effects of plyometric training on some selected physical fitness components

1. UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE
EFFECTS OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON SOME SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS
COMPONENTS:IN CASE OF U-17 FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PROJECT TRAINEES IN DEBARK
TOWN; NORTH GONDAR ZONE, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA.
By Shumye Demissie
Dr Ephrem Tamrat (advisor)
Dr Mohammed Endris(co-advisor) July 12/11/2013 E.C

2. Presentation Outlines
 Introduction/Background of the study
 Statement of the problem
 Hypotheses
 Objectives
 Research Design
 Results
 Conclusion
 Recommendations
2

3. INTRODUCTION
• Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each
team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized
rules (Vassil & Bazanovk, 2012).
• Today, with a history of more than a century, volleyball is a complicated team game that
demands multi-faceted athletic activities and constantly changing positions (Gül et al., 2019).
• During competitive volleyball, players engage numerous sprints, jumps(defensive and
offensive) activities and court motions different physical qualities like power, agility,
balance, muscular endurance and speed are important (Bazyler et al., 2018)
3

4. Cont.…
• In volleyball game, each player performs more than 250 jumps in a volleyball match of
five sets (Martinez, 2017; Vlantes & Readdy, 2017).
• However, in female players, an average of 45 jumping acts was performed by every
player in two games. The maximum number of jumping acts per player over two games
was 73 (Tillman et al., 2004).
• Therefore, these traits need to be run and developed in relation to each other in training
(Thakur et al., 2016).
• In this context, plyometric training is one of the most used methods of training to
improve physical fitness components of female volleyball players (Stojanović et al., 2017).
4

5. Cont...
• Plyometric Training refers to exercises involving jumping, hopping, and skipping that is
characterized by eccentric contractions of the muscle-tendon unit immediately followed by
concentric contractions, this response has also been referred to as the stretch-shortening
cycle or myotatic reflex (Meylan & Malatesta, 2009).
• There are numerous studies in the literature, that suggest plyometric training can help with
vertical jump performance (Arazi & Asadi, 2011; Asadi, 2013; Martel et al., 2005& Thomas et al.,2009),
agility (Miller et al.,2006; Michailidis,2015; Bozdogan and Kizilet, 2017) muscular endurance (Kumar, 2020),
static and dynamic balance (Winter et al., (1990); Turgut et al., (2017) & Harput, 2016).
5

6. Statement of the Problem
• In recent years there has been an increase in the number of participants in volleyball sport
under clubs, projects and recreational programs in Ethiopia (Desalegn, 2017; Desalegn et al., 2016).
• It is vivid Volleyball is a very fast-paced and explosive sport in which plyometric training
is frequently used (Silva et al., 2019).
• Cognizant of this, numerous studies in the literature suggests plyometric training for the
improvement of vertical jump performance, agility, muscular endurance static and
dynamic balance.
6

7. Cont...
o In the experience of the investigator, as a member of sub city volleyball federation,
and MSc student volleyball players lack different components of physical fitness,
more specifically power, agility and speed.
o Moreover, in the knowledge of the researcher, there is a paucity of research
conducted on the effect of plyometric training on selected variables in Ethiopia at
large and in North Gondar in particular.
o Due to these gaps, the researcher needed to conduct the study entitled “effects of
plyometric training on some selected physical fitness components: in case of Under-
17 female volleyball project trainees in Debark town.
7

8. Research Hypotheses
To address the objectives of the study, the following research hypotheses were
posed:
H11: Twelve weeks of intervention of plyometrics training has a significant effect on the
explosive power of Debark town Under 17 female volleyball project trainees.
H12: Twelve weeks of intervention of plyometrics training has a significant effect on the
agility of Debark town Under 17 female volleyball project trainees.
H13: Twelve weeks of intervention of plyometrics training has a significant effect on the
muscular endurance of Debark town Under 17 female volleyball project trainees.
H14: Twelve weeks of intervention of plyometrics training has a significant effect on the
balance of Debark town Under 17 female volleyball project trainees.
8

9. Objectives of the Study
General Objective
In response to the foregoing, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on
some selected physical fitness components: in the case of Under-17 female volleyball project trainees in
Debark town, North Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia.
Specific Objectives
• In line with the above broad objective, the following specific objectives were drawn:
1. To measure the effect of plyometric training on power performance of under 17 female volleyball project
trainees in Debark town; north Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia.
2. To evaluate the effects of plyometric training on the agility of under 17 female volleyball project trainees in
Debark town; north Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia.
3. To identify the effects of plyometrics training on muscular endurance of under 17 female volleyball project
trainees in Debark town; north Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia.
4. To explore the effects of plyometric training on the balance of under 17 female volleyball project trainees in
Debark town; north Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia.
9

10. Significance of the Study
The result of this study could thus be helpful:
 To provide the current information about the effect of plyometric training in the study
areas.
 To use as a tool for decision-makers in the study area for evidence-based intervention.
 To develop a regulation strategy to alleviate problems of fitness problems in general and
selected volleyball fitness components in particular.
 Initiate concerned and interested researchers in the area to expand findings and to come
up with new ideas and suggestions that can contribute to the betterment of the training in
particular and its contribution to the other projects in general.
10

11. Delimitation of the Study
The scope of this study was delimited in geographically, methodologically, conceptually
and Contextually
In terms of geographical location the study covers only one Region (Amhara) and one
Zone (North Gondar) specifically Debark woreda.
The methodological scope of the study was used pretest-posttest experimental study
design.
conceptually, was delimited in U-17 female volleyball project trainees
In relation to Contextually approach, the current study addressed only effects of PT on
power, agility, muscular endurance and balance physical fitness components based on their
complexity.
11

12. Research Methodology
Research
Methodology
Study Area
Debark town
Research
Design
pretest-posttest
experimental
design
Population of the
Study
All U-17 female
debark VB
trainees
Sample and
Sampling
Techniques
*comprehensive
sampling technique
*simple random
sampling
12
Data Collection
Instruments
Vertical jump(power) T-
test(agility),30sec jump
test(muscular
endurance)
star excursion
test(balance)

13. Data Collection Procedure
13

14. Cont...
Training protocol
oFor young children, current public health programs suggest 60 minutes or more of
moderate to intense physical activity most days of the week to increase their fitness level
(Radwan et al., 2021).
oHowever, this plyometric protocol was performed 5 sessions per week a single session it
lasts up to 90 minutes (10 min of standardized warm-up, 75 min of plyometric drill and 5
min of cool-down and stretching) for 12 weeks.
oThe intervention was carried out 3 days with the regular training program and 2 days alone
per week.
oThe PT was given for the experimental group only before conducting their technical
tactical volleyball specific training (regular program) to ensure effective application of
drills and to minimize fatigue, soreness and injury.
14

15. cont...
Methods of data analysis
odescriptive statistics, (mean and standard deviation) were made.
oPaired and independent sample t-test was employed
oCohen’s d effect size was measured.
oTo analyze obtained data., SPSS (statistical package for social science) version 20 was
used
15

16. Results and Discussion
Table 4.1 Demographic Characteristics Of Participants
16
Group N Sex
Age Height(cm) Weight(kg) BMI EXP
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
EG 15 Female 15.53 ± .51 158.26 ±3.9 47.53 ± 4.51 19.02 ± 1.06 3.55 ± .34
CG 15 Female 15.46 ± .51 157.8 ±2.85 46 ± 2.2 18.47 ± .92 3.66 ± .22
SD = Standard Deviation; N=Number of Participants; EXP= playing
experience=Experimental Group; CG=control Group

17. Pretest-Posttest Mean Score of Experimental and Control
Groups on Power, Agility and Muscular endurance
Paired Samples Test
Group variable Paired Differences
t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Std.
Deviati
on
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
EG
power pre - post -4.83 .94 .24 -5.35 -4.31 -19.94 14 .000
Agility pre - post 2.36 .51 .13 2.08 2.65 17.75 14 .000
M.END pre - post -5.80 .77 .20 -6.22 -5.37 -29.00 14 .000
CG
power pre - post .12 .41 .10 -.11 .35 1.11 14 .283
Agility pre - post .04 .28 .07 -.11 .19 .539 14 .598
M.END pre - post -.13 .64 .16 -.48 .22 -.807 14 .433
17

18. Pretest-Posttest Mean Score of Experimental and Control
Groups on Anterior and Posterolateral Direction of Balance
Paired sample t-test result
18
Paired Samples Test
Group Variables Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Std.
Devi
ation
Std. Error
Mean
95%
Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
EG
LLA pre - post -5.6 1.05 .27 -6.18 -5.01 -20.54 14 .000
RLA pre - post -6.0 1.46 .37 -6.81 -5.18 -15.87 14 .000
LLPL pre - post -1.93 1.22 .31 -2.61 -1.25 -6.12 14 .000
RLPL pre - post -3.0 .75 .19 -3.41 -2.58 -15.37 14 .000
CG
LLA pre -post -.23 .70 .18 -.62 .15 -1.28 14 .220
RLA pre - post -.18 .51 .13 -.47 .10 -1.39 14 .186
LLPL pre - post -.20 .67 .17 -.57 .17 -1.146 14 .271
RLPL pre - post -.10 .71 .18 -.49 .29 -.544 14 .595

19. Pretest-Posttest Mean Score of Experimental and Control
Groups on Posteromedial Direction of Balance
Paired Samples Test
Group Paired Differences
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
EG
LLPM pre -posttest -4.40 1.29 .33 -5.11 -3.68 -13.12 14 .000*
RLPM pre -posttest -2.80 .77 .20 -3.22 -2.37 -14.00 14 .000*
CG
LLPM pre -posttest -.26 .88 .22 -.75 .22 -1.16 14 .262
RLPM pre -posttest -.16 1.19 .30 -.82 .49 -.54 14 .596
19

20. EFFECT SIZE OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON SELECTED
PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS
20
Selected variables Mean Difference
(MD)
Pooled standard
Deviation (SD pooled)
Effect Size (Cohen’s d)
MD/SD pooled
Vertical jump test (power) 2.91667 2.618 0.90
T-test Of Agility (Agility 1.20333 1.25244 0.961
30 Second Jump Test
(Muscular Endurance)
2.9667 2.96512 1.00
Star Excursion Test
Balance (Anterior)
LLA 2.91 2.86803 1.017
RLA 3.09 3.14719 0.983
Star Excursion Test
Balance (Posterolateral)
LLPL 1.067 1.3113 0.814
RLPL 1.55 1.6418 0.944
Star Excursion Test
Balance(posteromedial)
LLPM 2.3333 2.368 0.985
RLPM 1.483 1.6634 0.891

21. Independent Sample Test Result Of Power, Agility and
Muscular Endurance In Experimental And Control Groups
Independent T-test Results
21
Independent Samples Test
Variables
Levene's Test
for Equality
of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig. (2-
tailed) Mean
Difference
Std.
Error
D/ce
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Power posttest 2.89 .10 15.76 28 .000* 5.25 .33 4.57 5.93
Agility posttest 8.52 .007 -13.93 28 .000* -2.42 .17 -2.78 -2.06
Muscular
Endurance posttest .04 .83 11.03 28 .000* 5.93 .53 4.83 7.03

22. INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST RESULT OF BALANCE FITNESS
VARIABLES IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
Independent Samples Test
Variable
(Balance)
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. T Df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
LLA 0.12 0.732 5.98 28 0.000* 5.1 0.85 3.35 6.85
RLA 0.14 0.706 7.67 28 0.000* 6.01 0.78 4.41 7.62
LLPL 0.24 0.624 2.07 28 0.048* 1.2 0.58 0.02 2.39
RLPL 0.16 0.693 4.28 28 0.000* 2.83 0.66 1.48 4.19
LLPM 0.18 0.672 4.24 28 0.000* 3.93 0.93 2.03 5.83
RLPM 0.36 0.551 4.52 28 0.000* 2.9 0.64 1.58 4.21
22

23. Discussion
Selected Physical
Fitness Variables
Finding of this study Finding of this study in line with
Paired t-test Independent sample t-
test
Effect
size
Power EG MD-4.83±0.94
P=.000 (p <0.05)
CG MD 0.12±0.42
P=0.283 (p>0.05)
MD= 5.25cm, t=
15.761 and p=0. 000
0.90 o Aykora and donmez (2017), MD=
(1.66 ± 0.88 cm) , aged 16-17 (p<0.05).
o Lehnert et al., (2009), 16.9% Improved
aged U-17 (p<0.05).
o Bayraktar and Cilli (2017) 14 wk MD
6.92 ± 6.25 cm (p<0.05).
Agility EG MD= 2.37±0.52
sec P=.000 (p<0.05)
CG MD= 0.04±0.29
P=0.6 (p>0.05)
MD= -2.43, t= -13.93
and p=0. 000
0.961 o Michailidis (2015) EG p<0.05 CG did
not change.
o Thomas et al. (2009) EG increased
agility,
o (Miller et al., 2006) 6-week plyometric
training improved agility
Muscular
Endurance
EG MD= -5.8±0.77
P=.000 (p <0.05)
CG MD= -0.13±0.64
P=0.43 (>0.05)
MD= 5.93, t= 11.04
and p=0. 000
1.00 o Kumar, 2020, concluded that the PG
showed significant improvement in the
muscular endurance of volleyball
players. Tesfaye, 2020, EG shows
improvement after 8 week PT 23

24. Cont...
Selected Physical
Fitness Variables
Finding of this study Finding of this study in line with
Paired t-test Independent sample t-
test
Effect
size
Anterior (CM) EG: LLA, MD= 5.6 (P
<0.05).RLA, -6
CG: LLA, MD= -0.23
(p>0.05) RLA -0.18
(p>0.05)
LLA,MD= 5.1, t=
5.98 and p=<0.05
RLA,MD=6.01,t=7.67
and p=<0.05
LLA=
1.017
RLA=0.
983
o Turgut et al. (2017), 12wk LLA,MD=
(11.7%), aged 11.1 (p < 0.001).
RLA, MD= (10.4%) (p < 0.001).But there
were no difference in control group.
Harput, 2016 6 wk. PT improved balance
Posterolateral
(CM)
EG:LLPL,MD= -
1.93(P <0.05).RLPL, -
3.0 CG: LLPL, MD= -
.20 (p>0.05) RLPL -
.100 (p>0.05)
LLPL,MD= 1.2cm, t=
2.073 and p=.048
RLPL, MD=2.83cm, t=
4.28 p=0. 000
LLPL=0
.814
RLPL=0
.944
o Turgut et al. (2017), 12wk LLPL,MD=
(10.1%), aged 11.1 (p < 0.001).
RLPL, MD= (10.2%), (p < 0.001). But
there were no difference in control group.
Harput, 2016 6 wk. PT improved balance
Posteromedial(CM) EG: LLPM, MD -4.4
(P<0.05).RLPM, -2.8
CG: LLPM, MD= --
0.27 (p>0.05) RLPM -
-0.17
LLPM, MD= 3.93cm,
t= 4.241and 0.000
RLPM, MD=2.9cm, t=
4.519 p=0.000
LLPM=
0.985
RLPM=
0.891
o Turgut et al. (2017), 12wk,LLPM, MD=
(11.1%), aged 11.1 (p < 0.001).
RLPM, MD= (8.2%) (p < 0.001). But there
were no difference in control group.
Harput, 2016 6 wk. PT improved balance
24

25. Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher has investigated the following conclusions.
oThe Experimental group had shown significant improvements in all selected physical
fitness components variables (power, agility, muscular endurance and balance) after the
intervention of 12 weeks plyometrics training. In contrary, control group had not shown
any significant changes on selected physical fitness components variables.
oFinally, we conclude that 12 weeks intervention of plyometric training had statistically
significant difference on power, agility, muscular endurance and balance of U -17 female
volleyball project trainees in debark town north Gondar zone Amhara region Ethiopia.
25

26. Recommendations
Based on the results and discussions and conclusion of the study, the following
recommendations are made:
o For coaches:- should consider well planned and organized plyometric training program in their yearly plan .
A coach should conduct standardized pretest and posttest of physical fitness components of trainees to
determine the effects of training on their performance.
o For Volleyball Project Trainees:- should actively participate 5 days per week for 90 minutes in a well-
structured and designed plyometric training to improve their performance.
o For sport commission:- provide consistent follow-up and support the project and evaluate trainee’s.
 Record players profiles in a well-organized and testable manner. Give attention to educated and licensed
volleyball project coach. support the project by equipment and finance
prepare zonal volleyball project clubs’ competitions annually and encourage them accordingly.
For other researchers :- Additional study is important to investigate the effects of plyometric training on
physical fitness components by including the rest of physical fitness traits and by increasing sample size and
also in both sexes. 26

27. Limitation of the Study
Throughout the conducting of this study, the following limitations were occurred.
oSource Of Materials:- lack of abundant literature
o Study Area: - The study was addressed only one woreda
o participants: - Only U-17 female project trainees were participated in the study.
o Sample Size:- Small sample size 30 female trainees were used
Furthermore, the lack of standardized data collection instruments this fluctuated the finding
of the study. Other limitations of the study were living conditions, family status and personal
habits and maturation of subjects and lack of gymnasium with equipment to give the training
was a factor. However, the researcher was attempted to use all his potential and other
encouraging mechanisms to control extraneous variables (see chapter three). 27

28. References
For the current study APA style has been used. For instance,
oAsadi, A. (2012). Effects of six weeks depth jump and countermovement jump training on
agility performance. Sports Science Journal, 5(1), 67-70.
oAsadi, A. (2016). Plyometric type neuromuscular exercise is a treatment to postural
control deficits of volleyball players: A case study. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del
Deporte, 9(2), 75-79.
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
oZiv, G., & Lidor, R. (2010). Vertical jump in female and male volleyball players: a review
of observational and experimental studies. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in
sports, 20(4), 556-567 28

29. ?
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