The_Pioneer_167

Publisher Kwon Sun-ki Chief Manager Kim Yun-shik
Faculty Advisor Koo Seung-pon English Advisor Graham Moran
Editor-in-Chief Kim Do-hye
Editor Son Seong-eun, Kim Jun-min
Reporter Seo Ji-won, Lee Jong-hyun and Yang Si-young
3 EDITORIAL Put the Cup of Water Down for a Moment
4 FOCUS GNU’s Central Fountain: A Lively Past Speaks to an
Uncertain Future
6 CAMPUS WORLD An Effort to Coexist with Wildlife
8 SOCIAL INITIATIVE Way to Protect Dokdo: Educate Yourself
10 COVER STORY Exceed your limits:
Crossfit, Freeletics and Streetworkout
16 FEATURE I Find the Most Suitable Color
17 FEATURE II Do you have a Sound Mind?
18 SPECIAL ISSUE Give True Love to Others through GNU OVP
22 LOCAL FOCAL Fish Markets in Gyeongsangnam-do
24 LEISURE Hiking in Autumn
26 LOCAL INFO Falling in Love with Autumn Festivals
27 WORLD ISSUE
The United Nations Calls Them “Sex Slaves,” Not “Comfort Women”
Gaza Suffering from Disputes between Israel and Hamas
Who Shot Down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17?
28 COLLABORATION
“Without the Rope, Fear Will Find You”
30 OPINION
Beautify Korea: Legalize Tattooing
32 RICHARD MATTHEWS’ VIEW
Celebrating Korean Poets II: On Mangjin-san
34 MINGLE WITH ENGLISH
35 READERS’ PAGE
4
SEPTEMBER 2014 No. 167
C O N T E N T S
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16
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COVER STORY
Exceed your limits:
Crossfit, Freeletics and
Streetworkout
The Pioneer was first published July 10th, 1979. The magazine is published during the spring and fall semesters and is
distributed free of charge.
#503, Student Union Building, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.
Phone (055)772-0795 http://press.gnu.ac.kr

The Pioneer
I recently took up the post of editor-in-chief at The
Pioneer. I’m still not sure if I can handle this heavy
responsibility. One thing for sure is that I will do my
best.
In my first Editorial, I’d like to talk about stress. I
always believed that I had a positive attitude and strong
mind. Recently, I’ve had to re-think my belief. I’m very
vulnerable to stress and shock. I brood and brood over
difficulties. After studying a psychological theory, I
realized that it is waste of time: put the cup of water
down.
A psychologist once asked her students a question:
“How heavy is this cup of water?” Most of the students
gave answers ranging from 250g to 500g. The
psychologist said, “The actual weight of the cup is not
important. It depends on how long you hold it for. If
you hold it up for one minute, that would be no
problem. But imagine holding it up for an hour. Your
arm would feel numb. Though the weight of the cup
doesn't change, it feels heavier over time.” According
to the psychologist, stress for humans is similar to the
water cup example. It’s no problem if you think about
your worries and stresses for a moment. Stress is
sometimes even helpful for us. Our work efficiency
surprisingly increases when the due date for homework
comes closer. However, if you focus on your worries
continuously, you will become very stressed and
annoyed.
Worrying too much doesn’t lead to answers but
more stress. I decided not to care so much about my
difficulties: my future, friendships, grades and love life.
I just try to do my best with my current situation. If you
put your cup of water down for a moment and address
your current problems one by one, you will feel that the
cup you hold now is nothing.
In the 167th issue of The Pioneer, we will cover
various topics that should interest you. Students these
days are more interested in health and fitness than in
the past. They are trying to cut down on cigarettes and
alcohol. For a healthy life, exercise cannot be ignored.
We cover three types of exercise which have been
gaining in popularity among students in Cover Story. In
Social Initiative, we talk about Dokdo always a
contentious issue in Japan and Korea and Dokdo
Academy. All students believe that Dokdo is Korean
territory but most students don’t know why. I hope that
our readers come to understand clearly about Dokdo
through this article. Next, in Special Issue, we share the
special experiences of some students that participated
in the GNU Overseas Volunteering Program. We have
increased the number of one-page articles to give
readers a variety of fun and informative pieces: Feature
1 and 2, World Issue and Local Info section.
Every reporter at The Pioneer strived to make a
wonderful magazine during this hot summer. If you
enjoy it, our efforts have been worthwhile. Thank you
and let’s get our new semester off to a fresh start.
Kim Do-hye
Editor-in-Chief
EDITORIAL

The Pioneer
Indeed, the 2014 student council insists that the fund for replacing the central fountain should be used for scholarships. We
wonder, too, how many students know the fountain’s history, why and how it was built, what its place was in university life
before 2000, and how it came to be broken. We all know the adage that tells us you have to know the past to prepare for the
future. It will be helpful and interesting, then, to know something of the central fountain’s past as we weigh its future.
Let’s go back to the 1980s. Before 1980, the place where the central fountain now sits was empty. Until the 1980s, students
used it as a place for political rallies and student demonstrations. GNU then built the central fountain to block student
demonstrations. Designed with an image of the flowing Namgang River, it was also intended as a symbol of GNU’s expansion.
After its unveiling, the fountain worked regularly : 8:30 am to 10:30 am, 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm and 4:00 pm to 5:30 pm. Because
of local water pollution, the university had to use treated water in the fountain. The cost of using treated water and maintaining
the fountain was not small. At that time, prompted by the expense, the university began to do its best to prevent water pollution.
By 1996, the number of students who stopped by or congregated at the fountain had sharply increased. A variety of
performances were held by the fountain, further drawing students’ attention toward it. As a result of this increased attention,
By Yang Si-young ReporterFOCUS
’
Have you ever seen GNU’s central fountain working? If you are a student who entered GNU after 2000, you will
answer “no.” And what do you think about that inactive fountain? According to a survey supervised by the
facilitiesdivisionatGNU,moststudentshopethattheuniversitywillreplacethecentralfountainwithanecological
park. The Pioneer wonder, though, how many of those students have considered the cost of such park and
whetherthemoneyforitmightbebetterused.

The Pioneer
plans for making more high-quality, practical use of the fountain also increased.
Above all, the fountain began to be seen as the special place that best represented
the spirit of GNU.
The students, faculty and administration of GNU, along with the facilities
division, all did their best to make efficient use of the central fountain. In 1997,
the uses of the fountain became ever more diverse. It still served an original
purpose in helping GNU students relax with the sight and sound of its lively
waters. But it also served as a pool. On Coming-Of-Age Day, GNU students had
usually celebrated in lecture halls, clubs, and other indoor venues. Many students
celebrated around the central fountain, highlighting the festivities with leaps into
the fountain. And it was not only the students coming of age who got wet; senior
students happily jumped in beside them. After 1997, the central fountain
changed again to become more of a cultural center as well as a good place to
rest.
As the uses of the fountain multiplied, so did its visitors. In 1998, however,
many complains were made about the fountain. The biggest complaint was
noise. Many festivals were held at the fountain, and the library is close to it.
While students participating in the festivals were excitedly having a good time,
hard-working students in library were angry. Many at GNU expressed opinions
asking why the university had to hold festivals at the central fountain instead of
at an outdoor performance space. Others asserted that some students were
disadvantaged because of the fountain, something that only the effort of all GNU
students could solve. One professor in the Department of Agronomy pointed out
that the fountain focused attention on artificial beauty and improper water use.
GNU students also called attention to poor maintenance of the fountain and poor
management of its use. The university countered these contentions by
emphasizing the number of students who spent time at the fountain. At the same
time, it acknowledged that the amount of the garbage that students using the
fountain produced was too much to manage. In 2001 and 2002, complains about
the fountain continued. Students pointed to the polluted water, the lack of
management, and so on. The biggest complaint was that students felt the
fountain no longer belonged to them and they wanted to assume responsibility
for maintaining it.
The central fountain was hit by a lightening in 2000 and has not worked
since. As there have been diverse and conflicting claims about what to do with
the fountain, GNU has had no choice but to leave the fountain in its broken state.
But the university senate did recently decide to build a park to replace the non-
functioning fountain. Construction is scheduled to start in this early October and
to be completed in December. This plan for replacing the central fountain with a
park ought to be of the most compelling interest to GNU students.

The Pioneer
CAMPUS WORLD By Seo Ji-won Reporter
Do you know the fact that the more you eat hamburgers,
the smaller the rainforest of the Amazon gets? It is called the
“Hamburger Connection.” To make hamburger patties,
people have to raise cattle. Deforestation occurs as people
secure sites for cattle ranching. According to
environmentalists, every time you eat a hamburger, a tree falls
down. If tropical forests are gradually destroyed, their loss
will cause more serious global warming and bring about
abnormal climate changes. The earth’s tropical forests have
already been reduced by half. Decades from now, existing
tropical forests might disappear altogether. In addition to this,
deforestation creates another problem. Loss of habitats caused
by cultivation of tropical forests is a danger to the survival of
wildlife. The amount of wildlife is seriously decreasing, and
the number of endangered species is rapidly increasing.
In Korea, the Ministry of the Environment categorized
endangered species into two classes according to the degree
of difficulty in preserving the species. An institution working
to protect wildlife exists nearby at
Gyeongsang National University
(GNU). It is the GyeongNam
WildLife Center (GNWLC). You
may have been there to look around
once or twice, but it is unlikely that
you learned anything significant.
Therefore, we at The Pioneer will
give you a closer look at the institution, which contributes to
the safety of wildlife.
Local animal hospitals can perform primary caretaking,
but they lack the experience to run secondary and tertiary care
and rehabilitation institutions. Distressed wildlife needs to be
rescued and to receive prompt treatment. GNWLC was
established on May 14th, 2008 with a mission to rescue, treat
and rehabilitate distressed or injured wildlife. There are five
hands-on staff members and two staff assistants. The facility
has a treatment building, a hospitalization building, an
Nowadays, the environmental problem is getting more serious. People who have not been concerned with
environmental problems should be concerned from now on. That’s because what you think is trivial can be
central.Howoftendoyoueathamburgersamonth?
Asiatic Black Bear, Korean National Monument number 329

The Pioneer
operating room, and a
training field. The
treatment building is
where the staff
performs first-aid
treatment. The training
field is for
rehabilitation.
Since it began
operations, the center has
rescued 2720 animals. The rescued wildlife is diverse,
including eagles, eagle-owls, elks, and raccoons. All of us
have at times seen injured wildlife. What is the main reason
wildlife gets injured? It’s human carelessness. There is
poaching, but oil pollution, fishing hooks, and traffic
accidents account for many of the injuries the center sees.
With the development of the road network, traffic accidents
have become a major cause of injury since roads often cut off
animals’ paths. Also, young animals often accidentally collide
with electrical wires or buildings or lose their mothers. If you
encounter an injured young animal that is alone, to avoid
making thing worse, do not try to rescue it without careful
observation as the mother may be hiding nearby.
At the center, injured animals get treated for a long time,
and they are handled by human hands during their treatments.
We were worried about losing their wild nature. Seok Seong-
hoon, the medical team manager at the center, said that to
prevent this problem, they do their best to return animals to
nature as soon as possible. He also said that the most difficult
part of doing his work is losing animals in spite of the center’s
staff doing everything it could to save them. The staff
members take care of the animals as if they were their own
pets. He said that by working this job, he came to truly
understand that the world is not just for humans. GNWLC
staff members ask that we never
forget that we always have to try
live in harmony with nature. We
have to keep thinking not only of
our benefit but also that of wildlife
and to help protect it. They said,
“Taking an interest in wildlife and
coming to the center is a good
thing, but visitors should bear in
mind that the noise they make near
the training field can easily provoke
animals that are in pain.”
GNWLC is seeking ways to
preserve biological diversity and
prevent zoonotic diseases. If youNewkit Bracelet
A treatment building of GNWLC
Mr.Seok is operating on injured animal
Mr.Seok is returning owl to nature
find an injured wild animal, immediately report it to the
Gyeongnam Wildlife Center (055) 754-9575,
scyeon@gnu.ac.kr). After contacting the nearest city’s
Department of Environment or the center, follow the rescue
workers’ directions. Do not shout, exaggeratedly move, or
take a picture when you find an injured animal, as these
behaviors can lead to more serious injuries.
Do you want to help preserve wildlife? There is a warning
bracelet called Newkit. It was created to let all people know
about endangered species and have a correct understanding of
the environment by using the slogan “Save the Animals.” Part
of Newkit’s selling price is donated to the Korea Society for
the Protection of Wild Animals. Let’s take part in this project
together!

The Pioneer
SOCIAL INITIATIVE By Kim Do-hye Editor
Way to Protect Dokdo:
Educate Yourself
Educate Yourself
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Dokdo has been Korean territory since
the Silla Kingdom annexed Usanguk in
512. While the Joseon Dynasty conducted
a closed-door policy, Japan came in and
out without permission. After we lost our
sovereignty and diplomatic power to Japan
in 1905, Japan named it Takeshima. In
1943, while the war was still ongoing, the
three Allied Powers(the United States,
Britain and China) issued the Cairo
Declaration, vowing that Japan would
return all territories that it had seized
through violence. Finally, in 1945, we
regained all of our rights, sovereignty and
territories. However, Japan still claims
sovereignty over Dokdo.
All students simply believe that Dokdo is Korean territory
but most of them don’t know why. This is a big problem. To
protect our Dokdo from Japan, we have to know Dokdo well.
“Dokdo Academy” is a program established to give students
correct information about Dokdo. It targets students who have
a strong will to protect Dokdo by giving
lectures about Dokdo and the
opportunity to visit the island. The
program started in 2007 and to date,
4151 university and high school students
have completed it. Quite a lot of GNU
students completed Dokdo Academy
and performed very well. The Pioneer
talked to Professor Kang Sang-ho,
advisor of Dokdo Academy, and Kang
Hye-won, a junior in the Department of
Applied Life Chemistry at GNU.
Professor Kang explained the
purpose of Dokdo Academy. “Many
students emotionally approach the
Dokdo issue and they can’t remain
logical when debating the issue. We take it for granted that
other countries agree with Korea’s sovereignty over Dokdo.
But that’s not the case. Lots of maps are marked Takeshima
instead of Dokdo and the Sea of Japan instead of the East Sea.
In class, we researched world maps made in other countries
The brochure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
A view of Dokdo
According to the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun on 13th July, Japan has started serious research into claiming
sovereignty over Dokdo. The Korean government responded, “In every aspect, it is irrefutable that Dokdo is
Koreanterritory:historically,geographicallyandunderinternationallaw.Japan'sabsurdactionscannotaffectat
allourfirmsovereigntyoverDokdo.”

The Pioneer
and discovered that 80% of the maps used the name
‘Takeshima.’” You’ll be shocked that the United Kingdom
and United States even supported solely using the term “Sea
of Japan” instead of East Sea at a general meeting of the
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) in 2011.
Dokdo Academy is looking forward to students forming
a kind of network and sharing information with each other in
the near future. It can be very helpful in protecting Dokdo.
Professor Kang also thinks Dokdo Academy is especially
valuable as students can learn about Dokdo as well as take
action to protect it at the same time.
If you want to participate in Dokdo Academy, you have to
go to Seoul. It is good to hear that Dokdo Academy is
consulting with local governments about holding programs in
local regions. This will enable a lot more students to learn
about Dokdo.
Kang Hye-won attended the 22nd session of Dokdo
Academy in 2012. Her older sister is a journalist in Seoul and
told her about Dokdo Academy. She decided to attend it
when she became a university student. Kang Hye-won
learned about Korea s rightful sovereignty over Dokdo. She
also made a picket sign that said “Dokdo is Korean territory”
and displayed it during their visit to Gyeongbokgung Palace.
She and her team also performed a drawing show using
lacquer that showed that Dokdo belongs to Korea. She said,
"Every team had to prepare for the Dokdo performance. One
of the teams changed the song ‘Gangnam style’ to ‘Dokdo
style’ and danced to the music. It was the most impressive
performance in my opinion.”
She said, “all Koreans are angry about Japan’s ridiculous
argument that Dokdo is Japanese territory. Learning about
Dokdo was very interesting because I can’t learn about it
anywhere else.” Unfortunately, she was unable to go to
Dokdo because of bad weather.
Last year, Kang Hye-won attended as a member of the 1st
Dokdo International Promotion Envoys. They went to
university libraries in the western United States and found
books containing Sea of Japan and Takeshima. About 95% of
the books used these terms. They had a debate with Korean
students of the University of California at Los Angeles
(UCLA). Kang Hye-won hosted it and other students debated
about using the names Takeshima and Sea of Japan: how to
inform people that they are wrong and change it to Dokdo
and East Sea.
There is a well-known phrase, “knowledge is power.”
Who listens to an argument between people who do not know
anything? To protect our own, we have to educate ourselves
clearly.
The Korean government does not regard the Dokdo issue
as a matter worth addressing because the position of the
government is firm that Dokdo has always been Korean
territory. However, with the situation of Japan continuing
their argument, we have an obligation to think once more
about Dokdo.
Kang was at Gwanghwamun Plaza with Dokdo picket The 1st Dokdo International Promotion Envoys
Dokdo is Korean territory

The Pioneer
COVER STORY By Son Seong-eun Editor, Yang Si-young and Lee Jong-hyun Reporters
Fitness centers or gyms are great places to get in shape. The gyms around our campus are
usually full of students getting ready for summer or just trying to get physically healthy.
Most students will commit to about 3 to 4 workouts a week, working on different parts of
the body ? chest, legs, back, shoulders. A few who are financially well off may try working
with a personal trainer for quick and dramatic results. But whichever way you train at a
gym, it will cost money and require various types of equipment. Since many of you may be
looking for a more economical and convenient way of pursuing fitness, in this issue s
cover story, we will tell you how to get in shape without spending much money or using
heavy gym equipment.
Exceed your limits:
CrossFit, Freeletics and Streetworkout
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The Pioneer
The workouts we’ll consider are called CrossFit, Freeletics, and Street workout. But
before we go in details about these three, let’s remind you that the most important thing
to do before working out not just with these three but with all exercise programs is
to ask yourself the purpose and the goal of your workouts. People have different ideas of
what an ideal body is, and if having an ideal body is the goal of your exercising, any
fitness program you choose should be one that is appropriate for achieving your ideal.
You might want big muscles, like those of a body builder, or you might want a more
slender and agile body. Or an ideal body may not be your goal; you may just be
rehabilitating from an accident. In all of these cases, a different program is needed.
If you are not sure where to start with your workout, you can get help from a
professional. Albeit the service is limited to students taking physical education courses,
professional counseling is available at the GNU Exercise Prescription Center. The
center, which is part of the Department of Physical Education, was established to
promote sports, improve and systemize exercise programs, and improve the quality of
student life at GNU. To get some basic advice about how to choose the right workout for
you, we interviewed Professor Kwon Sun-Ok in the Department of Physical Education.
He told us that to begin exercise properly it is important to know the state of your
body. For instance, for people who have damaged a ligament in or otherwise injured a
knee, swimming or cycling is recommended, rather than jogging, to lessen the
mechanical burden on the joint. Professor Kwon added, “I don’t know much about
CrossFit or Freeletics, but the principal strength and conditioning programs, like any
other exercise programs, all have the same reasoning behind them: developing the
body’s morphology and developing the body’s functions and abilities. Developing
morphology means increasing body mass through graining muscle, also known as
bulking-up. Developing functions follows the bulking-up.” He, too, emphasized the
need to find an appropriate exercise and to keep it as a life-long habit. He encouraged
our readers by saying that even if you don’t have much time to exercise, something as
simple as walking can be a very good workout, especially as you get older.
Personal training centers can be great places to get help as well. Although they are
somewhat more expensive than regular gyms, they offer you excellent ways to achieve
the result that you want for your body. Also, through a personal training program, you
can get good advice on creating a diet (and the menus that will make it enjoyable) that
will help you grow muscle and lose fat.

COVER STORY
The Pioneer
Some Primary Movement Exercises
Squat
Known as “the king of all exercises,” the squat
is a full body workout. You can fully understand
this exercise through the video clip that
accompanies this paragraph. It involves bending
your hips and knees, with or without weight on
your upper-back, until your hips come parallel to
your knees.
Plank
The plank is a great exercise for working on abs
and strengthening the core muscles. It also targets
smaller muscles, such as those in the shoulders,
arms, and glutes. A point to remember is that when
doing a plank, you want to keep your body as
straight as possible. Bend your elbows to 90 degrees; your elbows
should be directly beneath your shoulders.
Deadlift
There are many different variations on a deadlift exercise, but
this is the most common technique. The primary targets are your
back and hamstring muscles, but the exercise engages the entire
body. As you can see from the video, anyone doing this move is
prone to injury, so doing it with the right posture is very important.
Always keep your back straight and focused.
Burpee
The burpee is one of the simplest but toughest exercises to do. It combines both aerobic and anaerobic
exercises, and it improves your muscles and your agility. A push up can be added to the basic burpee cycle to
make it more intense.
Lunge
This exercise will develop your femoral muscles. Incorrect posture can harm
your knees, so make sure your front knee is directly above your ankle when you
follow the exercise on the video clip.
CrossFit, Freeletics and Street workout all involve some common primary movement
exercises. These essential movements are important in any workout program, and it is
important to master them if you want to get in shape.

The Pioneer
T
he first exercise program that we are going to introduce
to you is called CrossFit. It is probably the most well-
known of the three. The biggest advantage of CrossFit
over other gym routines is that it can be done in most places,
with minimum equipment, and it's free. If you have the basic
primary exercise movements down, then there is more than
enough information about CrossFit programs readily
available for you to do it yourself.
The founder of CrossFit, Greg Glassman, started to
manage a fitness center in 1995, and registered the
trademark CrossFit in 2000. Now the CEO of CrossFit, he
said the program was first intended for sprinters. The idea
was to maximize physical strength by dividing the exercise
routine into ten different parts and keeping the body well-
balanced. The ten parts are endurance, strength,
coordination, flexibility, agility, balance, accuracy, power,
stamina, and speed. CrossFit is a high intensity exercise that can be done briefly. The basic program involves doing as many
reps in a set as fast as you can, and taking short to almost no breaks between different moves. This contrasts with regular
weightlifting, which is about doing set numbers of reps, taking breaks between sets, and focusing on a limited number of
muscles at a time.
CrossFit has been adopted by other health professions and is also used in police training. The program stepped into the
spotlight in Korea in 2009 when Korean celebrities started using the program. There are many CrossFit training centers in
Korea; in Jinju alone there are Jinju JY Personal Training Center and Jinju Apple Fitness.
The Pioneer visited the CrossFit center nearer GNU, Apple Fitness. There we talked with Lee Ji-min, who has been
doing CrossFit for seven months. Lee said, “The biggest difference between other exercise programs and CrossFit is that
CrossFit is enjoyable. There’s cheerful music here, and many people exercise at the same time. Naturally there’s rivalry
among them, but after the workout, there is unity, so there is a great chance of making new friends. The biggest change in my
appearance is my body line. When I wear clothes, I can see that they really fit and look nice.” The Pioneer also interviewed
Yang Ju-yeon who is a prosecution investigation officer. She said, “I’ve done other exercises such as weight lifting, tried
Personal Training (PT), and so on, but they really didn’t help. So I quit the PT and registered for CrossFit a month ago. First
of all, it wasn’t boring, in contrast to other exercises. There are many people here doing the hard training at the same time, so
it feels better than exercising alone. Also the trainers always help people with their posture. In the past, when I was at work, I
sometimes had a hard time digesting food. Now it’s gotten much better, and I can focus on my work.” Last, we interviewed
Kim Dong-hwan. He said, “I registered for this program to get in shape. After one and a half months, I could see a big
change in my shoulders and abs. I think the systematic plan really helped me strengthen my body.”
CrossFit is exciting because the exercise always varies. You don’t just do the same moves over and over. So if today you
focus on power, then tomorrow you focus on agility. In this way, the workout never gets old. There are two ways for you to
do CrossFit. The first is by registering at a CrossFit center and training with others. The other way is by doing it through the
Internet. In this way, the exercise will not be limited by time and place. And you can always join a club or get together with
friends if you want to exercise in company. This will get you motivated without having to hire a personal trainer. But make
sure to do the workout correctly; otherwise you might get injured.
The downside of CrossFit is that it doesn’t bulk up your muscles. CrossFit is more focused on a well-balanced body than
traditional weightlifting. Also, the routine itself can be demanding and may put too much pressure on joints and ligaments.
You can adjust the level of difficulty by slowing down or reducing the number of operating cycles, but if you have a limited
range of motion or have suffered from joint-related injuries, CrossFit may not be good for you.
CrossFit
CrossFit with minimum equipment

COVER STORY
The Pioneer
P
eople commonly think that a workout has to be done
in a gym. But that’s not necessarily true. You can
buff up or tone your body in any nearby playground
or park. In many foreign countries, it is uncommon to see
people exercising outdoors, and in Korea, too, many
people are unwilling to exercise in public places. But these
days, a tendency toward outdoor workouts is growing. You
can see men hanging on the pull-up bars in GNU’s
playgrounds. They love doing pull-ups, chin-ups, and
other acrobatic moves on the bar. This is called “Street
Workout.” As opposed to exercising in a costly fitness
center, street workout is all about doing simple exercises
outdoors and using only your body weight.
The origins of street workout are unknown. As the
number of people who do street workout has increased,
many strategies for doing it have been devised. The main
workouts involve pull-ups, chin-ups, dips and push-ups. Those 4 exercises are performed with a pull-up bar and a parallel
bar. Many people wrongly believe that the pull-up is a workout only for their back; it’s actually good for training all of your
upper body muscles and for developing basic strength as well. Strong erector spinae and shoulder muscles help with good
body posture and are also considered to be an important element of sex appeal.
The most famous street workout performance team is Bar Brothers. The brothers are two American guys who are known
for having fully transformed their skinny bodies into muscular bodies by doing street workout. They have posted all the steps
for achieving a better body on their social network service. This has motivated others to do street workout. The brothers have
a familiar workout routine called Madbarz. The routine is divided into 3 levels, for beginner, intermediate, and hardcore
exercisers. You can choose a level depending on your own level of fitness.
Kim Do-hun, a senior in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Yang Sung-woo, a senior in the Department of
International Trade, usually enjoy doing street workout on the playground in front of GNU’s gym. Kim Do-hun has done
street workout steadily every other day for 6 months. We asked him about his workout and what makes him do it. He said, “I
wanted to improve my ability to do pull-ups, and that's what motivated me to do street workout. It is cheaper than any other
fitness routine, and I can do it anytime I want. But working out alone sometimes makes it hard to get myself motivated.”
Yang Sung-woo began street workout from the end of August. He started in order to lose weight for the summer vacation.
We asked him if he has any problems when doing street workout. He answered, “Running, dips, and pull-ups are what I and
others mainly do, but there are few pull-up bars in our university. So I sometimes have to wait to use a pull-up bar. It would
be nice if additional pull-up bars were installed around the school and if we could have lights on at night in the playgrounds.
Rainy days are really the only problem with street workout. Other than that, it’s great.”
Street Workout
People perform street workout with various bars
Freeletics
A
nother high intensity training program is Freeletics. It was created in Germany. Like CrossFit, it is the name of both a
program and a fitness company. While CrossFit training presents you with Workout of the Day, Freeletics presents you
with High Intensity Workout of the Day (HIWOD). Unlike CrossFit, Freeletics can be performed anywhere and doesn
t require any exercise tools or machines except for a pull-up bar. The word free, incorporated into its name, describes its
basic principle: The world is my gym. If you can, use the official Freeletics app to help you stick to HIWOD.
According to the information on the official website, Freeletics is composed of workouts and max. As Freeletics

The Pioneer
uses it, the term workouts means a given set of exercises.
Max means doing the same exercise as much as you can
until the point of failure. Similarly to CrossFit, Freeletics
measures athletes’ performance by workout time the
faster you complete your workout routine, the more athletic
you are. You can record your workout time in the official
app, and this will help you stay motivated and organized.
With the help of the app, Freeletics can be done
anywhere, in a group or alone. If you stick to HIWOD for
15 weeks, you can achieve dramatic changes in both your
body morphology and body function. “Cardio”, “Strength”
and “Max” are the three categories of Freeletics. Cardio
helps you get toned, and it has three minor subcategories:
Aphrodite, Dione and Metis. Strength helps your muscles
get ripped and grow. In Strength, Zeus is a full body
exercise while Aphrodite is an exercise for the legs and
abs. Not all the programs are free. The paid premium version of the Freeletics app will give you the full 15 weeks of
personalized training instructions.
There are many video clips on the Internet that show the Freeletics challenges. Most of the clips are made for marketing
purposes, but all of them have one common message: the program is tough, but it’ll get you results. For beginners, Aphrodite
is recommended. The program consists of 5 rounds and starts with 50 burpees, squats, and sit-ups. By its end, you’ll be doing
150 of each movement. It's not an easy workout, but it will be thrilling to see the changes to your body after the 15 week
challenge.
F
itness training and weightlifting are relatively new
things in Korea. It wasn't too long ago that fitness
exercises where done only by minority of people, and
done in the basement. Now, thanks to mass media and the
Internet, many Koreans both young and old are working out
to get in shape. Having big biceps or six-pack abs might be
the big driving force behind your wanting to exercise, but
just looking good isn’t enough.
Professor Kwon Sun-ok emphasized that physical well-
being is not just about six-pack abs. A balanced body is
what people should aim for. For example, developing the
femoral muscles, which are the biggest muscles in our
bodies, helps our body to maintain blood glucose
homeostasis. A sudden rise in blood glucose can be
stabilized by mobilizing blood glucose to the femoral
muscle and storing it there. In other words, having strong
lower body muscles decreases the chance of diabetes. A lot
of people shy away from working their lower body because
they are afraid of having thick (big) legs. So, they end up
only working on the upper body. This imbalance can result
in injuries and skewed postures. Muscles that can't be seen,
such as the core muscles, should also not be neglected.
Developed core muscles will burn more carbs and fats as
your basal metabolic rate is raised. This will help with
eliminating beer-bellies and love handles as well as helping
with a majority of back problems.
Above all, identifying a suitable exercise plan should
precede registering for membership in a gym or
downloading the Freeletics app. People who want to look
forward to having a nice body should keep in mind, “Be
patient, and steady steps will give you the body of your
dreams.”
Women should remember an important point of
physiology: they have lower levels of testosterone than men
do, and so will have more difficulty developing muscles.
Another important tip for women is that they should not
cling to doing aerobic exercises only. According to
Professor Kwon, even an anaerobic exercise will be aerobic
if you increase its number and not its weight. Lastly, we
would like to pass along this message, which is delivered on
the Freeletics app, to those not working out.
“We all have to work hard for good performances and
nice physiques. Don’t allow excuses to stand in your way. It
is never too early, too late, too cold, or too hot to work out.
You are also never really too tired, or too busy to do a
workout. It’s time to take care of your body and health.
Keep moving forward!”
People try to break their own record

FEATURE 1 By Seo Ji-won Reporter
The Pioneer
P
eople who have spring color
represent “peach” in a word. They
almost all have a lovely, girlish and
lively style. An example of a spring
person is Elle Fanning. She looks good
in vivid and pastel shades. You can see
a peachy glow on her face. If you look
at her picture, you are immediately
reminded of spring. On the other
hand, wearing smoky makeup and
dressing in blue-based colors gives her
a more mature look. Her clothes stand
out from her face. This means that her
skin tone is not a suitable match for
the color of her clothes. Spring people
don’t have to use dark and heavy
colors. This is because they look older
than their age.
T
he best thing about people who
have summer color is that they look
natural. If they don’t dress up, they look
more refreshed and clean. They look
better with natural hair than dyed hair.
An example of a summer person is Kim
Yu-na. She caused a sensation when
she wore the pink lipstick, “Dior addict
lip glow.” Pink is the perfect color for
summer people. Take a look at these
pictures. One shows Kim Yu-na dressed
up in the characteristics of autumn. The
other one shows her in the
characteristics of summer. Nude tone
lipsticks suit people with the
characteristics of autumn. She appears
to have a yellow complexion due to the
colors of her lipstick and clothes.
Because her personal color is summer,
she became the star of a very famous
commercial for air conditioners.
W
hat do you associate with
autumn? Most of you may think
of fallen leaves, red lipstick and trench
coats. The autumn palette is easy to
remember if you think about an
autumn landscape like this. An
example of an autumn person is Tang
Wei. We can break the stereotype that
most people well-suited to autumn
colors have a dark skin tone after
seeing her. Even if someone has a
dark skin tone, they may have a cool
tone. This picture shows a scene from
the movie “Late Autumn.” The style is
a representation of autumn. You can
feel how good autumn people look in
dark and heavy colors. If someone
looks mature for their age, they are
more likely the autumn type.
P
eople who have winter color are
the rarest. They are charismatic
and have a strong appearance.
Examples of winter people are Meryl
Streep and Kim Hye-soo. They have
something in common - they both
look very good in black and white.
Because the winter palette is
comprised of very light or dark colors,
using two contrasting colors such as
black and white is the perfect choice.
Winter people look good in high
chroma colors. Even if people with the
characteristics of winter wear hot pink
colored clothes, they look in harmony.
Have you ever been to a cosmetic store? You can easily find advertisements showing pink lipsticks for those whose skin tone
is cool-colored and orange lipsticks for warm-colored skin tones. This is all based on the personal color system. The personal
color system can be used to find the most suitable color for each person. It is determined by skin tone, hair color, pupil color and
overall image. It hides your shortcomings and highlights your strong points. Knowing your personal color will help you present a
good image. Personal color is categorized into four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter). The characteristics of spring
and autumn are warm, and people who are grouped in these personal color systems have a yellow tone. The characteristics of
summer and winter are cool, and people who are grouped in these personal color systems have a blue tone. Let’s dig deeper into
the characteristics of each personal color system.
Find the Most Suitable Color

The Pioneer
FEATURE 2 By Lee Jong-hyun Reporter
When people are physically ill, most of them willingly go to hospital.
However, they are reluctant to go to hospital if they are mentally ill. According
to a survey from the Statistical Office of Korea, the top cause of death for
people in their 20s is suicide. Researchers studying the causes of suicide say
that there are many complex reasons, but they are mostly psychological factors.
This indicates how important mental health is. For your own well-being, you
should try to deal with your worries. You can see a counselor if you feel like
you need help.
There is a psychological counseling center in GNU. It opened and started
providing counseling services to students in 2009. It is free and is supported by
about 15 expert counselors who are graduate students from the Department of
Counseling Psychology. Between 100 and 150 counselees visit the
psychological counseling center every semester. They go through 10
counseling sessions on average. Though the counselors hear many personal
stories during the sessions, they are sworn to secrecy by law. The counselors
provide psychological testing and counseling. The psychological test is a way
to help counselees figure out who they really are deep down inside. This can
equip you to deal with problems that you face and also avoid problems that you
have encountered previously. Counseling psychology is a part of psychology
that can allow you to grow up through resolving inner conflicts.
Lee Seong-won, student representative of the counselors, said that
university students suddenly have to face many decisions once they become
adults. They easily get confused and worry about petty as well as serious
issues. Many students visit to get advice about relationships, personalities, love,
study, careers, family, values, etc. She said, “We don’t give them the perfect
solution. But we are willing to help them find the solution by themselves.” She
added, “We love to counsel those with worries.”
The most dangerous thing is an invisible problem of the mind rather than a
visible problem like physical pain. Hidden obstacles inside can be addressed
simply through counseling.
There is a famous quote: “Shared joy is a double joy; shared sorrow is half
a sorrow.” This means that we need someone to listen to us carefully. We don’t
even need a change or solution. If this is true, counselors may be the best
people to talk to. You can tell them your secrets as well as problems. Don’t
even keep petty issues inside as long as you are worried about them. Why don’t
you try out the counseling service?
Do you have a Sound Mind?
A step-by-step guide to avail of the GNU counseling service
1. Send an E-mail to counselors@gnu.ac.kr
2. Fill out some paperwork
3. Undergo psychological testing to determine your problem
4. Undergo psychological counseling to address the problem

The Pioneer
SPECIAL ISSUE By Kim Do-hye Editor and Yang Si-young Reporter
The Pioneer interviewed Kang Seok-jung, the school staff member in charge of OVP, to know more about the program.
According to him, the program started in 2008. For its first two years, OVP was conducted once a year. 40 students were selected
and took part on its volunteering work team. Since 2010, OVP has been conducted twice a year, although the number of the
students participating in each program was reduced to 35 because of budget limits. In summer, student go to Uzbekistan, where
Koryeo-saram live. In winter, student go to the Philippines, which sent troops to Korea during the Korean War.
Witnessing hardships in the Philippines and Uzbekistan, the first volunteer students were shocked and later thought that
returning to both countries repeatedly would be worthwhile. Accordingly, OVP has devoted themselves to continuous returns to
Uzbekistan and the Philippines, a practice that contrasts with that of the overseas volunteer programs of other universities. The
programs have become popular with the natives of the countries, and the natives are very friendly toward GNU student volunteers.
Kang Seok-jung added, “GNU requires much more rigorous academic preparation from its volunteers than other universities
do. Learning the traditional culture of the country is the most important part of the prerequisite education. Physical training is also
included.” While being demanding, OVP is also very supportive of its student volunteers. After fulfilling their OVP commitment,
most students have gained confidence and motivation. The Pioneer, asked Kang Suk-jung what volunteering really means. He
answered, “Volunteering is not giving and taking but giving and giving. When we help people in other countries, it will ultimately
affect their descendants, and ours, in a good way.”
He lastly said, “Having a volunteer service experience is very important, and volunteering in a foreign country can be a truly
extraordinary experience. After you come back from participating in OVP, you will have clearer sense of awareness, both of
yourself and the world around you. I know this because I myself made up my mind to live my life to the full after experiencing
Duringthisjust-endedhotsummervacation,36studentswenttoUzbekistanasmembersofGNU’s2014summer
overseasvolunteergroup.Inthis167thissueofThePioneer,wecoverGNU’sOverseasVolunteerProgram(OVP)
anditsparticipants’specialexperiences.
The participants of OVP and children on Siongo Village
Give True Love
to Others through GNU OVP
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
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Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
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Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love
Give True Love

The Pioneer
OVP.”
In the early 20th century, after Korea fell under the imperial rule of Japan,
many poor Korean peasants moved to the Maritime Province, Primorsky Krai, in
Russia. As time went by, the Korean population of that area gradually increased.
In 1937, however, Koreans who lived there, in what was now a part of the Soviet
Union, were driven out of the province to settle in Uzbekistan as part of Stalin's
ethnic balance policy. We call those displaced people Koryeo-saram.
Arirang Nursing Home is a sanatorium for the Koryeo-saram. The sanatorium
was built in the suburbs of Tashkent at the insistence of the Koryeo-saram
Cultural Association, and its construction was financially and diplomatically
supported by the Korean government. After a visit by the Korean prime minister
in 2007, construction of the Arirang Nursing Home began, and the facility opened
with 40 elderly residents in 2010. The residents were all born before 1937.
Arirang Nursing Home became an important symbol of the Koryeo-saram . Every
year, many Korean volunteer organizations visit Arirang Nursing Home to help
serve the residents. Almost 1000 people have now visited the sanatorium. These
visitors have usually provided short-term volunteer medical services. OVP began
its visits to the Arirang Nursing Home in 2010 and has been doing volunteer work
there consecutively for 5 years.
This summer, OVP comprised seven volunteer groups: a Korean language
team, which taught Korean to children; a taekwondo team, which taught Korean
martial arts to children; a recreation team; a traditional culture team, which staged
samul nori (traditional percussion quartet) concerts; a volunteer work team; an
appropriate technology team, which did maintenance work for the Arirang
Nursing Home and Siongo Village; and a recording team, which recorded the
work of the other teams and the lives of the nursing home residents and which we
at The Pioneer joined.
Five teams provided educational services to 120 children who live in Siongo,
at the same time that they became friends of the elderly and did volunteer work
for them. Their volunteer services for the elderly included assisting the residents
in making colored-paper collages, making clay sculptures, and doing yoga
exercises. The elderly hesitated at first in participating in these activities since they
had never done them before. But after we showed them how to do things step by
step, they did well and did so with big smiles on their faces. We also massaged
their shoulders and made friends with them by engaging in pleasant small talk.
For children living in the village, each team engaged in very different
activities. The Korean language team started a Korean education program that
began with teaching basic greetings, like “Hello,” and simple sentences, like “I
love you.” Children got comfortable using Korean through singing and dancing.
The taekwondo team not only taught taekwondo but also did many other outdoor
activities with the children, including jumping rope and doing the limbo. The
recreation team did role-playing activities with the children, sang and danced to
Korean pop songs. The children were very excited about drawing pictures and
boasted about their paintings to the volunteer student teachers. The traditional
culture team began every morning by playing percussion on the four samul nori
instruments kwaenggwari (small gong), jing (larger gong), janggu (hourglass-
shaped drum), and buk (barrel drum) and let the children familiarize themselves
with the instruments by touching them. This was the children’s first encounter
with those instruments, and they were really amazed by them. The work and
appropriate technology teams pruned trees, did domestic chores, installed solar
street lights, and painted one bare wall will a beautiful mural.
A noticeboard about Koryeo-saram’s history in Arirang Nursing Home
Korean language team taught Korean to children
A boy was practicing kicking
Traditional culture team played the buk with chidren
The work and appropriate technology teams painted mural

The Pioneer
The Pioneer asked Kim Jeong-woo, the director of Arirang Nursing Home
what he thought about OVP. He said, “I really appreciate the help from OVP.
GNU students have always treated the elderly with courtesy and been good
grandchildren to them. The elderly love the students so much and miss them every
year when they leave. Beyond volunteering, students have given true love. The
children in Siongo Village were very happy to experience the diverse educational
and cultural programs and learned something valuable of Korean culture.”
We also asked the volunteers what they thought about their experiences. Here
are some of their stories.
Noh Seung-a, a senior in the Department of Social Welfare and a
member of the recreation team
As a social welfare major, Noh Seung-a had an obvious and compelling
interest in volunteering. Even though this was not to be her first time abroad, the
idea of experiencing overseas volunteering made her tremble. But she thought that
this summer would be her first and final chance as a student to participate in OVP.
She belonged to the recreation team. The team’s jobs were sorted into sports,
music, and art activities to make maximum use of team members’ abilities. “We
prepared dozens of programs, basing them on what we searched out in various
books and on the Internet and on our childhood memories. But limited financial
support, circumstances and local situations kept us from carrying out those
programs. It was very disappointing.”
She said, “On account of the hot weather in Uzbekistan, most schools there are
on vacation throughout the summer. Children in Siongo Village, a small rural
village, spend time just hanging out. The children there welcomed us
enthusiastically although it was the first time we’d meet each other. Even the hot
weather couldn’t stop them from visiting Arirang Nursing Home early in the
morning to meet OVP’s members.”
Noh Seung-a said that traveling from Tashkent to Incheon was really
exhausting. It took about 6 hours by bus to go from the volunteers’
accommodations in Samarkand to Tashkent International Airport, and the flight
then from Tashkent to Incheon was 7 hours. She said with a wry face, “It was a
night flight. The departure time at Tashkent International Airport was 10:00 pm.
We arrived in Incheon early in the morning. It was my first time taking a night
flight, and it was very uncomfortable.” Another tough experience was the physical
training OVP required. One of the most important things in volunteering is
physical fitness. She attended all the fitness training sessions, which included
running and hiking.
She said that doing yoga programs with the elderly was the part of her
experience that made the greatest impression on her. She said with a smile, “most
programs for the elderly were not planned like other OVP programs. The
programs were devised on the spot, and team members had to conduct the
programs differently every day. I belonged to the team that led the yoga program.
The elderly hesitated at first since they were not used to doing yoga. But we
showed them how to do it step by step, and they did it very well. Even though we
were an improvisational team, we were really keen to teach them yoga.”
Yun Gun-oo, a junior in the Department of Control and Instrumentation
Engineering and the leader of the traditional culture team
When he was a high school student, Yun Gun-oo learned how to play samul
nori. He was fascinated by the harmony of four different instruments. During a trip
The participants of OVP
Pictures of Koryeo-sarams in Arirang Nursing Home
Korean language team showed Korean fan dance

The Pioneer
to Jeonju during winter vacation, he and his friend were playing janggu and buk
when, by chance, a foreign tourist passing by saw them playing and applauded. Yun
was impressed that he could show Korean culture to foreigners by using his talent.
From then on, he strove to show Korean culture to others. This was the very
motivation that made him apply for OVP.
He originally participated as the leader of the traditional culture team. Given the
programs that the team was undertaking, a lot of practice for various performances
was needed. They prepared traditional games and worked Korean folk songs and
ballads, such as “Jindo Arirang” and “Tongyeong dog taryeong,” into educational
programs for kids.
He said, “Eventually, we had to change most of the programs that we’d planned.
As a team leader, I didn’t want my team to be undervalued and always worried
about how we could do well. Consequently, I grilled my teammates, and we had
conflicts from time to time. But we got through all the hardships and did a very
good job.”
A few days after coming back to Korea, he had doubts about whether his
volunteer work in Uzbekistan was really worthwhile for those elderly residents and
children. But he realized that his little actions had given them joyful memories and
that volunteering does not have to be a tremendous thing to be valuable. If the
beneficiaries of volunteering liked it, then that was enough. For him, OVP was an
unforgettable experience that he realizes that he will never have again.
Lee Dong-hwan, a senior in the Department of Industrial System
Engineering and the leader of the taekwondo team
When he was doing his military service, Lee Dong-hwan saw a documentary
about Task Force Danbi, which had been sent to Haiti as a part of an earthquake
relief effort. The terrible earthquake occurred on January 12, 2010. The task force
performed their duties in such a harsh environment with love and in the spirit of
sharing. He was very impressed. He also wanted to help and share hope with needy
neighbors. This pushed him to become involved in overseas volunteering. He
applied for OVP last year but was not accepted. He applied again this year with his
friend s help and was finally selected as a member of the 2014 summer volunteer
group.
The taekwondo team prepared programs that included stretching, kicking,
breaking pine boards, poomsae (martial arts patterns or forms typically used in
taekwondo), and other physical activities for the children. The programs were
planned in the team s own way, and the children had a hard time following the
moves. Communication difficulties also discouraged the taekwondo team in their
attempts to teach the children. Lee said, “I felt as if those kids were not interested in
taekwondo. They really just wanted to hang out with us.” After two days of trial and
error, they divided the children into three groups according to age and sex and ran
the program by alternating 30-minute periods of learning taekwondo and 10-minute
rest periods. During the rest periods, the team members hung out with the children.
Fortunately, in this way, the kids were willing to participate.
On the final day of volunteering, he and his team performed a taekwondo dance
and broke pine boards in front of over 200 people. Remembering the moment when
the team took its bows after their performance, he said he could feel his heart racing.
“Although short and not easy, the time we spent in Uzbekistan is still rich with good
memories. I especially remember how very happy I was when a little girl came up
to me and said that her favorite teacher was me.”
Traditional culture team played Samul nori

The Pioneer
LOCAL FOCAL By Lee Jong-hyun Reporter
An old Korean saying has it that the smell of grilled jeoneo (gizzard shad) brings back a runaway daughter-in-
law.Itillustratestheexceptionaltasteofthatfish.Jeoneocomeintoseasoninfall,andfishcaughtalongthesouth
coast taste best. Fall is, as well, the season in which many other marine products are abundantly available,
especially in the well-developed coastal fish markets of Gyeongsangnam-do. The Pioneer will introduce you to
twoofthosemarkets,theSamcheonpoYonggungFishMarketandtheMasanFishMarket,andtwoimportantfish
festivals.Alsowe’llofferaswellasabitofadviceonbuyingandhandlingfish.
Grilled jeoneo Spicy sashimi and vegetables on rice Water sashimi Sashimi
The original Samcheonpo fish
market had developed naturally
since 1965, becoming one of the
representative fish markets in West
Gyeongsangnam-do. As time passed
by, however, customers turned away
from the market because of its
deterioration, narrow streetsand
scarcity of parking space. The local economy was also in a
slowdown, and the fisheries in Samcheonpo were for a while
stagnant. So Sacheon-si decided to build a new market, named
Yonggung Fish Market, and spent 7.4 billion on its
construction. The building covers 4,226 square meters and is
currently occupied by 268 stores.
In autumn, jeoneo is
one of the most popular dishes served at Samcheonpo Port.
And there in the port, at the Jeoneo Festival, held in July to
August, you can have a bite of this mouthwatering fish for
yourself and learn how the fish is caught. The festival also
features various activities and programs ranging from quiz,
bare-handed fishing, singing contests and fireworks displays to
live concerts.
How to get to Samcheonpo Yonggung Fish Market from Gaeyang
Intercity Bus Terminal
1. Get on the bus to Samcheonpo and get off at the last stop. The fare is
3900.
2. Get on the #75 bus at the bus stop across the street from
Samcheonpo Intercity Bus Terminal and, after about 10 minutes, get off
at the Seongu-dong Community Service Center. Walk along for about 3
minutes following the signs to the market. It takes about 80 minutes to
get to the market from Gaeyang. You can, of course, take a taxi from the
terminal in Samcheonpo to the market. It will cost only the basic fare and
cut your travel time by 10 minutes or so.
Samcheonpo Yonggung Fish Market

The Pioneer
The Masan Fish Market has a
history of more than 250 years and is
the oldest and largest fish market in
Gyeongsangnam-do. It is even older
than the famous Jagalchi Market in
Busan. The market was first formed
around Chang-dong and part of
Namseong-dong, but from 1911 to
1914 it expanded across Namseong-dong and Dongseong-dong.
This was possible because of land reclaimed from part of
Masan’s harbor. In 1993, the market expanded farther, to Odong-
dong and Sinpo-dong, and reached its present extent. It covers an
area of about 190,000 square meters, and its more than 2,000
occupants comprise about some 700 street vendors and 1300
shops. On average, between 30,000 and 50,000 people visit the
market each day.
The Masan Fish Market
Festival is held every autumn. And it is becoming more and
more popular each year. The festival features various activities
and programs those are similar to Samcheonpo Port Jeoneo
Festival’s. Cheerful merchants, a wide range of fish choices
and a delightful atmosphere make visitors think that the fish
market is well worth a visit.
How to get to Samcheonpo Yonggung Fish Market from Gaeyang
Intercity Bus Terminal
1. Get on the bus to Samcheonpo and get off at the last stop. The fare is
3900.
2. Get on the #75 bus at the bus stop across the street from
Samcheonpo Intercity Bus Terminal and, after about 10 minutes, get off
at the Seongu-dong Community Service Center. Walk along for about 3
minutes following the signs to the market. It takes about 80 minutes to
get to the market from Gaeyang. You can, of course, take a taxi from the
terminal in Samcheonpo to the market. It will cost only the basic fare and
cut your travel time by 10 minutes or so.
Masan Fish Market
Seafood contains high-quality protein and other essential nutrients and is an important part of a healthy diet. In fact, a well-
balanced diet that includes a variety of seafood can contribute to heart health and help children’s proper growth and
development. As with any type of food, however, it is important to handle seafood safely in order to reduce the risk of food-
borne illness, or food poisoning. To fully and safely enjoy the fine taste and nutrition of seafood, you need to know these basic
food safety tips for buying, preparingand storing fish and shellfish.
Selecting and Serving Seafood Safely Fresh Seafood
Only buy fish that is well refrigerated or displayed on a thick bed of fresh ice that is not melting (preferably in a case or under some type of cover).
1. Fish should smell fresh and mild, not fishy, sour, or ammonia-like.
2. A fish’s eyes should be clear and bulge a little.
3. Whole fish and fillets should have firm, shiny flesh and bright red gills free from milky slime.
4. The flesh should spring back when pressed.
5. Fish fillets should display no discoloration, darkening, or drying around the edges.
6. Shrimp flesh should be translucent and shiny with little or no odor.
7. Some refrigerated seafood may have time/temperature indicators on their
packaging, which show if the product has been stored at the proper temperature.
Always check the indicators when they are present and only buy the seafood if the
indicator shows that the product is safe to eat.
Frozen Seafood
Frozen seafood can spoil if it thaws during transport and is left at warm temperatures
for too long.
1. Don’t buy frozen seafood if its package is open, torn, or crushed on the edges.
2. Avoid packages that are positioned above the frost line or top of the freezer case.
3. Avoid packages with signs of frost or ice crystals, which may mean the fish has been stored a long time or thawed and refrozen.

The Pioneer
LEISURE By Yang Si-young Reporter
Nowadays, many Koreans are pursuing many new and excitingly different leisure activities, including rafting, fly
fishing, and wakeboarding. But these activities often require a certain amount of time and expense for their
practitioners to attain proficiency in them. So instead of taking up one of these time-consuming activities, how about
simply going hiking? There are many mountains near GNU, and they are noted for their scenic beauty. Hiking doesn’t
require hard training before you start in on it, and hiking is cheaper than other activities. Also, hiking is great for
alleviating stress. But many students don’t like going hiking. Maybe it’s because they think hiking requires a lot of
stamina and a lot of time. Actually, hiking gives you a time to relax, and at the same time, it strengthens your muscles
and joints.
So, The Pioneer would like to introduce and recommend some great hiking options for GNU students. We met
with the president of the Gyeongsang University Alpine Club (GUAC) to get some information about and expert
advice on hiking the mountains around GNU. GUAC was established in 1971. It currently has 15 members, who go
hiking once every three weeks. Mr. Kang, the president of GUAC, joined the club out of curiosity. He thought hiking
could strengthen diverse parts of his body while ridding him of some of his stress, and this attracted him.
Most students don’t like hiking because of the high level of difficulty involved in climbing major mountains. For
beginners, Mr. Kang recommended the mountains of national parks. The parks have many signposts, so beginners
don’t have to worry about getting lost. The websites of national parks have a lot of informative materials, including
path recommendations, that can help beginners easily get started on their hikes. They can see the courses and their
levels of difficulty. And there are inquiry pages where novice hikers can post questions and get information from
others. In addition, Mr. Kang recommended going to mountains which have wooded valleys. Valleys give beginners a
chance to rest while hiking and to easily get water. Also, if a mountain has wooded valleys, it means it has a lot of
shade that will make a hike easier for beginners. He particularly recommends Deogyusan, Waryongsan, and
Gibaeksan, as these mountains have relatively
gentle slopes.
Each mountain has its own features. For
example, Waryongsan’s other name is Rocky
Mountain. This mountain is surrounded by
rocks and presents hikers with the risk of ankle
injuries. So before attempting Waryongsan,
hikers should equip themselves with hiking
boots high enough to protect their ankles.
Jirisan is a ridge-centered mountain. This
makes it easier to hike than other mountains.
The Pioneer asked Mr. Kang if there was
anything students had to know before hiking
and if he had any warnings. He said that for
autumn hiking, equipment is less important
than it is in other seasons. However, since
Hiking in Autumn
Here are many mountains near GNU, and they are noted for their scenic beauty. Hiking doesn’t require
hard training before you start in on it, and hiking is cheaper than other activities. But many students
don’t like going hiking. Maybe it’s because they think hiking requires a lot of stamina and a lot of time.
Actually,hikinggivesyouatimetorelax,andatthesametime,itstrengthensyourmusclesandjoints.
Waryongsan

The Pioneer
there are still many insects active in autumn, hikers should wear long pants and long-sleeved
clothing. The long clothing can be skipped if it’s uncomfortable, but hikers must wear long
socks to protect their legs. Going hiking in full makeup or wearing perfume should
especially be avoided. Not only will the pungent smells of the makeup and perfume likely
annoy other hikers (who presumably are more interested in the smells of trees and
wildflowers), but they can also attract dangerous insects. He added that since autumn is
colder than summer, hikers should carry some light clothes that can be worn as
windbreakers. And above all, hikers must carry at least two liters of water with them. Mr.
Kang emphasized the water should be drunk little by little. Many hikers rely on energy bars
to maintain their stamina, but Mr. Kang recommended cucumbers and fruits instead. He also
recommended before 8 am or between 2pm to 3pm as the best times for hiking.
If you are hesitating to go on a hike because there’s nobody who wants to go hiking with
you, you can search for a club or a group by using social network services such as Facebook
and Twitter. Also, the national park websites have pages for people who are looking for
hiking mates. So there are many ways by which you can enjoy hiking with others. If you are
hesitating because of the high level of difficulty involved in climbing a mountain, you can
choose from the mountains that GUAC recommends. Mr. Kang said, “When I went on a
hike for the first time, I had to take a rest after every three steps. After one semester with the
club, however, I could feel my strength had grown. After that, I was excited whenever I
have a chance to hike.” He added, “Students are under a lot of stress because of their
studying and their worries about getting a job. They can relieve stress by hiking, and this can
be the ultimate healing.” There are many mountains which are easy to hike and have good
scenery. Soon summer will be gone, and autumn will be here. This means it’s time for you
to go outside and pursue some leisure activities. For a change, why don’t you go hiking this
autumn?
Deogyusan

LOCAL INFO By Kim Do-hye Editor
The Pioneer
High summer has passed, and the weather is good, cooling down toward autumn. Various fall festivals are held in
Gyeongsang-do every year. We, The Pioneer want to recommend some of the representative autumn festivals of
Gyeongsang-do to your attention. Each has been designated as one of the Korean Excellent Festivals or Korean
HonoraryRepresentativeFestivalsbytheMinistryofCulture,SportandTourism.
Falling in Love with Autumn Festivals
The 15th Jinju Namgang Yudeung (Lantern) Festival
The custom of floating
yudeung, or lanterns,
originated during the Japanese
invasion of Korea in 1592.
The yudeung were used as
military signals, as tactics for
blocking Japanese crossing of
the river, and as means of
communication. This annual
custom of floating lanterns was continued for a long time as one
event in the Gaecheon Art Festival. In 2000, the event was
separated from Gaecheon Art Festival and developed into its
own formal festival, the Jinju Namgang Yudeung Festival. The
festival became one of the most representative festivals in
Korea. And now it has become a global festival as it is
expanding to embrace participation from Canada and the U.S. If
you visit Namgang during the festival, you can make your own
yudeung and make a wish. At the various theme pavilions, you
can play traditional Korean games and sample local and foreign
foods.
The 14th Masan Gagopa Chrysanthemum Festival
Old Masan has had a
reputation for producing
chrysanthemums for a long
time; it is now responsible for
13% of the total national
chrysanthemum output. Thus
Changwon annually holds a
chrysanthemum festival to
foster and promote its
chrysanthemum production as a regional strategic industry. The
festival was first held in Masan Stadium and has now moved to
Berth No. 1 of Masan Port. The festival was listed in the
Guinness Book of Records in 2009 as having presented the
stem with the largest number of flowers, that is 1315 flowers on
one stem. It has reset its own record in succeeding years, with
1370 flowers in 2010 and 1420 flowers in 2013. The festival
uses about six hundred thousands chrysanthemums, making it is
one of the world’s largest flower festivals devoted to a single
flower. Now, it has been selected as a Korean Excellent
Festival.
The 14th Sancheong Herbal Medicine Festival
Sancheong is located near
Jirisan, and it is where the
famous traditional Korean
doctor Heo Jun finished
writing his Dongui Bogam
(Mirror of Eastern Medicine).
Drawing on its natural
environment and history,
Sancheong has long
identified itself as the home of traditional and medicinal herbs.
To promote this identity, the Sancheong Herb Medicine
Festival was established, held for the first time in 2001. It has
now been selected as a Korean Excellent Festival. At the
festival, you can see and gather various herbs that grow near
Sancheong and even taste foods prepared with them. You can
also get an herbal treatment and make your own herbal soap.
The 18th Andong
International Mask
Dance Festival
Andong is include not
only tangible but also
intangible cultural assets,
notably the Chajeon Nori
(Chariot Battle) and the Mask
Dance. This is because
Andong was long active in the cultural development and
acceptance of other regions traditions. Its cultural assets
made the Andong International Mask Dance Festival possible.
The festival hosts various mask dance performances from
Korea and from other countries. It has been selected as a
Korean Honorary Representative Festival. At the festival, you
can visit various theme pavilions; make your own doll of
hanji, the traditional Korean paper made from mulberry trees;
and see arrays of masks from many other countries.

The Pioneer
WORLD ISSUE
The United Nations Calls Them “Sex Slaves,” Not “Comfort Women”
Gaza Suffering from Disputes between Israel and Hamas
The dispute between Israel and Palestine was caused by Zionism. Zionism was
a movement devoted to reestablishing a political and religious state in Palestine
for the Jews, and it is now devoted to preserving that state. The Arabs opposed
this movement, asserting that the Jews had simply moved into Palestine and had
reestablished nothing. During World War I, the United Kingdom issued the
Balfour Declaration which supported establishing Israel, a nation for the Jews, in
Palestine. So, Israel was established and the Palestinians were driven into Gaza.
The Palestinians built a barrier to separate them from Israel. Because of this, Gaza
is sometimes called a huge prison. Three Israeli teenagers disappeared on June
12th. They were found dead after June 30th. Israelis strenuously insisted that the
incident had been perpetrated by Hamas, an organization of Palestinian militants.
Finally, Israel launched an air attack to avenge the incident. This was the
beginning of the dispute between Israel and Hamas in Gaza. It has caused huge
losses of both life and property. About 4 to 6 billion dollars worth of property has
been damaged. The number of deaths has reached 1867, including the deaths of
408 children. On August 4th, 2014, one month after the start of the engagement,
the two sides signed a 72-hour humanitarian truce agreement. At the same time,
Israeli withdrew all ground forces that were positioned in Gaza.
On July 17th, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, carrying 298 people was shot down
while flying from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur. There were no survivors of this
crash. The plane was shot down above Donetsk in the Ukraine. Confrontations
between Ukrainian government forces and rebel forces have been frequent in this
area. The Ukrainian government claimed that the rebel forces fired a missile at the
airliner. But the rebel forces shifted the blame onto the Ukrainian government.
Agence France-Presse reported that the rebel forces could have mistaken a
commercial airliner for a government aircraft. Ukrainian rebel forces claim to
advocate Russophilism. Some people have insisted that Russian President
Vladimir Putin is behind this incident. So, it’s now being called part of Cold War.
But still no one knows who actually shot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.
Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, has
continuously pushed the Japanese government to create a permanent solution to
the problem of sex slaves. Now, for the first time, the UN has officially criticized
the Japanese government for its attitude towards the women long euphemistically
referred to as “comfort women.” They pointed out that the very term “comfort
women,” which the Japanese government uses, is impertinent. They claimed that
the term “sex slaves” properly identifies the brutal reality that women were forced
into by the Japanese army. In 2012, Hillary Rodham Clinton, then U. S. Secretary
of State, ordered the use of “sex slaves” in all official American documents. The
UN also said that Japan’s apology to its sex slaves is still not sufficient.
Who Shot Down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17?
By Seo Ji-won Reporter

The Pioneer
COLLABORATION By Son Seong-eun Editor
The Batman movies are based on a series of comic books published by DC Comics. The
character Batman was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in 1939. Batman was first cinematized
in 1943 as a 15-hour movie serial, and many Batman movies followed over the years. In 2005,
Christopher Nolan, a director well-known for his “Memento,” successfully rebooted the by-then-
dying franchise with “Batman Begins.” This movie, which is the first in director Nolan’s Batman
trilogy told Batman’s origin story in a most realistic way. While previous Batman movies covered
the origin story in short flashbacks, this was the first time the audience had a good look at the
realistic and human side of Bruce Wayne and the struggles he underwent in becoming Batman.
In “Batman Begins,” one of the biggest themes is how Bruce Wayne overcame his childhood
trauma. The second film, “The Dark Knight,” introduced the most atrocious Joker in the history of
Batman movies. The movie had not only the Joker but also Two-Face (Harvey Dent) to blur the
line between good and evil and question what it takes for a man of justice to live in an unjust
world. The third movie, “The Dark Knight Rises,” went back to the inner struggles of Bruce
Wayne and pushed Batman to his limits. Broken both physically and mentally, Bruce faced a fear
like none before. But it was this fear that gave him the power to make it back and save Gotham.
The Nights of Seven Years is a Korean novel written by Jeong You-jung. Some people say that
The Nights of Seven Years is worthy to stand beside Stephen King’s novels in that its story is very
tightly constructed. A big difference between it and the Batman series is that the novel’s story is
based on a confrontation between the haves and the have-nots. Batman fought against evil by using
the immense wealth he had inherited from his parents, who had been killed by a mugger. Choi Seo-
won, one of the main characters in The Nights of Seven Years, saved his father Choi Hyun-soo
from a death sentence by collecting evidence to refute the false charge that led to his conviction for
the murder of his wife Kang Eun-ju. The Nights of Seven Years is not just an entertaining thriller. It
is also an important examination of social inequity; it exposes the irrationalities and inequality
prevailing in Korean society.
Getting Over the Trauma or Giving In
“The Dark Knight” is well-known for its confrontation between Batman and the Joker. Tim
Burton, who directed his own Batman movie in 1989, set up the Joker as the murderer of Bruce

The Pioneer
Wayne’s parents. Director Nolan, however, focused on a more realistic presentation of the murder, thereby
setting up the psychological themes that he then developed. The movie repeatedly went back to the theme of
overcoming traumas and not giving up. Bruce Wayne used the bat as his symbol for overcoming his trauma.
In The Nights of Seven Years, all the characters suffered psychological traumas. They were all cruelly
treated by their parents: Hyun-soo’s father was an alcoholic and had a history of domestic violence, Eun-ju’s
mother was a prostitute, and Seung-hwan’s father was a diver who transported corpses. Each character’s
trauma was the root of his or her tragedy. The author also set up certain circumstances in which the villain
was bound to be a villain. The villain is Oh Young-je. He was the very person who laid the blame for killing
Eun-ju on Hyun-soo. The set-up is that Young-je suffered an emotional trauma as a child: he grew up in a
family in which his father constantly beat his mother, and this set-up makes the tragedy that unfolds in the
future not only probable but inevitable. The different trauma of each of the characters intertwined each with
the others.
Young-je thought he owned his wife and daughter, Se-ryeong like property. This thought was heavily
influenced by his father. Young-je beat his family in the name of correction. This brutality made his daughter
run away in the middle of the night, and as she was fleeing her home, she was hit by a car driven by Hyun-
soo. This event started a chain of events that became a nightmare for Hyun-soo. Young-je started planning to
avenge his daughter’s death. He wanted revenge not for the loss of his daughter but for the destruction of his
possession. By killing Hyun-soo’s son, Young-je wanted Hyun-soo to feel his pain.
Brooding Over the Confrontation between Right and Wrong
The characters in The Nights of Seven Years are multi-dimensional whereas the Batman series only has
two-dimensional characters (except batman himself) that are either good or bad like most comic book
characters. In The Nights of Seven Years, dynamic characters intensify the novel’s suspense. The characters
are intertwined with each other and hold each other in check. The knotty links allow readers to contemplate
the story from various angles. It is not easy to tell the protagonist from the antagonist because each character
is in some ways bad and good. All the characters have their own reasons for being who they are.
On the other hand, Batman and the Joker are polar opposites. But the movie is more complicated than
just a good guy fighting a bad guy; the true fight is the inner struggle within Batman himself. It is his
struggle to keep to his moral code while trying to catch the Joker, who had no moral code. As the movie
cleverly put it, the Joker had no motives; he just wanted to see the world burn. Anyone would agree that
people like the Joker are too dangerous to keep alive, and it would be a world of justice if he was just gone.
But Batman, even when he has the chance, does not break his moral code (while he may be very tempted)
and saves the Joker’s life.
The Nights of Seven Years is an initiation novel with a different angle. Seo-won grew up and was able to
distinguish right from wrong. Author Jeong showed us that we always have chances to choose the right
path. In quite different ways, both director Nolan and author Jeong showed that villains make people see the
good and the bad of the world and force us to choose the right and the wrong.
Facing Your Fear and Turning that Fear into Motivation
In the last part of Nolan’s trilogy, “The Dark Knight Rises,” Bruce Wayne was sent to a prison in the
very place where Talia al Guhl, the daughter of Ra’s al Guhl was born. The prison was “a pit where men are
thrown to suffer and die.” When Bruce Wayne tried to escape the pit, he failed. As noted above, Batman
didn’t fear death. He only feared that Gotham would be destroyed while he sat at the bottom of the pit. A
blind prisoner gave him a strange tip that having no fear of death would make Batman weaker. The
prisoner advised Batman to let the fear of death find him, and through this fear, Bruce was able to escape the
prison and save Gotham City.
In The Nights of Seven Years, Hyun-soo feared many things. He was afraid to be caught for the murder
of Se-ryeong. He was afraid he would turn out like his abusive father. He was afraid to lose his son Seo-
won. Unlike his father, Seo-won saved himself from Young-je’s trap by using his fear of death, a fear that
originated 7 years before when Young-je tried to kill him. The difference between Bruce Wayne and Seo-
won is that while there is a clear cut winner in the Batman movies. There is nothing heroic or epic about
Seo-won’s struggle to survive.

The Pioneer
OPINION
By Lee In-hui
Doctor of Philosophy in California Institute of Integral Studies
I recently returned to Korea after having lived for more than
thirty years in the U.S.A. Since my return I have felt blue and
reckoned it was a result of relocation and many other challenges
that I must contend with. In addition, I have felt helpless in the
face of a series of events taking place in my homeland including
the ill-fated presidential election, the tragic sinking of the Sewol
that claimed over three hundred lives that were mostly high
school students, and of late, the deaths of drafted soldiers by
brutal beatings and sexual assaults.
The other day in the midst of this seemingly endless sequence
of tragic events I found myself brightening up: I was on the city
bus looking mindlessly out the windows when something caught
my eye. It was a young man with tattoos on his arms. He
appeared to be in his twenties and was walking down the street
with a lunch or tool bag flung over his shoulders. His stride was
confident and he gave an impression of being content and
comfortable in his skin. Perhaps his good looks and his well-built
physique adorned by tattoos contributed to this confidence. Since
my return to Korea in 2013 I have seen a few pop stars on
TV,such as G-Dragon and Lee Hyo-ri with tattoos as well as a
few young men and women in Seoul, but not many in this small
town where I live. Wow, this would have been unthinkable and
unimaginable thirty years ago, about the time I left for the United
States.
In the 1970s when I was a student at GNU, tattooing was the
last thing I could imagine myself doing, because at that time
tattooing represented freedom of personal expression. In those
days, any signs of individual freedom such as miniskirts for
women, long hair for men, visiting western foreigners, or even
rock’n’roll were brutally curbed by the military dictatorship. As a
young woman in Korea, freedom was my highest ideal and I
often struggled with the question of how to incorporate
individual, personal freedom into my own life.
Seeing this young man with tattoos prompted me to think
about tattooing in Korea as well as the relationships between
tattooing and freedom. I use “tattooing” to mean both doing and
getting tattoos. If we look closely, it becomes evident that where
tattooing is legalized, people experience greater freedom. Under
oppressive systems, tattooed people are treated like criminals.
The perception of tattooing has changed over time. For
instance, in 1961 tattooing was illegal - among all the places in
the world - in New York City. In 1997, after relentless activism on
the part of many great tattoo artists, such as Spider Webb and
Thom DeVita and their supporters, tattooing was finally legalized.
Given this historical evidence, it is possible that tattooing can be
made legal in Korea if activist-oriented artists will organize and
lobby for its legalization. In the meantime I am taking this
opportunity to raise awareness of the importance for making
tattooing not only legal but socially acceptable. Tattooing is a site
where political, social and personal freedom is heavily fought for,
and this is especially true for women.
For the first 15 years of my life in the United States I made a
living by tattooing. That is I was a tattoo artist and was personally
tattooed by great artists such as Lyle Tuttle, Ed Hardy, Philip Leu
of Switzerland, Anke and Dieter of Germany, Hori Yoshi II of
Japan and Madame Chinchilla. These are well established names
in the tattoo world today. As a result of my personal experiences
of tattooing and with my research, I can tell you why I believe
that tattooing should be legalized.
Tattooing: Ancient as time, modern as tomorrow
Originally, the English word tattoo was written as “tat’too”
and pronounced [tã-tu], a word used by Polynesians, Tahitians
and Samoans. Tattooing means a permanent mark or design on
the skin by a process of ingraining an indelible pigment or by
raising scars (if the skin is too dark black ink is not visible and
scarification is used). An early use of the “English” word tattoo
was found in an entry in Captain James Cook’s diary dated 1769.
Tattooing is an ancient art form that has been found globally.
My research shows that in one case, tattoo instruments were
found in an archeological dig site dating back to the Upper
Paleolithic (10,000 BCE to 38,000 BCE).
Often people argue if tattooing is an art or not, to which I say,
it is more than art, because tattooing has a sacred aspect, beyond
being art ”as we know it.” To illustrate this point, look at how our
ancestors have used tattooing:
As part of ritual practice linked to shamanism, protection,
connection with the divine and magical power
In ancient times, without the luxury of arguing with science,
our ancestors knew that there was a great mystery beyond their
immediate universe. One way in which they sought to harness
this unseen, mysterious and magical power was through rituals
and tattooing. For instance, in 1992 the frozen body of a 5,000
year old man was found in the Alps Mountains. Voila! He had 58
tattoos. Another example can be found in the 2006 discovery of a
tattooed woman mummy, believed to be a female ruler of Pre-
Columbian Peru. She was identified as a Pre-Inca woman dating
back to 450 CE whose discoverers named “The Lady of Cao.”
She has tattoos on her lower arms depicting mythological
creatures. From the Alps to Peru, people were tattooing, and this
inspired Charles Darwin to declare, “Not one great country can be

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