotype.
If the parents had four offspring, their most likely genotypes would be one _____, two _____, and
one _____.
1. BB, bb, Y chromosome
2. BB, bb, likely ratios
3. BB, Bb, bb
4. Bb, bb, B
The terms _____ and _____ are the terms Mendel used to describe his `` factors. ''
1. dominant, recessive
2. recessive, Y
3. recessive, B
4. recessive, Y chromosome
Individuals with one _____ and one _____ are normally males.

1. Y chromosome, called
2. X, Y chromosome
3. Y chromosome, Y
4. Y chromosome, X
If a gene has two alleles, one possibility is _____ codominance and another is _____ incomplete
dominance.
1. Y chromosome
2. type type A
3. called
4. Y
_____ and _____ are examples of polygenic traits in humans.
1. Skin color, adult height
2. adult height, called
3. adult height, Y
4. adult height, Y chromosome
A. Hemophilia A leads to defective hemoglobin protein that is needed to transport oxygen in red
blood cells.
B. Sequencing the human genome has increased our knowledge of genetic makeup of living things.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Turner 's syndrome leads female with short height and inability to reproduce.
B. Many GMOs are food crops such as corn.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Biotechnology use polymerase chain reaction and gene cloning.
B. In the process of meiosis, paired chromosomes end up in different gametes.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Klinefelter 's syndrome leads male with abnormal sexual development and reduced level of male
sex hormone.
B. Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene or abnormal numbers of
chromosomes.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Down syndrome leads male with abnormal sexual development and reduced level of male sex
hormone.
B. A recessive allele is expressed in everybody who inherits even one copy of it.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. Hemophilia A leads to defective hemoglobin protein that is needed to transport oxygen in red blood
cells.
2. Sickle Cell Anemia leads to defective hemoglobin protein that is needed to transport oxygen in red
blood cells.
3. Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations in genes or less numbers of chromosomes.
4. Genetic disorders are diseases caused by mutations.
1. Sickle Cell Anemia leads to reduced activity of a protein needed for blood to clot.
2. Marfan syndrome leads to defective protein needed to make mucus.
3. Hemophilia A leads to reduced activity of a protein needed for blood to clot.
4. A species ' genome consists of all of its genetic information.
1. Sickle Cell Anemia leads to reduced activity of a protein needed for blood to clot.

2. A dominant allele is expressed in everybody who inherits even one copy of it.
3. Marfan syndrome leads to defective protein needed to make mucus.
4. The Human Genome Project provides a complete blueprint for a human being.
1. Klinefelter 's syndrome has One X chromosome and no other sex chromosome.
2. A species ' genome consists of all of its genetic information.
3. Sickle Cell Anemia leads to defective hemoglobin protein that is needed to transport oxygen in red
blood cells.
4. Biotechnology is the use of technology to change the genetic disorders.
1. Cystic fibrosis lead to defective protein in tissues such as cartilage and bone.
2. The aim of the Human Genome Project was to identify the more than 20, 000 human genes and map
their locations on chromosomes.
3. In the process of meiosis, paired chromosomes normally separate from each other.
4. The Human Genome Project provides a complete blueprint for a human being.
The GMOs plants are likely to be _____ and produce more food.
1. produce more food, reduced
2. produce more food, X chromosomes
3. healthier, produce more food
4. produce more food, enzyme
Turner 's syndrome leads female with _____ and _____ to reproduce.
1. inability, produce more food
2. short height, inability
3. inability, reduced
4. inability, gene cloning
Klinefelter 's syndrome _____ male with abnormal sexual development and _____ level of male sex
hormone.
1. reduced, produce more food
2. reduced, gene cloning
3. reduced, X chromosomes
4. leads, reduced

Knowing the sequence of the human genome is helping researchers identify and understand genetic
disorders.
1. identify and, understand genetic disorders
2. understand genetic disorders, gene cloning
3. understand genetic disorders, produce more food
4. understand genetic disorders, reduced
Turner 's syndrome has One X chromosome and no other sex chromosome.
1. short height
2. produce more food
3. sex other X chromosome
4. understand genetic disorders
Answers
1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 3 6. 1,4 7. 2,4 8. 2,3 9. 2,4 10. 2,4 11. 4 12. 2 13.
2 14. 4 15. 2 16. 3 17. 2 18. 3 19. 2 20. 2,3 21. 2,4 22. 3,4 23. 1,3 24.
3,4 25. 3 26. 1 27. 2 28. 3 29. 1 30. 1 31. 2 32. 2 33. 2 34. 1 35. 2,4 36.
3,4 37. 2,4 38. 2,3 39. 2,3,4 40. 3 41. 2 42. 4 43. 1 44. 3
---End of Test---

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 7 MS Evolution
A. From Malthus, Darwin saw that populations could grow faster than their resources.
B. In nature, Lamarck reasoned, individuals with certain traits might be more likely to survive the
`` struggle for existence '' and have offspring.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed that __________________ change over time.
1. changed
2. realized
3. species
4. famine
From Malthus, Darwin ___________ that `` overproduction of offspring '' ___________ to a ``
struggle for existence, '' in Darwin 's words.
1. offspring overproduction, change, led
2. change, selection, living
3. offspring overproduction, dome Tortoises, led
4. offspring overproduction, saw, led
A. When populations get too big, disease and famine occur.
B. From Malthus, Darwin saw that populations could grow faster than their resources.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Evolution is a change in the inherited traits of organisms over time.
B. Tortoises with saddle - shaped shells lived on islands where food was often scarce.
3. Only A is true.

4. Only B is true.
1. Living things have changed as descendants diverged from common ancestors in the past.
2. Tortoises with saddle-shaped shells lived on islands where the plants they ate were abundant and
easy to reach.
3. Thomas Malthus proposed that species change over time.
4. Lyell argued that geological processes such as erosion change Earth 's surface very gradually.
2. Thomas Malthus proposed that species change over time.
3. Evolution is the process in which living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring.
4. Thomas Malthus argued that human populations have the potential to grow faster than the resources
they need.
1. From Malthus, Darwin saw that populations could grow faster than their resources.
2. Living things have changed as descendants converged from common ancestors in the past.
3. As a result of Natural selection, living things traits increase in the population over time.
4. As a result of Evolution, living things traits increase in the population over time.
1. Living things have changed as descendants diverged from common ancestors in the past.
2. Evolution is the process in which living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring.
4. Thomas Malthus thought that the traits an organism developed during its life time could be passed on
to its offspring.
1. From Lamarck, Darwin realized that Earth is very old.
3. Natural selection is the process in which living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring.
4. Natural selection is a change in the inherited traits of organisms over time.
In nature, Darwin _____, individuals with certain traits might be more likely to survive the ``
struggle for existence '' and have offspring.
1. have offspring, pass

2. have offspring, famine
3. have offspring, disease
4. reasoned, have offspring
When populations get too big, _____ and _____ occur.
1. famine, have offspring
2. famine, pass
3. famine, reasoned
4. disease, famine
Darwin used the word fitness to refer to the ability to reproduce and _____ traits to the next
generation
1. pass, have offspring
2. reproduce and, pass
3. pass, famine
4. pass, disease
Tortoises with dome - shaped shells lived on islands where the plants they ate were _____ and _____
to reach.
1. easy, have offspring
2. easy, reasoned
3. abundant, easy
4. easy, pass
A. When molecules are used compare species, they are called molecular clocks.
B. A ecologist studies fossils to learn about the evolution of living things is called a ecologist.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
In a distant ___________, ___________ was ___________ to digest food.
1. gives, always, whales
2. ancestor, appendix, needed
3. ancestor, always, cats

4. ancestor, use, needed
Embryos of different species may look quite similar, even when the adult forms look
__________________ different.
1. longer
2. very
3. distant
4. digest
When molecules are used ___________ species, ___________ are called molecular ___________.
1. bones, generally, closely
2. compare, they, clocks
3. compare, generally, bones
4. compare, tail, clocks
A. Vestigial structures are body parts that are no longer used but are still present in modern
organisms.
B. When molecules are used compare species, they are called molecular clocks.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. Offspring of a chicken, turtle, pig, and human being look so similar that it 's hard to tell them apart.
2. Fossils form when remain seeps through the rocks and water and deposits minerals in them.
3. Absolute dating is often based on the amount of carbon-14 or other radioactive element that remains
in a fossil.
4. Absolute dating determines about how long ago a fossil organism lived.
1. Offspring of a chicken, turtle, pig, and human being look so similar that it 's hard to tell them apart.
2. Absolute dating gives the fossil an approximate age in years.
3. Scientists have learned a lot about evolution by comparing living organisms.
4. Absolute dating determines which of two fossils is older or younger than the other but not their age in
years.

1. Relative dating is based on the positions of fossils in rock layers.
2. Absolute dating gives the fossil an approximate position within the layer.
3. Molecular clocks method assumes that sequential mutations occur at a constant rate for a given
protein or segment of DNA.
1. Species that are the most similar in these ways are generally the most closely related.
2. Fossils form when water seeps through the remains of dead and deposits minerals in them.
3. The more similar the DNA molecules are, the closer the relationship is likely to be between the
community.
4. In humans spinal bones and the appendix are vestigial structures In a distant ancestor, appendix was
part of the cirulatory system.
2. Vestigial structures are body parts that are no longer used but may or may not present in modern
organisms.
3. Scientists have compared body parts, vestigial organs, embryos, and molecules in different species.
4. Absolute dating determines about how long ago a fossil organism lived.
Bats use their front limbs to fly, whales use them to swim, and cats use them to run and _____.
1. use their front limbs to fly, whales use them to swim, and cats use them to, climb, dead
2. use their front limbs to fly, whales use them to swim, and cats use them to, run and, climb
3. run and, climb, vestigial organs
4. use their front limbs to fly, whales use them to swim, and cats use them to, climb, human
Scientists have compared _____, _____, _____, and _____ in different species.
1. body parts, vestigial organs, molecules, run and
2. vestigial organs, embryos, molecules, human
3. body parts, vestigial organs, molecules, dead
4. body parts, vestigial organs, embryos, molecules
Embryos of a _____, _____, _____, and _____ being look so similar that it 's hard to tell them apart.
1. chicken, pig, human, appendix

2. chicken, turtle, pig, human
3. chicken, turtle, human, dead
4. chicken, pig, human, body parts
In humans _____ and the _____ are vestigial structures The _____ is a tiny remnant of a once-
larger organ.
1. appendix, dead
2. tail bones, appendix
3. appendix, human
4. appendix, vestigial organs
Fossils form when water seeps through the remains of _____ and _____ minerals in them.
1. deposits, human
2. deposits, body parts
3. dead, deposits
4. deposits, molecules
A. The geologic time scale divisions are based on major changes in geology, climate, and the
evolution of life.
B. During Triassic Period, the continents continued to move apart.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. The Precambrian Supereon covers the time from Earth 's formation 4.6 billion years ago to 544
million years ago.
B. During Triassic Period, Flowering plants also appeared for the first time and new insects evolved
to pollinate them.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Paleozoic Era is divided into six periods.
B. During the Jurassic Period, the first dinosaurs evolved from reptile ancestors.

3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. During the Devonian Period, vascular plants appeared.
B. The geologic time scale divisions are based on major changes in geography, climate, and the
evolution of life.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Many of them died out.
B. The Precambrian mass extinction gave dinosaurs the opportunity to really flourish during the
Jurassic Period.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
1. During the Silurian Period, the first seed plants evolved.
2. Photosynthesis evolved about 3 billion years ago.
3. During the Devonian Period, the first seed plants evolved.
4. During the Quaternary Period, the dinosaurs reached their maximum size and distribution.
1. Photosynthesis evolved about 3 billion years ago.
2. With their specialized organelles, eukaryotic cells were powerful and efficient.
3. During the Quaternary Period, the dinosaurs reached their maximum size and distribution.
4. Modern corals, fish, and insects all evolved in Jurassic Period.
1. The Precambrian Supereon covers the time from Earth 's formation 4.6 billion years ago to 544 million
years ago.
2. The Precambrian Supereon is the first major division of Earth 's history.

3. The geologic time scale organizes Earth 's history on the basis of important events instead of time
alone.
4. In the Ordovician Period, Sponges and trilobites were small ocean invertebrates.
1. During the Silurian Period, vascular plants appeared.
2. Corals appeared in the oceans during the Silurian period.
3. In the Permian Period, the first amphibians evolved during this period.
4. During Triassic Period, the continents continued to move apart.
1. During Triassic Period, the continents continued to move apart.
2. In the Cambrian Period, Sponges and trilobites were small ocean invertebrates.
3. Paleozoic Era is divided into six periods.
4. The Jurassic Period ended in a mass extinction.
The geologic time scale divides Earth 's history into _____, _____, and _____.
1. eons, eras, periods
2. eons, periods, water
3. eras, periods, thick
4. eras, periods, cooled
With their specialized organelles, eukaryotic cells were _____ and _____.
1. powerful, efficient
2. efficient, geology
3. efficient, huge ferns
4. efficient, thick
Vascular plants have special tissues to circulate _____ and _____ substances.
1. other, thick
2. other, huge ferns
3. other, geology
4. water, other
_____, _____, and _____ all evolved in Triassic Period.

1. fish, insects, thick
2. Modern corals, insects, water
3. Modern corals, fish, insects
4. Modern corals, insects, geology
During the Permian Period, _____ and _____ evolved ways to cope with dryness.
1. plants, animals
2. animals, geology
3. animals, water
4. animals, thick
Answers
1. 3 2. 3 3. 4 4. 2 5. 2 6. 1,4 7. 1,4 8. 1,3 9. 1,3 10. 2,3 11. 4 12. 4 13.
2 14. 3 15. 1 16. 2 17. 2 18. 2 19. 2 20. 3,4 21. 2,3 22. 1,4 23. 1,2 24.
1,3,4 25. 2 26. 4 27. 2 28. 2 29. 3 30. 3 31. 3 32. 3 33. 1 34. 3 35. 2,3 36.
1,2 37. 1,2,3 38. 1,2 39. 2,3 40. 1 41. 1 42. 4 43. 3 44. 1
---End of Test---

K12 Middle LifeScience Chapter 8 MS Prokaryotes
A. Anaerobic prokaryotes use fermentation or other anaerobic processes rather than cellular
respiration.
B. The pili protects the cell from chemicals and drying out.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Prokaryotes that need oxygen are described as aerobic.
B. The cytoskeleton helps the cell keep its shape.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Most prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
B. Only few prokaryotes are decomposers.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
B. Most prokaryotes have one or more small loops of DNA.
3. Only A is true.
4. Only B is true.
A. Prokaryotes lack other membrane-bound organelles.
B. The sticky plaque that collects on your teeth between brushings is a biofilm.
3. Only A is true.

K12 middle school life science – practice tests

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