The document discusses sodium and water balance in the kidneys and kidney disease. The kidneys filter blood and reabsorb sodium and water to maintain fluid balance, regulated by hormones like aldosterone. Kidney diseases like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and polycystic kidney disease can impair this balance. Treatment for kidney disease may include medication, lifestyle changes, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

1. Sodium and water balance
in kidney and its disease

3. PRESENATATION TO :
PRESENATATION BY :
MUHAMMAD YOUSAF
DR.SANIA MUNIR
DEPARTMENT :
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY

4. Sodium and water balance in kidney
 Sodium reabsorption
 Water reabsorption
 Hormonal regulation
 Feedback mechanisms:
Process

5. 2. Sodium reabsorption:
 The kidneys filter the blood, removing waste products
and excess sodium and water. However, the body needs to
retain some of the sodium in the blood to maintain proper
fluid balance. The kidneys reabsorb sodium from the filtered
fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

6. 1.Water reabsorption:
 Along with sodium, the kidneys also reabsorb water from
the filtered fluid, which helps to maintain the body's fluid
balance. The amount of water reabsorbed depends on the
body's hydration status and the levels of various hormones
that regulate fluid balance.

7. 3.Hormonal regulation:
 Several hormones, including aldosterone, antidiuretic
hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), play a
role in regulating sodium and water balance in the kidneys.
Aldosterone, which is produced by the adrenal glands,
increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

8. Feedback mechanisms:
 The kidneys also have feedback mechanisms that help to maintain
proper fluid balance. For example, if the blood becomes too
concentrated (i.e., there is too little water), the kidneys will decrease
sodium reabsorption and increase water reabsorption to maintain fluid
balance. Conversely, if the blood becomes too dilute (i.e., there is too
much water), the kidneys will decrease water reabsorption and increase
sodium reabsorption to maintain fluid balance.

9. Kidney disease
There are various types of kidney disease, including:
2. Chronic kidney disease (CKD): a progressive, long-term
condition in which the kidneys gradually lose function over
time. CKD can be caused by conditions such as diabetes, high
blood pressure, and glomerulonephritis.
1.Acute kidney injury (AKI): a sudden, temporary loss of
kidney function that can occur due to injury, infection, or
dehydration

10. Kidney disease

11. 3. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD): a genetic
condition in which cysts develop in the kidneys, leading to reduced
kidney function over time.
4. Glomerulonephritis: an inflammation of the kidneys'
filtering units (glomeruli), which can be caused by infections,
autoimmune diseases, or other factor
Kidney disease

12. kidney disease may include
medication
 lifestyle changes
 Dialysis
 kidney transplantation

13. KIDNEY DISEASE
What is a kidney stone?
A kidney stone is a hard object that is made from chemicals in the urine
There are four types of kidney stones:
calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine.
A kidney stone may be treated
shockwave lithotripsy, uteroscopy, percutaneous
nephrolithomy
. Common symptoms
severe pain in lower back, blood in your urine, nausea,
vomiting, fever and

14. Dialysis

15. kidney transplantation