3. LEARNING OUTCOME
• TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING & DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIGHT ISSUES AND BONUS SHARES
• TO KNOW THAT COMPANY MAY ALTER ITS SHARE CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND ONLY CAN
RETURN ITS CAPITAL TO ITS MEMBERS UNLESS PERMITTED BY COMPANIES ACT 2016.
• TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN A MEMBER AND A SHAREHOLDER OF A COMPANY.
• TO KNOW WHO IS QUALIFIED TO BE A MEMBER OF A COMPANY AND THE WAYS TO BECOME A
MEMBER OF A COMPANY.
• TO DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE OF TRANSFER OF SHARES FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF BOTH
COMPANY AND TRANSFEREE
• TO DESCRIBE THE SHARE CERTIFICATE AND TO KNOW THE REGISTERS PERTAINING TO
MEMBERS WHICH MUST BE KEPT BY A CCOMPANY
4. RIGHT ISSUE
• AS MENTIONED BEFORE: WHEN A COMPANY APPLIED SECTION 85 OF CA 2016;
THEN IT SHALL BE DEALT WITH UNDER RIGHT ISSUE.
• THIS IS BECAUSE UNDER SECTION 85 CA 2016, THE CLAUSE ON PRE EMPTIVE
RIGHTS PROVIDE THE SAME MEANING TO RIGHT ISSUE:
“ WHERE A COMPANY ISSUES NEW SHARES WHICH RANK EQUALLY TO EXISTING
SHARES AS TO THE VOTING OR DISTRIBUTION RIGHTS, THE COMPANY MUST
FIRST OFFER THE NEW SHARES TO THE MEMBERS OF EXISTING SHARES ON
PRO RATED BASIS
5. RIGHT ISSUE
• DEFINITION:
NEW SHARES OFFERED BY COMPANY TO EXISTING
SHAREHOLDERS ON PRO-RATA BASIS WITHIN A FIXED
TIME PERIOD.
• WHEN A COMPANY NEEDS MORE FUNDS FOR ITS
BUSINESS, IT MAY DECIDE OR BE REQUIRED BY ITS
CONSTITUTION TO MAKE A SUBSEQUENT ISSUE OF
SHARES, TO OFFER THE NEW SHARES TO EXISTING
SHAREHOLDERS ON PRO-RATA BASIS TO THEIR EXISTING
SHAREHOLDINGS AT THE TIME OF THE OFFER.
• FOR EXAMPLE, ONE NEW SHARE FOR EVERY TWO SHARES
ALREADY HELD BY THE SHAREHOLDERS. THIS IS KNOWN
AS RIGHTS ISSUE.
• THE TERMS OF A RIGHTS ISSUE MUST BE APPLICABLE TO
ALL SHARES OF THE SAME CLASS.
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6. RIGHT ISSUE (CONT)
• RIGHTS ISSUES ARE USUALLY OFFERED AT A LOWER
PRICE THAN THE CURRENT MARKET PRICE OF THE
SHARES
• EXAMPLE COMPANY ISSUE 1 FOR FOUR RIGHT
SHARES AT AN EXERCISE PRICE OF RM1 WHILE
MARKET PRICE AT RM1.50
IMPORTANT NOTE:
IT HAS TO LOOK INTO SEC 85 WHEN WANT TO GIVE
RIGHT ISSUE. THIS TO ENSURE THAT THE VOTING AND
DISTRIBUTION RIGHTS OF THE MEMBERS MAINTAINED.
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8. BONUS ISSUE OF SHARES
• DEFINITION:
THIS IS AN ALLOTMENT OF SHARES TO EXISTING
SHAREHOLDERS IN THE PROPORTION OF THEIR PRESENT
HOLDINGS.
• ‘A BONUS ISSUE OF ONE NEW SHARE FOR EVERY EXISTING
SHARE HELD BY THE SHAREHOLDERS’ MEANS THE
COMPANY IS ALLOTTING FULLY PAID-UP SHARES TO
SHAREHOLDERS ON THE BASIS OF ONE NEW SHARE FOR
EVERY ONE SHARE CURRENTLY HELD.
• THIS TYPE OF SHARE DO NOT INVOLVE ANY CASH OUTLAY
ON THE PART OF THE SHAREHOLDERS.
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10. DISTINGUISH
RIGHT ISSUE BONUS ISSUE
Right shares are the one
available to the existing
shareholders equivalent to their
holdings, that can be bought at a
fixed price, for a definite period
of time.
Bonus shares refers to the shares
issued by the company free of
cost to the existing shareholders
in the proportion of their
holdings, out of accumulated
profits and reserves.
Issued at discounted prices Issued free of cost
To raise fresh capital for the
firm.
To bring the market price per
share, within a more popular
range.
BASIS FOR
COMPARISON
1) DEFINITION
2) PRICE
3) OBJECTIVE
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11. DISTINGUISH …CONTINUED
RIGHT ISSUE BONUS ISSUE
Shareholders may fully or
partly renounce their rights.
No such renunciation
Either fully or partly paid up. Always fully paid up.
it shall be to the discretion of the
existing shareholder to offer
whatever subscription of shares
the existing shareholder shall
accept whatever amount be
offered
BASIS FOR
COMPARISON
3)
RENUNCIATION
4) PAID UP
VALUE
5) MINIMUM
SUBSCRIPTION
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13. INTRODUCTION
UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT 2016: A COMPANY MAY HAVE ONLY ONE
MEMBER, AND THE SOLE MEMBER CAN BE INDIVIDUAL.
UNDER SECTION 42 IT’S ALREADY MENTIONED THAT THE MAXIMUM
NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN A PRIVATE COMPANY IS 50. AND IF IT IS
EXEMPT PRIVATE COMPANY, THE MAXIMUM IS 20 (SECTION 2(1)).
BUT IT WILL NOT INCLUDE FOR PUBLIC COMPANY. PUBLIC COMPANY
SHALL NOT HAVE MAXIMUM NUMBER IMPOSED.
TO AN INVESTOR, IT IS IMPORTANT FOR HIM TO KNOW WHETHER HE IS
A MEMBER OF A COMPANY OR NOT. BECAUSE AS A MEMBER HE IS
ENTITLED TO CERTAIN RIGHTS. THE COMPANY ALSO WILL WANT TO
KNOW WHO IS THEIR MEMBER.
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14. MEMBERSHIP
• MEMBERSHIP IS DEFINED AS PEOPLE OR CORPORATION
WHO HAS INVESTED MONEY WITH THE COMPANY IN THE
EXPECTATION THAT THEY WILL RECEIVE A RETURN ON
THEIR FUNDS, EITHER IN THE FORM OF DISTRIBUTION OR
IN THE FORM OF A GROWTH IN THE VALUE OF THEIR
INVESTMENT IN THE COMPANY OVER TIME.
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• Any person who can hold property in their own name can be
member of a company including humans and artificial persons
such as companies (corporate member).
15. LEGAL PERSON
• SECTION 14(3)(E ), THE FIRST MEMBERS OF A COMPANY WILL BE NAMED IN THE
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION. IT READS AS:
“THE APPLICATION FOR INCORPORATION.....SHALL INCLUDE A STATEMENT....CONTAINING
THE FOLLOWING PARTICULARS:
....
E. THE NAME, IDENTIFICATION, NATIONALITY......WHO IS TO BE A MEMBER OF THE
COMPANY....
• THE FIRST MEMBERS OF A COMPANY MAYBE NATURAL PERSONS AS WELL AS BODY
CORPORATES.
• BODY CORPORATE: INCLUDE CORPORATIONS (COMPANIES & LLP INCORPORATED IN
MALAYSIA OR OUTSIDE MALAYSIA), ASSOCIATIONS, SOCIETIES AND STATUTORY
BODIES.
16. LEGAL TO SHARES
• SECTION 50(1) PROVIDES: EVERY COMPANY SHALL KEEP A REGISTER OF
MEMBERS (ROM).
• AMONG THE INFORMATION REQUIRED ARE THE PARTICULARS OF THE MEMBERS
• SUBSECTION 3 PROVIDE AN IMPORTANT RULE:
”THAT THE REGISTER SHALL BE PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF THE INFORMATION
INSERTED IN THE REGISTER AS REQUIRED BY THE ACT.
• THIS SHALL BE FURTHER AFFIRMED BY SECTION 101(1), WHICH PROVIDES THAT
THE NAME OF A PERSON IN THE REGISTER AS A SHAREHOLDER IS PRIMA FACIE
EVIDENCE OF HIS LEGAL TITLE TO SHARES.
17. LEGAL TITLE TO SHARES
• THUS, IT CAN BE SAID THAT A PERSON BECOME A MEMBER OF THE COMPANY WHEN HIS NAME
IS ENTERED INTO THE COMPANY’S REGISTER OF MEMBERS.
• REFERENCE TO MING YUEH HOLDINGS SDN BHD V KONG MING BANK BHD (1990) WHERE THE
COURT HELD THAT:
THE CORRECT TERM TO USE IN REFERENCE TO ANY PERSON HAVING ANY SHARE IN A COMPANY
WOULD APPEAR TO BE A MEMBER. EVEN THE FACT THAT A PERSON OWNS SHARES DOES NOT
MAKE HIM A MEMBER OF A COMPANY…IT IS POSSIBLE TO PURCHASE SHARES…WITHOUT BEING
REGISTERED AS THE HOLDER OF THOSE SHARES IN THE COMPANY’S REGISTER OF MEMBERS.
• THEREFORE, EVEN IF A PERSON PURCHASE SHARES, IT MEANS NOTHING IF THE PERSON NAME
WAS NOT IN THE REGISTER OF THE COMPANY. THIS IS AFFIRMED BY DEFINITION FOR A
MEMBER IN SECTION 2(1).
18. RESTRICTION ON
MEMBERSHIP
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18
However there are restrictions imposed on some classes of
people:
o Partnership and sole proprietorship
o Unincorporated body such as club, association and
society
o officers of the organization
o Minors (applicant must be above 18 years) – can hold
and become member unless the Constitution prohibits.
o Joint holder of shares - articles may limit the maximum
number to join.
o Bankrupt – bankruptcy can hold share but the beneficial
interest in his/her share will be vested in his assignee of estate/
trustee of bankruptcy.
19. RESTRICTION ON
MEMBERSHIP
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However there are restrictions imposed on some classes of
people:
o Deceased member – cannot become a member,
ownership of the share of a deceased member is transmitted to
his/her personal representative
o Insane member – cannot become a member, insane
member’s interest will be under the trustee of his estate.
o Holding company – a corporation if authorized by its
Constitution may hold shares in another company. However, a
corporation cannot become a member of itself.
20. MEMBERSHIP
METHODS
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• On registration of company with CCM during incorporation process-by being named
(with consent) in the application for incorporation as a proposed member, the
subscribers are deemed to be members of the company.
Automatic (section 18(2)
• By application or subscribing for new shares in the company after the company is
registered
Apply/Subscribe
• By acquiring already issued shares after the company is registered. Acquisition is
through a transfer or by transmission of shares in the company.
Acquisition of already issued shares (section 106(1))
• The entry of the person’s name in the ROM as shareholder is the prima facie
evidence that the legal title to the share is vested in that person
Registration of members –Sec 101
21. TEST TO DETERMINE
MEMBERSHIP
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• by subscribing to M&A by
application (under CA 1965)/upon
application when incorporating new
company
• or subscription of new shares
• by transfer and transmission of
shares;
agreement
to become a
member
• whether shareholders’ name are
recorded/entered/listed in the ROM
or ROD (listed company).
entry in the
Register of
members
(ROM)
22. ENTITLEMENT OF REGISTERED
SHAREHOLDER-SEC 101(2)
• EXERCISE THE RIGHT TO VOTE ATTACHED TO THE
SHARE
• RECEIVE NOTICES
• RECEIVE A DISTRIBUTION IN RESPECT OF THE SHARE,
IF ANY, AND
• EXERCISE THE OTHER RIGHTS AND POWERS
ATTACHED TO THE SHARE
NOTE :
SEC 147: DEPOSITORS IN ROD DEEMED TO BE A MEMBER
(PUBLIC LISTED COMPANY)
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23. METHODS STOP BEING A
MEMBER
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Transfer shares to
new person
Transfer shares under
buy back
Shares cancelled under a
reduction of capital
Partly paid shares are
forfeited
Company is
deregistered and
ceases to exist
25. SHARE CERTIFICATES
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25
❑In the absence of share certificate, the name of a person in
the R.O.M as shareholder is prima facie evidence of that
the legal title to the shares is vested in that person.
❑one important thing: the implementation of section 100(2)
that each share shall be distinguished by an appropriate
number unless all the issued shares of that class is fully
paid-up and rank equally.
❑if its ordinary shares and the holders are not entitle to vote,
sec90(2) requires the company to ensure the share
certificate will include “non-voting”.
❑The content of share
certificate(sec 98(1):
• The name of the company
• The class of shares held by that
person
• The number of shares held by that
person
Form of share certificate:
The book form
The loose form
26. SHARE CERTIFICATE
• GENERAL RULE:
IT IS NOW NO LONGER MANDATED FOR A COMPANY TO ISSUE A SHARE
CERTIFICATE TO A SHAREHOLDER UNLESS THE COMPANY’S CONSTITUTION
REQUIRES THEM
(SECTION 97(1), CA 2016)
• EXCEPTIONAL RULE:
EVEN IF THE COMPANY’S CONSTITUTION DOES NOT REQUIRE A SHARE
CERTIFICATE TO BE ISSUED, THE SHAREHOLDER MAY APPLY TO THE FOR ONE
UNDER THE SAME ACT.
27. SHARE CERTIFICATE
• THE REQUIREMENTS TO FOLLOW:
- THE COMPANY WILL BE REQUIRED TO ISSUE THE SHARE CERTIFICATE WITHIN 60 DAYS
FROM THE RECEIPT OF THE APPLICATION(SECTION 98(1)).
- FAILING TO DO SO, THE SHAREHOLDERS MAY TAKE THESE STEPS (SECTION 99) TO GET
THE SHARE CERTIFICATE.
1. HE SEND NOTICE TO THE COMPANY REQUIRING THE COMPANY TO DELIVER THE SHARE
CERTIFICATE WITHIN 14 DAYS
2. IF FAIL TO DO SO WITHIN TIMEFRAME, THE SHAREHOLDER MAY FILE AN APPLICATION
TO COURT FOR AN ORDER TO DIRECT THE COMPANY AND ITS OFFICERS TO DELIVER
THE SHARES.
3. THE COURT MAY ORDER THE COMPANY /OFFICERS WHO FAIL TO DELIVER TO PAY ALL
28. PROCEDURE TO APPLY FOR DUPLICATE
CERTIFICATE OR DOCUMENT IN LIEU FOR A
LOST/DESTROYED CERTIFICATE-SEC 104
PAYMENT RM50
THE COMPANY SHALL ON PAYMENT OF A FEE RM50, ISSUE A DUPLICATE CERTIFICATE OR
DOCUMENT OF TITLE OF SHARE OR DEBENTURES IF LOST OR DESTROYED TO THE
OWNER ON HIS APPLICATION :SEC 104(1)
SEE HIDDEN NOTES
DISTINGUISHING NUMBERS
WHEN A COMPANY ISSUES SHARE CERTIFICATES, EACH SHARE SHALL BE DISTINGUISHED
BY AN APPROPRIATE NUMBER. HOWEVER, IF ALL THE SHARES ISSUED ARE FULLY PAID
UP AND RANK EQUAL IN TERMS OF RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES, NO NEED FOR THE SHARES
TO HAVE A DISTINGUISHING NUMBER.
AS LONG AS IT REMAINS FULLY PAID UP AND RANKS EQUALLY FOR ALL PURPOSES WITH
ALL SHARES OF THE SAME CLASS ISSUED AND FULLY PAID UP :SEC 105(1)
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28
29. • TRANSFER OF SHARES
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30. TRANSFER OF SHARES
• A SHARE IS A TRANSFERABLE PROPERTY AND SHARES CAN BE
TRANSFERRED WHEN OWNERSHIP CHANGES HANDS AS A
VOLUNTARY ACTION BY A WILLING SELLER AND A WILLING
BUYER WHEN IT IS GIVEN AWAY TO SOME OTHER PERSON.
• THE TRANSFER OF SHARE (AND DEBENTURES) MUST BE
REGISTERED WITH COMPANIES COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA
USING A PROPER INSTRUMENT OF TRANSFER IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE COMPANIES REGULATION 2017.
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31. TRANSFER OF SHARES
• NOTWITHSTANDING SECTION 31(1) WHICH SAID THAT A COMPANY LIMITED BY
SHARES MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE A COMPANY CONSTITUTION, A PRIVATE
COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES APPEARS NECESSARY TO HAVE A COMPANY’S
CONSTITUTION IN ORDER TO BE IN LINE WITH SECTION 106(1) OF CA 2016 ON
RESTRICTIONS TO TRANSFER SHARES.
• WITHOUT HAVING A CONSTITUTION, A PERSON DEALING IN THE SHARES WILL
NOT KNOW WHETHER THERE’S ANY RESTRAIN ON THE TRANSFER JUST BY
LOOKING AT THE NAME.
• AND THE ACT SIGNIFICANTLY STATED THAT A COMPANY SHALL ONLY
REGISTER A TRANSFER OF SHARES IF THE COMPANY HAS RECEIVED “A DULY
EXECUTED AND STAMPED INSTRUMENT OF TRANSFER”
32. TRANSFER OF SHARES..CONTINUED
REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUMENT OF TRANSFER
• SEC 105(1) CA 2016 :
SUBJECT TO OTHER WRITTEN LAW, A SHAREHOLDER OR
DEBENTURE HOLDER MAY ONLY TRANSFER HIS SHARES OR
DEBENTURES IN A COMPANY BY LODGING A DULY EXECUTED
AND STAMPED INSTRUMENT OF A TRANSFER WITH THE
COMPANY.
• SEC 105(3) :
FOR PURPOSE OF EFFECTING THE TRANSFER OF
SHARES/DEBENTURES , THE COMPANY SHALL ENTER THE
NAME OF TRANSFEREE IN THE REGISTER OF MEMBERS OR
DEBENTURE HOLDERS
BINA PURI VENTURES SDN BHD V LEE POH HENG & ANOTHER
CASE (2012)
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32
33. TRANSFER OF SHARES..CONTINUED
REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUMENT OF TRANSFER
AN INSTRUMENT OF TRANSFER INCLUDES A WRITTEN
APPLICATION FOR TRANSMISSION OF A SHARE,
DEBENTURE OR OTHER INTEREST TO A PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE :SEC 105(5)
• LODGEMENT WITH COMPANY
THE TRANSFEROR/TRANSFEREE OF THE SHARES
MAY THEN LODGE THE DULY SIGNED AND STAMPED
TRANSFER FORM WITH THE COMPANY. (SECTION
105(1)). AND TOGETHER WITH THE ORIGINAL SHARE
CERTIFICATE,IF IT HAS BEEN ISSUED
BEFORE.(SEC98(2) CA 2016)
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33
34. REGISTRATION OR REFUSAL TO TRANSFER
THE PROCEDURE UNDER CA 2016:
• SECTION 106(1): THE COMPANY SHALL REGISTER THE TRANSFER WITHIN 30 DAYS FROM THE RECEIPT OF
THE INSTRUMENT OF TRANSFER, UNLESS THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE PRESENT:
1. THE CA 2016 OR COMPANY’S CONSTITUTION EXPRESSLY PERMITS THE DIRECTOR TO REFUSE OR
DELAY THE REGISTRATION FOR SUCH REASONS STATED;
2. THE DIRECTORS HAVE PASSED A RESOLUTION TO REFUSE/DELAY THE REGISTRATION WITHIN 30
DAYS FROM THE RECEIPT OF THE INSTRUMENT TO TRANSFER; AND THE RESOLUTION HAS TO STATE
THE REASONS FOR REFUSAL/DELAY
3. THE NOTICE IS SENT TO BOTH TRANSFEROR AND TRANSFEREE WITHIN 7 DAYS OF THE RESOLUTION
AND WHERE THE COMPANY IS PUBLIC COMPANY, NOTICE OF RESOLUTION MUST INCLUDETHE
REASONS FOR REJECTION/DELAY
35. REGISTRATION PROCESS
• SECTION 102, CA 2016 PROVIDES THAT THE COMPANY SECRETARY SHALL
ENSURE THAT REGISTER OF MEMBERS TO BE PROPERLY KEPT AND MAINTAINED
REGULARLY.
• THEREFORE PARTICULARS OF TRANSFER OF SHARES MUST BE RECORDED IN THE
ROM.THE COMPANY MUST REPLACE THE NAME OF THE TRANSFEROR WITH THE
NAME OF THE TRANSFEREE AS THE OWNER OF THE SHARES TRANSFERRED.
37. TRANSMISSION OF SHARES
• THIS ARISES OUT OF OPERATION OF THE LAW AS A CONSEQUENCE OF
AN EVENT SUCH AS DEMISE OF THE HOLDER OR AN ACT OF
BANKRUPTCY OF THE OWNER.
• IF THE DECEASED HAS LEFT A WILL, IT WILL BE UP TO THE EXECUTOR
OF THE WILL TO OBTAIN A GRANT OF PROBATE FROM THE HIGH
COURT, CONFIRMING THE APPOINTMENT OF THE EXECUTOR. THE
EXECUTOR SHALL BE AUTHORIZED TO SIGN THE SHARE TRANSFER
UNDER PRESCRIBED FORM TO EFFECT ANY TRANSFER AS MAY BE
REQUIRED.
• IF THE DECEASED DOES NOT HAVE A WILL, THE ESTATE WILL BE
ADMINISTERED BY THE PERSON OR PERSONS WHO HAVE BEEN
GRANTED LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION BY THE HIGH COURT. SUCH A
PERSON IS CALLED AN ADMINISTRATOR.
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38. REQUIREMENTS/PROCEDURES OF
TRANSMISSION OF SHARES
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Sec
109(1)
• Where shares/debentures is transmitted to a
person by operation of law, the person shall
notify the company in writing that the person
wishes to be registered as a shareholder or
debenture holder of the company.
Sec
109(7)
• The person to whom shares/debenture
transmitted by operation of law is
recognized as having title to his interest
in the securities shall be:
-if deceased was a sole holder: the legal
representative
-if the deceased was a joint holder: the
survivor
Sec
109(2)
• if the person decides not to
register himself as holder of the
securities, he shall testify his
election by executing to the
person a transfer of securities
39. Sec
109(3)
• Director have the same right to
refuse /delay the registration of
transfer of securities by that
member as if his death of
bankruptcy has not occured
Sec
109(6)
• The registered holder entitled to
dividends , other advantages
and rights in relation to meeting
of company or voting
Sec
109(4)
• Any document by law sufficient
evidence of probate of the will
/letter of administration of the
estate of the deceased person
shall be accepted as sufficient
evidence of the grant.
Sec
109(5)
Then, the company is required to register
the person as a shareholder/debenture
holder of the company within 60 days from
receiving the notification
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