Congestive cardiac failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects over 20 million people worldwide, with a prevalence that rises exponentially with age to 6-10% of people over 60. There are several types of heart failure depending on whether the left ventricle, right ventricle, or both are affected. The pathophysiology of congestive cardiac failure involves reductions in factors like contractility, preload, and afterload that determine the heart's cardiac output and ability to effectively pump blood. Common clinical manifestations include dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue, abdominal pain, and edema.

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CCF
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CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
DEFINITION;
Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient
blood to meet the metabolic requirements of the body
EPIDEMOLOGY;
 HF is a burgeoning problem worldwide with more than 20 million people affected.
The overall prevalence of HF in the adult population in developed countries is 2%.
HF prevalence follows an exponential pattern , rising with age , and affects 6-10% of
people over age 6
 Although the relative incidence of HF is lower in women than in men , women
constitute at least one - half the cases of HF because of their longer life expectancy
TYPES;
1 .Left ventricle failure; Failure occurs solely in the left ventricle signs and symptoms are
related to congestion of lung
2 .Right ventricle failure; Failure occurs in the right ventricle, signs and symptoms
related to systemic congestion
3 .Congestive heart failure; Combination of both left and right ventricles failure
4.Diastolic heart failure; Heart muscles become stiffer than normal leads to lack of blood
flow to the rest of the organs in your body. It is common in women than in men
5. Systolic heart failure; Heart muscles loses its ability to contract. It is more common in
men than in women
ETIOLOGY AND REASONS
 Reduction in muscle mass
 Dilated cardiomyopathies
 Ventricular hypertrophy - 1. Pressure overload
2 .Volume overload
 Increased ventricular stiffness
 Ventricular hypertrophy
 Myocardial ischemia and infarction
 Pericardial diseases

2. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CCF
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;
To understand the pathophysiologic process in heart failure understanding of cardiac function
is necessary
Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume
The cardiac performance depends on four factors
1 .Preload
2 .Afterload
3. Contractility
4 . Heart rate

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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS;
Dyspnea
Orthopenia
Tachypnea
Cough
Fatigue
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Bloating
Ascites
Poor appetite
Mental status changes
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS;
Blood profile
Serum creatinine and urea levels
Liver function tests
Thyriod function tests
ECG
ECHO
Chest radiography

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