2. TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction of immune system
2. Introduction of immune diseases
Three Autoimmune diseases
i. Celiac Disease
ii. IBD
iii. SLE
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3. IMMUNE SYSTEM
The purpose of the immune system is to keep infectious
microorganisms, such as certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi,
out of the body, and to destroy any infectious microorganisms
that do invade the body. The immune system is made up of a
complex and vital network of cells and organs that protect the
body from infection.
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5. NATURAL IMMUNITY
Natural immunity is created by the body's natural barriers, such
as the skin, and protective substances in the mouth, the urinary
tract, and on the eye surface.
Another type of natural immunity is in the form of antibodies
passed on from mother to child.
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6. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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Acquired immunity develops through exposure to specific foreign
microorganisms, toxins, and/or foreign tissues), which are "remembered"
by the body's immune system.
When that antigen enters the body again, the immune system
"remembers" exactly how to respond to it, such as with
chickenpox.
Once a person is exposed to chickenpox or the chickenpox
vaccine, the immune system will produce specific
antibodies against chickenpox.
When that same person is exposed to chickenpox again,
the immune system will trigger the release of the particular
chickenpox antibodies to fight the disease.
7. CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
White Blood Cells
Phagocytes - Neutrophils- Macrophages
Lymphocytes
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10. 60% of WBCs
‘Patrol tissues’ as they squeeze out of the capillaries.
Large numbers are released during infections
Short lived – die after digesting bacteria
Dead neutrophils make up a large proportion of puss.
NEUTROPHILS
14. Type Number of
ag binding
sites
Site of action Functions
IgG 2 •Blood
•Tissue fluid
•CAN CROSS
PLACENTA
•Increase
macrophage activity
•Antitoxins
•Agglutination
IgM 10 •Blood
•Tissue fluid
Agglutination
IgA 2 or 4 •Secretions (saliva,
tears, small intestine,
vaginal, prostate,
nasal, breast milk)
•Stop bacteria
adhering to host
cells
•Prevents bacteria
forming colonies on
mucous membranes
IgE 2 Tissues •Activate mast cells
HISTAMINE
•Worm response
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15. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES/IMMUNE
SYSTEM DISORDERS
Allergies and hypersensitivity to certain substances are considered immune
system disorders. Immune system disorders cause abnormally low activity or over
activity of the immune system.
Examples of immune disorders include:
Cancer of the immune system
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis etc
Immune complex diseases, such as viral hepatitis
Immunodeficiency diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
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21. COELIAC DISEASE
* Coeliac sprue
* Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy
Celiac disease is a serious autoimmune disorder that
can occur in genetically predisposed people where
the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small
intestine.
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22. oGluten is a general name for the proteins found in
grains (wheat, berries,rye, barley)
oThe two main proteins in gluten are glutenin and
gliadin. Gliadin is responsible for most of the
negative health effects.
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23. WHAT HAPPENS
Eating gluten
triggers an
immune
response
The immune
system attacks
the gluten
proteins
Also attacks
enzymes in the
digestive tract
TISSUE
TRANSAMINASE
Damage to villi ,
stops
absorption of
nutrients
CELIAC
DISEASE
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24. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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The destruction is mostly caused by T
cells .It attacks the enterocytes
Damage to small bowel
Atrophy and flattening of villi
Reduced area for absorption
Cellular deficiency of disaccharides
and peptides
Reduced nutrient transport carrier
27. Leads To Symptoms
Such As
DIARRHEA
STEATORRHEA
ANEMIA
OSTEOPOROSIS
INCREASED RISK OF
BLEEDING
BLOATING
Due To Reduced Intestinal
Absorption Of
Water
FATS
IRON, VIT B9,VIT B12
CALCIUM AND VIT D
VITAMIN K
NUTRIENTS 27
SYMPTOMS
30. Family
member with
celiac disease
or dermatitis
herpetiformis
Type 1
diabetes
Down
syndrome or
Turner
syndrome
Autoimmune
thyroid
disease
Microscopic
colitis
Addison's
disease
Rheumatoid
arthritis
RISK FACTORS
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31. DIAGNOSIS
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• looks for antibodies in your blood. Elevated
levels of certain antibody proteins indicate
an immune reaction to gluten.
SEROLOGY
TESTING
• human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DQ2 and
HLA-DQ8) can be used to rule out celiac
disease
GENETIC
TESTING
32. TREATMENT
The only treatment for celiac disease is lifelong
adherence to a strict gluten-free diet.
You’ll need to avoid any foods made with wheat
and wheat flour. Other food that contain gluten
includes:
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Rye
Barley
Durum
Graham flour
Malt
Semolina
33. VITAMINS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation
may also be prescribed
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34. MEDICATION
Medication is not normally required
except in some cases of dermatitis
herpetiformis, in which medication such
as dapsone or sulfa pyridine is
administered for a short period of time to
control the rash.
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36. NON-RESPONSIVE COELIC DISEASE
As many as 30 percent of people with celiac
disease may not have, or be able to maintain, a
good response to a gluten-free diet.
This condition, known as NONRESPONSIVE
CELIAC DISEASE is often due to contamination
of the diet with gluten.
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37. People with NON RESPONSIVE CELIAC
disease may have additional conditions
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MICROSCOPIC
COLITIS
IRRITABLE
BOWEL
SYNDROME
LACTOSE
INTOLERANCE
38. REFRACTORY COELIC DISEASE
Refractory coeliac disease is a very rare
complication of coeliac disease with an
increased risk of certain types of cancer.
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44. It is an inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) that causes long-
lasting inflammation and ulcers in
your digestive tract.
Ulcerative colitis affects the
innermost lining of your large
intestine and rectum
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49. 49
Severe
bleeding
A hole in the
large intestine
Severe
dehydration
Bone loss
(osteoporosis)
Inflammation of
your skin, joints
and eyes
A rapidly
swelling in large
intestine (toxic
megacolon)
Increased risk
of blood clots
in veins and
arteries
COMPLICATION
52. CROHN’S DISEASE
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
It causes inflammation of your digestive tract,
which can lead to abdominal pain, severe
diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.
Inflammation caused by Crohn's disease can
involve different areas of the digestive tract in
different people.
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57. DIAGNOSIS
Antibody test
Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody test CA)
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody test
Complete blood count (CBC)
C-reactive Protein
Electrolyte panel
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr)
Iron & B12 levels
Liver function
BLOOD TEST
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67. INCIDENCE OF LUPUS
Between 500,000
to 1.5 million
Americans have
lupus.
80-90% of lupus
patients are female.
80% of lupus
patients are
between 15 and 45
years of age.
Lupus affects
more African
Americans, Asian
Americans,
Hispanics, and
Native Americans
than Caucasians.
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68. CBC (RBC, WBC, platelets)
Urinalysis
Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Kidney Biopsy
Anti Nuclear Antibody (ANA)
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COMMON
LABORATORY
TESTS
70. There is no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to
control symptoms.
Each person with SLE needs evaluation regarding:
How active the
disease is?
What part of the
body is affected?
What form of treatment
is needed?
TREATMENT
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73. REVERSIBLE DRUG-INDUCED LUPUS
In the past, the drugs most frequently responsible for drug-
induced Lupus are
Procainamide (Probancid)
Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Isoniazid (Isoniazid)
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74. Newer medications have been associated with drug-
induced lupus, such as the new biological agents
which are used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
74q
Etanercept (Enbrel)
Flixican (remicade)
