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و درجة حرارة الاشتعال الذاتي auto-ignition temperature درجة الوميض (flash point)
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Saif al-din ali
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و درجة حرارة الاشتعال الذاتي auto-ignition temperature درجة الوميض (flash point)
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و درجة حرارة الاشتعال الذاتي auto-ignition temperature درجة الوميض (flash point)
1.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳـــــــــــﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ ﻗﺳم Name of Experiment "ا در(flash point)اا لا ارة در وauto-ignition temperature تا د" إﻋداد: ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔA ""
2.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك اﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ اﺳم: درﺟﮫ ﺗﻌﯾﯾناﻟزﯾوت ﻣن ﻟﻌدد اﻻﺣﺗراق ﺣرارة ودرﺟﮫ اﻟوﻣﯾض. اﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻐرض: ﺗﻐﯾﯾرھﺎ وﻣﻼﺣظﮫ اﻟزﯾوت ﻣن ﻟﻌدد اﻻﺣﺗراق ﺣرارة ودرﺟﮫ اﻟوﻣﯾض ﺣرارة درﺟﮫ ﺗﻌﯾﯾن اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ؟ اﻟزﯾت ھو ﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ھو اﻟزﯾت)fluid(ﯾﺷﻐﻠﮫ اﻟذي اﻟﺣﯾز ﺷﻛل ﯾﺄﺧذ ؟ اﻟزﯾوت اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻓواﺋد ھﻲ ﻣﺎ اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﻣﺎﻛﻧﺔ أﺟزاء ﺣرﻛﮫ ﺳﮭوﻟﮫ اﻟﺗﺑرﯾد ﻟﻐرض ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم إي اﻟﻣﺗﻼﻣﺳﺔ اﻷﺟزاء ﺑﯾن ﺣرارة درﺟﮫ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺗﺂﻛل ﺗﻘﻠﯾل إي اﻷﺟزاء ﻋﻣر زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﮫ ﻓﺎﺋدة ﻟﮭﺎاﻟﺻدأ وﺣدوث ؟ اﻟزﯾت ﻛﻔﺎءة ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻣﺎذا ﻋﻠﻰ ١.اﻟﺷواﺋب ﻣن وﺧﻠوه اﻟزﯾت ﻧﻘﺎوة ٢.ﻣﻘداراﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ٣.درﺟﮫﺣرارةواﻟوﻣﯾض اﻻﺣﺗراق اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ)viscosity(: اﻟﻘص ﻟﻘوى اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﮫ ﻣﻘﯾﺎس ھﻲ)( shear forceاﻟزاوي واﻟﺗﺷوه)( angular deformation أﻟﻧﺗﺎﺟﮫاﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك ﻗوة ﻣن وﺣدات ﺗوﺟدﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔﻟﻘﯾﺎساﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ=. ⁄ ﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔSAE=اﻟﻣﮭﻧدﺳﯾن ﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﺑﺎرة ﻣﺧﺗﺻر وھﻲ اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ وﺣدة وھﻲ اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﯾﺔ Society America engineering=. m⁄
3.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك أﻧواع ﺛﻼث إﻟﻰ ﻟزوﺟﺗﮭﺎ ﺣﺳب اﻟزﯾوت ﺗﻘﺳﯾم ﯾﺗم: ١.ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ زﯾوتLight lubrication:وﺗﺳﺗﺧدمﻓﻲﻛﻣﺎﺋناﻻﺣﺗراقأﻟﺑﺳطﮫﻣﺛلﻣﻛﺎﺋن اﻟﺧﯾﺎطﺔﺑﻣﻘدار ﻟزوﺟﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﻛون10SAE ٢.ﻣﺗوﺳطﮫ زﯾوتMedium lubrication:ﻓﻲ وﺗﺳﺗﺧدمﻣﻛﺎﺋناﻟداﺧﻠﻲ اﻻﺣﺗراقﻣﺛل اﻟﺳﯾﺎراتاﻟﺻﻐﯾرةﻟز وﺗﻛونوﺟﺗﮭﺎ40SAE ٣.ﺛﻘﯾﻠﺔ زﯾوت: Heavy lubricationاﻟﻣﻛﺎﺋن اﻟذاﺗﻲ اﻻﺣﺗراق ﻣﻛﺎﺋن ﻓﻲ وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑﯾن ﯾﺗراوح ﻟزوﺟﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﻘدار اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة)-40-60( SAE *رﻗمSAEاﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ﺗزداد ﯾزﯾد ﻛﻠﻣﺎ V U=0 U=V F ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺻﻔﯾﺣﺔ ﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ ﺻﻔﯾﺣﮫ
4.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك ﺗﻌرﺿﮭﺎ ﻋﻧد اﻟزﯾوت ھذه ﻟﻛنإﻟﻰﺣرارةإﺛﻧﺎءﺗﺑﺧر وﺳرﻋﮫ ﺗﺗﺑﺧر ﺳوف اﻟﻣﻛﺎﺋن ھذه اﺷﺗﻐﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺗم اﻟزﯾتﻧوﻋﯾﮫﻟزوﺟﺗﮫ وﻣﻘدار اﻟزﯾت.ﻓﻲ ﻗﯾﺎﻣﻧﺎ ﻓﻌﻧداﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔﯾﺗماﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻷﺟزاء ﻣن اﻟﻣﻛون: ١.ﻟﻠزﯾت ﻣدرج وﻋﺎء)وﺑدﻗﮫ( ٢.زﺋﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﺣرار ٣.ﻏﺎزي ﻣﺻدر ٤.ﺣراري ﻣﺻدر ٥.ﻏﺎزﯾﺗﯾن ﺷﻌﻠﺗﯾن)ﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ و ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ( ٦.ﻣؤﻗت ﻛﻣﯾﮫ وﺿﻊ ﯾﺗم ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ ﻗﯾﺎﻣﻧﺎ ﻋﻧدﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺔﻣﺳﺗوى ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﮫ ﻣدرج ﻣﻌدﻧﻲ وﻋﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟزﯾت ﻣن ﻣﺣر وﺟود ﻣﻊ اﻟزﯾتﻣﺻدر اﻟوﻋﺎء ﺗﺣت وﯾوﺟد اﻟزﯾت ﺣرارة درﺟﮫ ﻟﻘﯾﺎس زﺋﺑﻘﻲ ارﺣراري ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻏﺎزي ﺣراري ﻣﺻدر وﺟود ﻣﻊ اﻟزﯾت ﻟﺗﺳﺧﯾنﻹﺷﻐﺎلاﻟﺷﻌﻠﺗﯾناﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺗﯾن ﻓﺗرات وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﮫ أﺑﺧره ﺗﺗﺻﺎﻋد ﺳوف واﻟوﻋﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺑﺑط اﻟزﯾت ﺗﺳﺧﯾن ﯾﺑدأ ﻓﻌﻧدﻣﺎ واﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﺷﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﮭب ﺗﻘرﯾب ﯾﺗم ﻣﺗﻘﺎرﺑﺔﻟﺣﯾن اﻟزﯾت أﺑﺧره ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎوي اﻟزﯾت ﺳطﺢ ﻣن اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻋﻧدھﺎ ﯾﺣدث اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﻘرﯾﺑﺔ اﻟﺣرارة ﻟدرﺟﮫ اﻟﻣﺳﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ وان ﻣﻣﯾزه وﻣﺿﮫ ﺣدث ﺑﻛﺛرة اﻟﻠﮭب ﺗﻘرﯾب ﺗﻛرار ﻣن ﺗﻘﻠل
5.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻧﻘطﺔ: (flash point)أدﻧﻰ ھﻲ اﻻﺷﺗﻌﺎل ﺳرﯾﻊ ﻟﺳﺎﺋلﺣرارة درﺟﺔﯾﺷﻛل أن ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﮭواء ﻣﻊ ﻣزﯾﺞ ﻋﻧدھﺎﻟﻼﺷﺗﻌﺎل ﻗﺎﺑل.وﻋﻧداﻟﺣرارة درﺟﺔﻋﻧد اﻟﺑﺧﺎر اﺷﺗﻌﺎل إﯾﻘﺎف ﯾﻣﻛن ھذه اﻹﺷﻌﺎل ﻣﺻدر إزاﻟﺔ.،ﻗﻠﯾﻼ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺣرارة درﺟﺔ وﻋﻧد اﻻﺷﺗﻌﺎل ﻧﻘطﺔ: ( Fire point)ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺗراق اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﯾﺳﺗﻣر اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﺣرارة درﺟﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌرف ، إﺷﻌﺎﻟﮫ ﺑﻌد.ﺣرارة ﺑدرﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر ھذه ﻣن أي ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﻻ،اﻟﻣﺣﺗرق اﻟﺳﺎﺋل أو اﻹﺷﻌﺎل ﻣﺻدر ﺑﻛﺛﯾر ذﻟك ﻣن أﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻛون اﻟﺗﻲ.،اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ﻟﻠوﻗود ﺗوﺻﯾف ﻛﺳﻣﺔ اًﻛﺛﯾر اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻧﻘطﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟوﻗود ﺑﻐرض ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻻ اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﺳواﺋل ﻟوﺻف ﺎًأﯾﺿ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻟﻘﯾﺎس أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎن ﻧوﻋﺎن وھﻧﺎك:اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس طرﯾﻘﺔواﻟﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس طرﯾﻘﺔ. ﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ ﻛﺄس ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺗواة اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺗﻛون ،اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس أﺟﮭزة ﻓﻲ)اﻟﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﺟﺎءت ھﻧﺎ وﻣن(اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ ﻓوق اﻟﻠﮭب ﺗﻣرﯾر ﯾﺗم ﻓﺗرات وﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺗﺳﺧن.ﻓﻲ ﺗﺗﻔﺎوت ﺳوف اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻧﻘطﺔ إن ﺣرار درﺟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺎف ارﺗﻔﺎع وﻋﻧد ،اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ﺳطﺢ ﻓوق اﻟﻠﮭب ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻊ اﻟواﻗﻊاﻟوﻣﯾض ﻧﻘطﺔ ة درﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺗزاﻣن ﺳوفاﻻﺷﺗﻌﺎل ﻧﻘطﺔ.اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ھذه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ وﻣن:اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﻔﻼﻧد(COC)اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس وطرﯾﻘﺔﺑﺗﻧﺳﻛﻲ-ﻣﺎرﺗن.اﻟﻛﺄس أن ھو اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ واﻟﻔرق ﻓﻲ واﻷﺳﻔل اﻟﺟواﻧب ﻣن ﺗﺳﺧن اﻟﻛﺄس أن ﺣﯾن ﻓﻲ ،اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻔل ﻣن ﺗﺳﺧن ااﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ. ﻋﻧﮭﺎ وﻣﺛﺎل ،اﻟﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس اﺧﺗﺑﺎر أﺟﮭزةاﻟﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس طرﯾﻘﺔﺑﺗﻧﺳﻛﻲ–ﻣﺎرﺗنﻣﻊ ﻣﺧﺗوﻣﺔ ، ًﺎﯾدور ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻣن اﻹﺷﻌﺎل ﻣﺻدر إدﺧﺎل ﯾﺗم ﻏطﺎء.ﺗوازن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ﻓوق اﻟﺑﺧﺎر أن ﯾﻔﺗرض اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻘول.اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻟﻧﻘطﺔ أدﻧﻰ ﻗﯾم ﺗﻌطﻲ اﻟﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻛﺄس طرﯾﻘﺔ أﺟﮭزة إن)ﻋﺎدة٥- ١٠ﻛﻠﻔن)إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﺿﻐط ﻋﻧدھﺎ ﯾﺻل اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﺣرارة ﻟدرﺟﺔ أﻓﺿل اًﺗﻘدﯾر ﺗﻌطﻲ وھﻲاﻟﺣد اﻟﻣﺷﺗﻌل اﻷدﻧﻰ(LFL). اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات ﻣن ﺑدﻻ ﺗﺟرﯾﺑﻲ ﻗﯾﺎس ھﻲ اﻟوﻣﯾض ﻧﻘطﺔ.اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﺳﺗﺧﺗﻠف درﺟﺔ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌدل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺑﻣﺎ ،اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر وطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدات اﺧﺗﻼف ﻣﻊاﻟﺣرارة)آﻻت ﻓﻲاﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻵﻟﯾﺔ(اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺗﺣرﯾك ﺗم وإذا اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺣﺟم ،ﺗﺗوازن ﻟﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺗروك واﻟوﻗت ،.
6.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك رﻣز إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧظر"دوﻧﺎتAPI donut"اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﻲ اﻟﺑﺗرول ﻟﻣﻌﮭدAmerican Petroleum Institute (API)،أﺷﯾﺎء ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻌرف ﯾﻣﻛن: ·اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ/اﻟﻧصﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺗﺻف(‘A’)اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻣﮭﻧدﺳﻲ ﻟﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﯾم ﺗﻌطﻲSAE viscosity grade،ﺛﻘل ﺗﺣدد اﻟﺗﻲ/اﻟزﯾت ﺛﺧوﻧﺔ.ﻣن رﻗﻣﻲ ﻣدى ﻟﮫ اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﯾم٠إﻟﻰ٥٠ﺑزﯾﺎدة/ﺧطوة٥اﻟرﻗم ؛ ﺛﻘﯾل زﯾت ﯾدل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟرﻗم ﺧﻔﯾف زﯾت ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾدل اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔض.واﺣد رﻗم وﺟود ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ،اﻧ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ذﻟك ﻓﺈنﮫ درﺟﺔ ذو زﯾت/ﻓردﯾﺔ ﻣرﺗﺑﺔsingle grade oilھو اﻟزﯾت ﻓﺈن ﺷرطﺔ ﯾﻔﺻﻠﮭﻣﺎ رﻗﻣﯾن وﺟود ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ؛ اﻟدرﺟﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددmultigrid oil.اﻟدرﺟﺎت ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟزﯾت،اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﺳﺑﯾل ﻋﻠﻰ10W-30،ﯾﻛون ان ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺻﻣم اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ھذا ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟدرﺟﺔ رﻗم ﻷول ﻟزوﺟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ ﻟﮫ)SAE 10(ﺣرارة درﺟﺔ ﻋﻧد ﻟﻠزﯾتﺑﺎردة،وﺧﺎﺻﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ھذا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟرﻗم اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ)SAE 30(اﻟﺳﺎﺧﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺣرارة درﺟﺔ ﻋﻧد ﻟﻠزﯾت. اﻟرﻣزWأوwinterاﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ اﻟﺣرارة درﺟﺎت ﻋﻧد اﻟزوﺟﺔ ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت ﯾﻠﺑﻲ اﻟزﯾت ان ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾدل ﻟﻠﺗﻣﯾز)ﺗﺣت ٣٠ﻓﮭرﻧﮭﯾت درﺟﺔ،٠ﻣﺋوﯾﺔ درﺟﺔ.( ·اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ/اﻟﻧصاﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺟزء(‘B’)اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﻲ اﻟﺑﺗرول ﻟﻣﻌﮭد اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ ﺗﺻﻧﯾف ھﻲAmerican Petroleum Institute (API)،اﻟزﯾت ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺻﻣم اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت وﻗود ﻧوع ﯾﺣدد ﺣرﻓﯾن ﻣن اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾف ھذا. ﺑﺎﻟﺣرف ﯾﺑدأ اﻟذي اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾف‘S’اﻟﺑﻧزﯾن ﺑﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ﺧﺎص،ﺑﺎﻟﺣرف واﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﺎت‘C’اﻟدﯾزل ﺑﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ﺧﺎص. اﻟﺣراﻟوﻗود ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﯾﺣدد اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ف-اﻟﺣرف ﺗرﺗﯾب ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ،اﻟزﯾت ﯾوﻓرھﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻣزﯾد ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺣرك.ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﻘﺎﻋدة،ﺑﮫ اﻟﻣوﺻﻲ ان ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗرﺗﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣرف ﺗرﺗﯾب ذو اﻟزﯾت اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﺑﺎﻟﺗرﺗﯾب ﺣرف ھو،اﻟزﯾت ﻓﺈن ﻣﺛﺎلSJﯾﺗ ﻣﺣرك أي ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﯾﻣﻛنطﻠبSB, SG or SH. اﻷﺳﻔل ﺑﺎﻟﺟزء اﻟﻧص(‘C’)ﺑﮫ ﻣﻛﺗوب"اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﻔﺎظEnergy Conserving "ﺷﻲء ﺑﮫ ﯾﻛﺗب ﻻ أو-اﻟزﯾت اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻌﮫ ﯾﺗم اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺣﺎﻓظ اﻟذيfriction modifiersاﻟوﻗود اﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﺗﺣﺳﯾن وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ،ﻋﻧد اﻟﮭﻧد ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﺧﺗﺑﺎر أي ﻓﻲ اﺧﺗﺑﺎرهﺳﯾﺔ.
7.
ﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ
8.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ رﻗماﻟوﻣﯾض ﺣرارة درﺟﺔاﻻﺣﺗراق درﺟﮫ ١20215225 ٢30220230 ٣40230240 اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ: ١.اﻟوﻣﯾض ﺣرارة درﺟﮫ ﺗﻌﯾﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻔﺎﺋدة ﻣﺎ اﻟزﯾت ﻧﻘﺎوة ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻌﯾﯾن أﻟﻧﻘطﮫ ﻟﮭذه اﻟزﯾت اﻗﺗراب ﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻠﯾل ٢.ﻋﻠﻰﻣﺎذاﺗﻌﺗﻣدﻛﻔﺎﺋﮫاﻟزﯾت اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ واﻟوﻣﯾض اﻻﺣﺗراق ﺣرارة درﺟﮫ اﻟزﯾت ﻧﻘﺎوة اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺟو ﺣرارة درﺟﺎت ﺣﺳب اﻟزﯾت اﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﯾوم زﯾوتاﻟزﯾوت اداء ﻗدرات ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣﺻﻣﻣﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺎتprotective additives اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺎتsurface protection additives اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ إﺿﺎﻓﺎتanti-wear agentsواﻟﺘﺄﻛﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞfriction and wear،ﺑﻤﻌﺪن ﻣﻌﺪن اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻨﻊ ﻓﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة. واﻟﺘﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﺼﺪأ ﻣﻨﻊ إﺿﺎﻓﺎتcorrosion and rust inhibitorsﺻﺪأ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺰاء. ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ إﺿﺎﻓﺎتاﻟﺮواﺳﺐdetergents keep surfaces free of deposits.
9.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك ٣.؟ أﻟوﻣﺿﮫ ﻟﺣدوث ﺗوﻓرھﺎ أﻻزﻣﮫ اﻟﺷروط ھﻲ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﺗﺻﺎﻋدة اﻷﺑﺧرة اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﺷﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﮭب اﻻﺣﺗراق ﺣراره درﺟﮫ ﻣن اﻗل ﻟﻠزﯾت اﻟﺣرارة درﺟﮫ ٤.اﻻﺣﺗراق ﻣﻛﺎﺋن ﻓﻲ اﻟزﯾت اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣن ﻓﺎﺋدة ﻣﺎ اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﺳﮭوﻟﮫاﻟﻣﺎﻛﻧﺔ أﺟزاء ﺣرﻛﮫ اﻟﺗﺑرﯾد ﻟﻐرض ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم إي اﻟﻣﺗﻼﻣﺳﺔ اﻷﺟزاء ﺑﯾن ﺣرارة درﺟﮫ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺻدأ وﺣدوث اﻟﺗﺂﻛل ﺗﻘﻠﯾل إي اﻷﺟزاء ﻋﻣر زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﮫ ﻓﺎﺋدة ﻟﮭﺎ ٥.اﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣؤﺛرة اﻟﻌواﻣل: اﻟزﯾت ﻟزوﺟﺔ اﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ ﻋﻣل ﻣﻛﺎن)اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ اﻟﻣﺣﯾط( اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟزﯾت ﻧوﻋﯾﮫ اﻟﺗﺟرﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ دﻗﮫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧ اﻟﻣﺣرار دﻗﮫدم
10.
ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدﯾن ﺳﯾفﻣﺎﺿﻲ/اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ
ﻛﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﻐداد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ/اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾك ٦. ﻧﻼدرﺟﮫ ﺗزداد اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ ﺑزﯾﺎدة اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟدرﺟﺔ ﻣن وھﻲ ﺧطﯾﮫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ إن ﺣظ اﻟوﻣﯾض وﺣرارة اﻻﺣﺗراق ﺣرارهدرﺟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺗﺄﺧر اﻟوﻣﯾض ﺣراره درﺟﮫ ﻟﻛن اﻻﺣﺗراق ﺣرارة 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 اﻟﻠزوﺟﮫدرﺟﮫ اﻟوﻣﯾض ﺣرارة 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 اﻟﻠزوﺟﮫدرﺟﮫ اﻻﺣﺗراق ﺣرارة
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