History and Transformation of the African Union

Lecture 6
Muhammad Rehan Zafar

African Union
 African Union (AU), formerly (1963–2002)
Organization of African Unity, intergovernmental
organization, established in 2002, to promote unity
and solidarity of African states, to spur economic
development, and to promote international
cooperation.
 The African Union (AU) replaced the Organization of
African Unity (OAU). The AU’s headquarters are in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

History
 By the late 19th century the entire African continent had
been colonized by Britain, France, Portugal, Germany,
Belgium, Italy and Spain in what is called the ‘Scramble
for Africa’. At the end of the Second World War, demands
for independence from colonial rule swept across Africa.
 The origin of the organization for African unity can be
traced back to the struggle of pan Africanism. Pan-
Africanism as an ideology and movement encourages the
solidarity of Africans worldwide.
 It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic,
social, and political progress and thus, aims to “unify and
uplift” people of African descent.

Ethnolinguistic
groups of Africa

History of African Union
 Prior to the formation of OAU, there were three main
groups in Africa namely the Casablanca, Monrovia and
the Brazzaville groups which are divided into two broad
conflicting strands in regards to how African unity will
be achieved.
 The Casablanca bloc, led by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana,
wanted a federation of all African countries.
 It comprised of Ghana, Algeria, Guinea, Morocco, Egypt,
Mali and Libya. Founded in 1961, its members were
described as the "progressive states" also called the
“Unionists”.

Organization of African Unity
(OAU)
 The Monrovian bloc on the other hand, also called the
“Statists” led by Senghor Sedan of Senegal, felt that unity
should be achieved gradually, through economic
cooperation.
 It did not support the notion of a political federation. Its
other members were Nigeria, Liberia, Ethiopia and most
of the former French colonies.
 Some of the initial discussions took place at
Sanniquellie, Liberia. The dispute was eventually
resolved when Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I invited
the two groups to Addis Ababa, where the OAU and its
headquarters were subsequently established on the 25 of
May, 1963.

Organization of African Unity
(OAU)
 The Charter of the Organization was signed by 32
independent African states. The charter of OAU that
emerged was thus a “melting pot” of many conflicting
ideas and principles from concessions arrived by both
blocs. With the independence of more states, a further
21 states joined gradually over the years, with South
Africa becoming the 53rd member on 23 May 1994

The OAU aims
 Promote the unity and solidarity of African States;
 Co-ordinate and intensify their co-operation and efforts
to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa;
 Defend their sovereignty, territorial integrity and
independence;
 Eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa;
 Promote international co-operation, giving due regard to
the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights;
 Co-ordinate and harmonize members’ political,
diplomatic, economic, educational, cultural, health,
welfare, scientific, technical and defense policies.

OAU ACHIEVEMENTS
 The OAU play a pivotal role in eradicating colonialism and
minority rule in Africa.
 It gave weapons, training and military bases to colonized
nations fighting for independence or majority rule. Groups
such as the ANC and PAC, fighting Apartheid in South Africa,
and ZANU and ZAPU, fighting for the independence of
Southern Rhodesia, were aided in their endeavors by the
OAU.
 African harbors were closed to the South African government,
and South African aircraft were prohibited from flying over
the rest of the continent.
 In addition the OAU managed to convince the United Nations
(UN) to expel South Africa from bodies like the World Health
Organization.

OAU ACHIEVEMENTS
 The OAU also worked with the UN to ease refugee
problems.
 It set up the African Development Bank for economic
projects intended to make Africa financially stronger.
 Although all African countries eventually won their
independence, it remained difficult for them to become
totally independent of their former colonizers.
 There was often continued reliance on the former
colonial powers for economic aid, which often came with
strings attached: loans had to be paid back at high
interest-rates, and goods had to be sold to the donor
countries at low rates.

OAU ACHIEVEMENTS
 Members of OAU stood together and spoke with one
voice within the United Nations to safeguard African
interests especially in respect of lingering colonialism.
 The organization also succeed in mediating several
border and internal disputes
 Despite the many achievements of OAU, the
organization fell short in fully achieving all its
objectives.

OAU ACHIEVEMENTS
 The OAU’s aim of total unity proved difficult to
achieve as the OAU was largely divided.
 These division were on ideological grounds,
continuous dependence of independent states on their
former colonizers, etc.
 With these divisions, it was difficult for the OAU to
take action against states involved in internal conflicts
because it could rarely reach an agreement on what
was to be done.

OAU ACHIEVEMENTS
 The organization was widely derided as a bureaucratic "talking
shop" with little power.
 It struggled to enforce its decisions, and its lack of armed force
made intervention exceedingly difficult. For example, Civil wars
in Nigeria and Angola continued unabated for years, and the
OAU could do nothing to stop them.
 The policy of non-interference in the affairs of member states
also limited the effectiveness of the OAU.
 Tanzania’s intervention in Uganda politics that led to the ousting
of Idi Amin in 1979.
 Human right violations continued unabated.
 Thus, when human rights were violated, as in Uganda under Idi
Amin in the 1970s, the OAU was powerless to stop them. Critics
argued that the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties
of African citizens.

TRANSFORMATION OF OAU
 It had become evident and accepted as early as 1979, when the
Committee on the Review of the Charter was established that a need
existed to amend the OAU Charter in order to streamline the
Organization in order to gear it more accurately for the challenges of a
changing world.
 However, despite numerous meetings the Charter Review Committee
did not manage to formulate substantive amendments.
 In 1997, OAU members established the African Economic Community
(AEC), envisioned as an African common market; the AEC signed an
agreement with regional African economic groupings that was
intended to lead to harmonization of policies of those common
markets.
 The need to integrate the political activities of the OAU with the
economic and developmental issues as articulated in the Abuja Treaty
of 1994 became eminent.

TRANSFORMATION OF OAU
 An Extraordinary Summit of the OAU held in Sirte, Libya on 9
September 1999 called for the establishment of an African Union in
conformity with the ultimate objectives of the OAU Charter and the
provisions of the Treaty establishing the African Economic
Community.
 Following this, the Constitutive Act of the African Union was adopted
during the Lomé Summit of the OAU on 11 July 2000.
 The Union issued a Declaration called the “Sirte Declaration” calling
for the establishment of an African Union, with a view, inter alia, to
accelerating the process of integration in the continent to enable it play
its rightful role in the global economy while addressing multifaceted
social, economic and political problems compounded as they are by the
contemporary challenges of globalization.
 On 26 May 2001, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was legally
transformed into the African Union (AU).

The African Union Consultative Act
 The Constitutive Act of the African Union sets out the
codified framework under which the African Union is to
conduct itself. It was signed on 11 July 2000 at Lomé,
Togo. It entered into force after two thirds of the 53
signatory states ratified the convention. When a state
ratifies the Constitutive Act, it formally becomes a
member of the AU. All 53 signatory states have ratified
the document.
 The only states in Africa that have neither signed nor
ratified the document are Morocco and South Sudan.
South Sudan has been admitted as a member of the AU
but has not yet ratified the Constitutive Act.

Gadhafi proposal for African Union
 The idea of creating the AU was revived in the mid-1990s
under the leadership of Libyan head of state Muammar
al-Gaddafi: the heads of state and government of the
OAU issued the Sirte Declaration (named after Sirte, in
Libya) on September 9, 1999 calling for the
establishment of an African Union.
 The Declaration was followed by summits at Lomé in
2000, when the Constitutive Act of the African Union
was adopted, and at Lusaka in 2001, when the plan for
the implementation of the African Union was adopted.
 During the same period, the initiative for the
establishment of the New Partnership for Africa's
Development (NEPAD), was also established.

 Gaddafi pushed for an African unity government, in form
of the United State of African.
 This was a concept for a federation comprising some or all
the 55 sovereign state of Africa.
 He argued that it is the only way Africa can develop without
Western interference.
 This proposal was pushed at the summit in at Lomé, Togo
in 2000, having described the OAU as a failure on a number
of occasions; Gaddafi asserted that only a true pan-African
state can provide stability and wealth to Africa.
 The idea was also advanced in June 2007 in Conakry,
Guinea, and again in February 2009 in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.

 A number of AU members supported the proposed
federation, believing that it could bring peace to a 'new'
Africa.
 Alpha Oumar Konaré, former President of Mali and
former Chairperson of the African Union Commission,
spoke in favor of the concept at the commemoration of
Africa Day, on May 25, 2006.
 However, a good number of state were skeptical of the
idea as no state was ready or willing to give away a part of
its sovereignty for the actualization of the proposed
United States of Africa.

1991 AU Treaty
 African Union (AU) in 1991 and came into force on 12
May 1994.
 It is a treaty establishing grounds for mutual economic
development among African states through a gradual
process by coordination, harmonization and progressive
integration of the activities of existing and future
regional economic communities (RECs) in Africa.
 The RECs are regarded as the building blocks of the AEC.
The stated goals of the organization include the creation
of free trade areas, customs unions, a single market, a
central bank, and a common currency thus establishing
an economic and monetary union by 2028.

1991 AU Treaty
 The African Monetary Union is the proposed creation of
an economic and monetary union for the countries of
the African Union, administered by the African Central
Bank.
 Such a union would call for the creation of a new unified
currency, similar to the euro; the hypothetical currency
is sometimes referred to as the afro.
 The Abuja Treaty, an international agreement signed on
June 3, 1991 in Abuja, Nigeria, created the African
Economic Community, and called for an African Central
Bank to follow by 2028.
 The current plan is to establish an African Economic
Community with a single currency by 2023.

THE AFRICAN UNION
 With the present nature of international system, The
OAU objectives became moribund because most African
States are independent in the 1990s. Hence the need for
an Arian Union.
 As the successor to the Organization of African Unity
(OAU), which was created in 1963 to eliminate the last
vestiges of colonialism in Africa, the African Union (AU)
came into existence in July 2002 at the Durban heads of
state summit with the more focused goal of propelling
African states towards peace and prosperity as the basis
for achieving the ultimate goal of political and economic
integration of its member states.

THE AFRICAN UNION
 The AU was modelled on the European Union with
structures that included an Assembly of heads of
state/government, an Executive in which countries
were represented by their foreign ministers and the
AU Commission which is the administrative branch
made up of 10 commissioners and headed by a
President.
 The transition from OAU to AU was clearly intended
to transform the institutional framework for realizing
the pan-African vision and mission from what some
critics regarded as a mere ‘talking shop’ to an action-
oriented forum.

Headquarters
 The main administrative capital of the African Union is in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where the African Union
Commission is headquartered.
 A new headquarters complex, the AU Conference Center
and Office Complex (AUCC), was inaugurated on 28
January 2012, during the 18th AU summit.
 The complex was built by China State Construction
Engineering Corporation as a gift from the Chinese
government, and accommodates, among other facilities, a
2,500-seat plenary hall and a 20-story office tower.
 The tower is 99.9 meters high to signify the date 9
September 1999, when the Organization of African Unity
voted to become the African Union.
 The building cost US$200 million to construct.

Membership
 The AU has 52 nation states and 2 kingdoms – Algeria,
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
Comoros, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo,
Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Egypt,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Guinea Bissau, Kenya, the Kingdom of Lesotho, Liberia,
Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,
Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Kingdom of
Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and
Zimbabwe.

The Objectives of the AU
 Article 3 of the Constitutive Act of the AU provides the
following as the objectives of the African Union:
 To achieve greater unity and solidarity between the
African countries and the peoples of Africa;
 To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and
independence of its Member States;
 To accelerate the political and socio-economic
integration of the continent;
 To promote and defend African common positions on
issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;
 To encourage international cooperation, taking due
account of the Charter of the United Nations and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

 To promote peace, security, and stability on the continent;
 To promote democratic principles and institutions, popular
participation and good governance;
 To promote and protect human and peoples' rights in accordance
with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and
other relevant human rights instruments;
 To establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent
to play its rightful role in the global economy and in
international negotiations;
 To promote sustainable development at the economic, social and
cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;
 To promote co-operation in all fields of human activity to raise
the living standards of African peoples;

 To coordinate and harmonize the policies between the
existing and future Regional Economic Communities
for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the
Union;
 To advance the development of the continent by
promoting research in all fields, in particular in
science and technology;
 To work with relevant international partners in the
eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion
of good health on the continent.

The Organs of the AU
 The Assembly
Composed of Heads of State and Government or their duly accredited representatives.
The Assembly of Heads of State and Government is the supreme organ of the Union.
The Executive Council
Composed of Ministers or Authorities designated by the Governments of Members
States. The Executive Council is responsible to the Assembly.
 The Commission
Composed of the Chairperson, the Deputy Chairperson, eight Commissioners and Staff
members; Each Commissioner shall be responsible for a portfolio.
The Permanent Representatives' Committee
Composed of Permanent Representatives of Member States accredited to the Union. The
Permanent Representatives Committee is charged with the responsibility of preparing
the work of the Executive Council.
Peace and Security Council (PSC)
By decision AHG/Dec 160 (xxxvii) of the Summit of Lusaka, July 2001, a decision was
made for the creation within the African Union of the Peace and Security Council. The
Protocol establishing the PSC is in the process of ratification.


Pan-African Parliament
A Pan-African Parliament, and organ to ensure the full participation of African peoples in governance,
development and economic integration of the Continent. The protocol relating to the composition, powers,
functions and organization of the Pan-African Parliament has been signed by Member States and is in the process
of ratification.
ECOSOCC
The Economic, Social and Cultural Council, an advisory organ composed of different social and professional
groups of the Member States of the Union. The statutes determining the functions, powers, composition and
organization of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council have been prepared and will be submitted to Maputo
Summit.
The Court of Justice
A Court of Justice of the Union shall be established. The statutes defining the composition and functions of the
Court of Justice have been prepared and will be submitted to the Assembly in Maputo.

 The Specialized Technical Committees
The following Specialized Technical Committees are meant to address
sectoral issues and are at Ministerial Level:
 The Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters;
 The Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs;
 The Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigration Matters;
 The Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Energy, Natural
Resources and Environment;
 The Committee on Transport, Communications and Tourism;
 The Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs; and
 The Committee on Education, Culture and Human Resources.
 The Financial Institutions
 The African Central bank
 The African Monetary Fund
 The African Investment Bank

RECs
 One of the key debates in relation to the achievement
of greater continental integration is the relative
priority that should be given to integration of the
continent as a unit in itself or to integration of the sub-
regions.
 The 1980 Lagos Plan of Action for the Development of
Africa and the 1991 treaty to establish the African
Economic Community (also referred to as the Abuja
Treaty), proposed the creation of Regional Economic
Communities (RECs) as the basis for African
integration, with a timetable for regional and then
continental integration to follow.

RECs
Currently, there are eight RECs recognised by the AU, each
established under a separate regional treaty. They are:
1. the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
2. the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA)
3. the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD)
4. the East African Community (EAC)
5. the Economic Community of Central African States
(ECCAS)
6. the Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS)
7. the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

RECs
 The membership of many of the communities
overlaps, and their rationalization has been under
discussion for several years—and formed the theme of
the 2006 Banjul summit.
 At the July 2007 Accra summit the Assembly finally
decided to adopt a Protocol on Relations between the
African Union and the Regional Economic
Communities.
 This protocol is intended to facilitate the
harmonization of policies and ensure compliance with
the Abuja Treaty and Lagos Plan of Action time
frames.

Relationships among various
multinational African entities

Achievements of AU
 With all the aforementioned, It is therefore useful to take stock of the
achievements of the AU in its first decade and, this can best be done from two
broad perspectives which represent the main goals of the AU mentioned above
- peace and prosperity.
 The AU has clearly had reasonable successes through its direct contribution
and collaboration with the international community to settling and
minimising conflicts in some of the region’s hotbeds, such as trouble spots in
the Sudan, resolving post-election violent conflicts in Cote d’Ivoire and Kenya,
and forcing military coup-makers to hand back power to civilian regimes.
 Unlike the OAU which followed a doctrine of ‘non-interference’ in the internal
affairs of member states, the AU has the authority through decisions of its
Peace and Security Council to interfere in member states to promote peace and
protect democracy, including deploying military force in situations in which
genocide and crimes against humanity are being committed.
 The AU’s unique voluntary ‘Peer Review Mechanism’ by which individual
member states agree to be assessed by a team of experts drawn from other
states is designed to encourage democracy and good governance. AU observer
missions are now sent as a matter of routine to cover elections in all member
states, in accordance with the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and
Governance (2007).

Achievements of AU
 There have also been some hiccups or setbacks, such as the
decision by the AU to move its July 2012 bi-annual summit
from Lilongwe, Malawi, to Addis Ababa in response to
Malawi’s refusal to invite the Sudan’s head of state, Omar
al-Bashir, from participating on the ground that he is
charged and under a warrant of arrest by the International
Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes: this, in a way, reflects
a potential conflict between African regionalism and
international mechanisms to promote and protect the rule
of law, justice and respect for human rights. Judging from
the drastic fall in conflicts and coups, and the increasing
number of successful elections in the region in the past
decade, it can be inferred that on balance actions by the
AU has added value to Africa’s ‘political performance’ .

Achievements of AU
 In pursuit of prosperity in the region, the AU has in place
declarations and institutions to promote and support
economic integration among its 54 member states as the
pathway to sustainable development.
 Progress has been made by the AU commission, in
collaboration with international partners and the UN,
towards better coordinating and harmonizing development
policies and programs with the 5 Regional Economic
Communities (RECs) representing the various geographical
regions of the continent. Some of these RECs, such as the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the
East African Community (EAC) and the Southern Africa
Development Community (SADC), have been quite active in
exploring possibilities to harmonize budgetary and fiscal
policies and for a monetary union on the basis of a common
currency.

Achievements of AU
 Proposals for an African central bank and an African
monetary union at the continental level are still on the
drawing board, as vested interest and concerns about
sovereignty hold back the necessary political will to drive
the process.
 The present experience of monetary union within the EU
could also be a source of disincentive.
 Despite numerous protocols and signing of technical
consensus documents to facilitate the free movement of
goods and people across borders, the AU’s record in
stimulating the removal of trade barriers between
countries in the union is less than impressive and the
value of intra-African trade is still abysmally low as a
percentage of total trade.

Achievements of AU
 A myriad of non-tariff barriers to cross-border trade,
characterized chiefly by long delays at border
crossings and legal and illegal payments which
increase transaction costs, is a major obstacle to
expansion of intra-African trade.
 The last AU summit failed to agree on the adoption of
a continent-wide trade proposal, but awareness of the
importance of trade barriers for economic growth is
not lost as a development priority – seeing that theme
of the 19th summit, 9-16 July 2012, is “Boosting intra-
Africa trade”.

Challenges Of African Union
 Promoting peace
 The structure of the African Union is loosely modelled on that of the European
Union (EU), with an Assembly of the 54 heads of state; the administrative
Commission; and the Pan-African Parliament – made up of 235 representatives.
Some have questioned whether adopting the EU model was the correct decision,
given that the two continents face very different challenges, but there is still much
they can learn from Europe.
 For the promotion of “peace, security, and stability on the continent”, the AU allows
for intervention, however, they have had very limited success in doing so. One of
their few successes was in the deployment of troops to Somalia in 2007, and some
analysts believe the AU, along with Kenyan and Ethiopian forces, to have done a
better job of pacifying Mogadishu than any other outside force.
 More recently, however, the AU came in for criticism for its failure to intervene
earlier in the civil war in Libya, as well as its delay in recognizing the new Libyan
leaders. It is understandable that the AU would be reluctant to recognize the rebels
who overthrew a man who did much to found the union, but it was also a failure to
act decisively at a time when intervention of some form was needed.

 Funding
 A major challenge facing the African Union is funding.
The union’s 2013 budget was approved at a summit in
July 2012 of which 44% comes from member nations,
while the remainder comes from development partners.
 Of the amount being contributed by members, a mere
fracion goes towards programs of the AU while 96 per
cent funds operational costs.
 This means that program costs for key institutions such
as the Pan African Parliament, the Human Rights
Commission and the Anti-Corruption Board are being
paid for by donors.
 Some have even started to ask: ‘Who is driving the true
African agenda?’

 It also highlights the need for some of the bigger and more
developed AU states to take a lead in the continent’s affairs.
Currently, only five countries contribute two-thirds of the
portion from AU member states.
 From the so-called ‘Big Five’—South Africa, Nigeria, Libya,
Egypt and Algeria—only two were paid up by mid-2012.
 In 2011, Libya’s Muammar Gaddafi withheld his country’s
contribution, voicing displeasure at what he believed to be a
lack of progress in a move towards a ‘United States of Africa’.
 Meanwhile, only eleven of the 54 member states had fully
paid their contributions by mid-2012.
 With such shortcomings as these in the area of funding, it is
inevitable that the AU will fail to operate effectively.

 Funding
 One important place to start in addressing this problem is to
deal with corruption and the illicit flow of money from Africa.
 The continent possesses great wealth in its resources, but
little of this wealth is used in the development of the
continent.
 It has been estimated that Africa is losing close to billions
annually with a large portion of this from the extractive
industries, such as oil and gas exploration.
 The Centre for Citizens’ Participation on the African Union
(CCP-AU) reports that Nigeria alone has been losing 100s of
billions of oil money per year.
 Former South African President Thabo Mbeki is currently
leading a High Level Panel looking at the illicit flow of

Agenda 2063: Future of Africa
 AGENDA 2063 is Africa’s blueprint and master plan for
transforming Africa into the global powerhouse of the
future.
 It is the continent’s strategic framework that aims to
deliver on its goal for inclusive and sustainable
development and is a concrete manifestation of the
pan-African drive for unity, self-determination,
freedom, progress and collective prosperity pursued
under Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance

 The genesis of Agenda 2063 was the realization by
African leaders that there was a need to refocus and
reprioritize Africa’s agenda from the struggle against
apartheid and the attainment of political independence
for the continent which had been the focus of The
Organization of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of
the African Union; and instead to prioritize inclusive
social and economic development, continental and
regional integration, democratic governance and peace
and security amongst other issues aimed at repositioning
Africa to becoming a dominant player in the global
arena.

 The need to envision a long-term 50 year development trajectory
for Africa is important as Africa needs to revise and adapt its
development agenda due to ongoing structural transformations;
increased peace and reduction in the number of conflicts;
renewed economic growth and social progress;
 the need for people centered development, gender equality and
youth empowerment; changing global contexts such as increased
globalization and the ICT revolution;
 the increased unity of Africa which makes it a global power to be
reckoned with and capable of rallying support around its own
common agenda;
 and emerging development and investment opportunities in
areas such as agri-business, infrastructure development, health
and education as well as the value addition in African
commodities

 Agenda 2063 encapsulates not only Africa’s Aspirations
for the Future but also identifies key Flagship
Programmes which can boost Africa’s economic growth
and development and lead to the rapid transformation of
the continent.
 Agenda 2063 also identifies key activities to be
undertaken in its 10 year Implementation Plans which
will ensure that Agenda 2063 delivers both quantitative
and qualitative Transformational Outcomes for Africa’s
people

 Agenda 2063: The Africa we want (Popular version) |
African Union (au.int)

History and Transformation of the African Union

History and Transformation of the African Union

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