These was a tutorial presentation on pathology of obesity. Mostly focusing on obesity in Nigeria

1. PATHOLOGY OF OBESITY
BY
ADAMU SZ
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2. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• MEASUREMENT OF FAT
• CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY
• RISK FACTORS
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• CONSEQUENCES
• OBESITY AND CANCER
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES.
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3. INTRODUCTION
Obesity is defined as an excess of adipose tissue
that imparts health risk; a body weight of 20%
excess over ideal weight for age, sex and height
is considered a health risk.
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4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Globally, the World Health Organization estimates
that by 2015, 700 million adults will be obese
• Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since
1980
• In 2014 39% of adults were overweight and 13%
obese
• In U.S,78 million adults and 12.5 million children
are obese. In 2010, the prevalence adult 36%,
16.9% in children
• Women are more affected.
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5. EPIDEMIOLOGY 2
I.I Chukwuonye el al 2013:The prevalence of
overweight was 20.3%–35.1%, while obesity
8.1%–22.2%.
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6. EPIDEMIOLOGY 3
• Bakari et al 2007: Obesity, overweight, and
underweight in suburban Northern Nigeria.
• 317 subjects, 267 (84.23%) males and
50(15.77%) females
• Obesity 41 (13.1%), overweight 58 (18.5%)
while underweight 21(6.7%)
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7. EPIDEMIOLOGY 4
• Okafor, et al; 2014 Obesity/weight distribution
pattern in Urban Nigerians
• 5392 participants, 54.5% males and 45.5%
females. Obesity, overweight, and underweight
were found in 17%, 31%, and 5% of participants
respectively.
• The prevalence of obesity were significantly
higher both among the females and the
participants from southern zones
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8. MEASUREMENT OF BODY FAT
• Body mass index (BMI)
• Waist circumference
• Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
• Skinfold thickness
• Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
• Underwater weighing
• Bioelectrical impedance analysis
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9. CLASSIFICATION
WHO classification based on BMI;
• Grade 1 (overweight)-BMI of 25-29.9kg/m²
• Grade 2 (obesity)-BMI of 30-39.9kg/m²
• Grade 3 (morbid obesity)-BMI ≥ 40kg/m²
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11. RISK FACTORS
• Metabolic factors
• Genetic factors
• Level of activity
• Sex and age factors
• Socioeconomic status
• Dietary habits
• Smoking cessation
• Pregnancy and menopause
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12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• The neurohumoral mechanism has three
components;
• Peripheral/afferent system
• The arcuate nucleus; {POMC (pro-
opiomelanocortin) and CART (cocaine and
amphetamine-regulated transcripts) neurons}
and {neurons containing NPY (neuropeptideY)
and AgRP (agouti-related peptide)}.
• The efferent system
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15. CONSEQUENCES
• Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
• Hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL
• Non alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Cholelithiasis
• Hypoventilation and hyper somnolence- cor
pulmonale
• Osteoarthritis.
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17. OBESITY AND CANCER
• Elevated insulin level
• Excessive steroid hormones
• Adiponectin level
• Proinflammatory state
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19. CONCLUSION
Obesity can be viewed as a disturbance of complex
homeostatic mechanisms controlling energy
balance in the body. It is a major health problem in
developed nations with an increasing incidence in
developing countries. Being overweight or obese is
known to contribute significantly to morbidity and
mortality rates in various countries around the
world and lifestyle modifications play a great role in
its control.
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20. REFERENCES
• Vinay K, Abul KA, Jon C ROBBINS AND COTRAN
Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th ed. Philadelphia Elvester
Saunders Inc. 2015 Pg. 444-8.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity
• http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en
/index.html
• Bakari el al Obesity, overweight and under weight in
Suburban Northern Nigeria Int J Diabetes &
Metabolism (2007) 15: 68-69
• Okafor et al Obesity/weight distribution pattern in
urban Nigerians Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice
2014 May 24 17;6
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21. REFERENCES
• Srivastava el al pathophysiology and genetics of
obesity Indian J EXP BIOL 2007 Nov.
• Gurevich-Panigrahi et al. Current Medicinal
Chemistry, 2009 16;1
• Chukwuonye II et al Prevalence of overweight
and obesity in adult Nigerians Dove press journal
2013 Jan 21:6 43–7.
• Yunusa Rabiu Pathology of Obesity 2016
• https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-
prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet
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