IT ALL ABOUT MINERALS THEIR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

1. PREPAID BY:- GROUP :C
•RAJ KRUNAL
•SHAH APURVA
•PATHARIYA SARASWATI
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SIGMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
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2. TOPICS TO BE COVERD

INTRODUCTION

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
2

3. INTRODUCTION
MINERAL-: A naturally occurring
homogeneous substance which has a more
or less definite atomic structure .
MINERAL
ROCK
FORMING
MINERALS
ORE FORMING
MINERALS
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4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Determine by simple test.

Useful on field for recognizing.

Identification by polarizing microscope by
cutting minerals into thin slices and passing
polarized light to pass through them.
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5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERAL
ARE :1)
COLOURS
9)TENACITY
2)
STREAK
10)MAGNETISM
3)
LUSTRE
11)FLUORESCENCE
4)
HARDNESS
GRAVITY
12)SPECIFIC
5)
HABIT
13)FORM
6)
CLEAVAGE
7)
FRACTURE
8)
FEEL
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6. COLOURS

Absorption of the certain
wave lengths of light by
atoms making up the crystal.

Colour and appearance in
light depends upon the
composition and structure of
the substance.

Phenomenon shown by
minerals:-
6

7. a)
PLAY OF COLOURS:- It is the development
of series of prismatic colour shown by some
on turning them in light. E.g.: Diamond
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8. b) CHANGE OF COLOURS:-It is similar to play
of colour except that the rate of change of
colour on rotation is rather low. E.g.:
Plagioclase Feldspar.
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9. c)IRIDESCENCE: Some minerals shows
rainbow colours either in their exterior or in
the interior surface.E.g.:-Limonite.
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10. 
The colour of
mineral powder is called
the streak.

Obtained by rubbing the
mineral against an
unglazed porcelain plate ,
called the “streak plate”, .

Important in case of
coloured minerals which
often give a much lighter
streak the their original
body colour .
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11. LUSTURE

The way of mineral, which reflect
the light from its surface and may
define as shine of mineral.

There are two types of lusture:1)Metallic lusture
2)Non-metallic lusture
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12. METALLIC
LUSTURE
NON-METALLIC LUSTURE
12

13. HARDNESS

Define as the resistance of a mineral to
scratching or abrasion.

Hardness is determined by rubbing a
mineral of unknown hardness against
one of known hardness.

Obtained by using “mohs scale of
hardness". It can also be obtained by
1)scratch with finger nails , 2)a penknife,
3)penny
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14. 14

15. FINGER NAILS
PENNY
BY KNIFE
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16. HABIT

“Habit” of a mineral may be define as
the size and shape of the crystals, and the
structure or form shown by the crystal.
1)Accicular :- Minerals showing needle like
crystals.
E.g.:-Natrolite.
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17. 2)Fibrous:-Minerals showing an aggregate of
long thin fibers. E.g.:-Asbestos.
3)Tabular:-Minerals showing bladed habit
occur as small knife blades.E.g.:-Kyanite .
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18. 4)Granular:-Minerals which occur as
aggregate of equidimensional grains.E.g.:Chromites.
5)Pisolitic:-Minerals which occur as
aggregates of rounded grains of a pea size.
E.g.:-Bauxite.
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19. 6)Botryoidal:-Minerals showing aggregate of
rounded masses resembling bunch of
grapes. E.g.:-Chalcedony.
7)Columnar:-Minerals showing columnar
crystals.
E.g.:- Tourmaline.
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20. CLEAVAGE

The tendency of a mineral to break more
easily with smooth surfaces along planes of
weak bonding.

It is the property which is related to the
atomic arrangement within the mineral. For
E.G.:-Mica,Galena,Calcite.
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21. Mica has basal cleavage.
Calcite has rhombohedral cleavage.
Galena has cubic cleavage.
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22. FRACTURE

The way a mineral breaks when it does not
yield along cleavage or parting surface , it
is called Fracture.

Fracture are neither linear nor parallel.
CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE
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23. 
EVEN FRACTURE:- Fracture surface which
is almost flat.

UNEVEN FRACTURE:- Fracture surface
which is irregular or rough.
E.g.:DUMORTIERITE
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24. Minerals can be identified by how they
break. Obsidian (left), although not a
mineral because of its lack of crystal
structure, shows excellent conchoidal
fracture. Asbestos (right), which is the
common name for several minerals that
form thin, threadlike structures, is an
example of a mineral with fibrous fracture.
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25. FEEL

Feel is the sensation upon touching or
handling minerals .the different types of feel
are “greasy” , “soapy”, “rough” , and “harsh”
.
Talc has “greasy” feel.
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26. Kaolin has “Soapy” feel.
Bauxite has “Rough” feel.
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27. TENACITY
Tenacity of mineral denotes the degree or
character of cohesion.
Tenacity is classified as follows:1)Sectile:-Mineral which may be cut with knife
but slices are not malleable.
ORPIMENT
27

28. 2)Malleable:-Minerals which flatten under
the hammer.
GOLD
3)Flexible:-Minerals which may be bent.
GYPSUM
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29. MAGNETISM
A few minerals are attracted by magnet
. Of these minerals magnetite and
pyrrhotite are the most common examples.
The magnetite that possesses attracting
power and polarity is called “Lodestone”.
MAGNETITE
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30. FLUORESCENCE
Some minerals when exposed in
sunlight or ultraviolet light, produce a
colour quit different from their own. Thus
green or colourless fluorite shows a blue
or purple colour in ultraviolet light. This
property of minerals is called
“Fluorescence”.
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31. IN SUNLIGHT
GREEN
FLUORITE
SHOWS BLUE OR
PRPULE COLOUR
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32. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
“Specific gravity” is a number
which represents the ratio of the
weight of a mineral to the weight
of an equal volume of water. Thus
a mineral with specific gravity 4.0
is four times as heavy as water.
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33. FORM
The internal atomic arrangement
of a mineral is manifested outwardly
by development of geometrical shapes
of crystal structure.
CALCIT INTERNAL
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
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34. COMPARISION OF MINERALS
MINERALS
PYRITE
HEMATITE
FORMULA
FeS2
Fe3O3
COLOUR
BRASS YELLOW
REDDISH BROWN OR BLACK
LUSTURE
METALLIC
METALLIC TO DULL
STREAK
GREENISH OR
BROWNISH BLACK
DARK RED
HARDNESS
6-6.5
5-6
HABIT
COMMON FORMS ARE
THE CUBE
CRYSTALS THIN TABULAR
USE
MANUFACTURE OF
SULFURIC ACID
AS IRON ORE,AS PIGMENT
IMAGE
CLEVAGE
-
ABSENT
34

35. MINERAL
MAGNETITE
BAUXITE
FORMULA
Fe3O4
Al2O3
COLOUR
IRON BLACK
WHITE,GRAY,YELLOW,
BROWN
LUSTURE
METALLIC TO DULL
DULL EARTHY
STREAK
BLACK
YELLOW TO BROWN
HARDNESS
6
2-2.5
HABIT
OCTAHEDRAL
CRYSTAL,MASSIVE OR
GRANULAR
PISOLITIC
IMAGE
USE
IMPORTANT ORE OF
IRON
AS ABRASIVE
MATERIAL,IMPORTANT ORE OF
ALUMINIUM
CLEVAGE
ABSENT
ABSENT
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36. MINERAL
GYPSUM
DOLOMITE
FORMULA
CaSO4.2H2O
CaMg(CO3)2
COLOUR
COLOURLESS,WHITE,GRE
Y,RED OR BROWN
WHITE,GRAY TO PINK
LUSTURE
USUALLY VITREOUS
VITREOUS TO PEARLY
STREAK
WHITE
WHITE
HARDNESS
2
3.5-4
HABIT
TABULAR,FIBROUS,GRANNULAR.
CRYSTAL SHOW CURVED FACES
USE
POP , AS FERTILIZER
AS BUILDING & ORNAMENTAL
STONE
CLEAVAGE
PERFECT
PERFECT ON RHOMBOHEDRAL
CLEAVAGE
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IMAGE

37. MINERAL
CALCITE
GRAPHITE
FORMULA
CaCO3
C
COLOUR
USUALLY WHITE TO
COLOURLESS
IRON BLACK TO STEEL GRAY
LUSTURE
VITREOUS
METALLIC ,EARTHY
STREAK
WHITE
BLACK
HARDNESS
3
1-2
HABIT
CRYSTALLINE,TABULAR
,GRANULAR
USE
MANUFACTURE OF
CEMENT AND LIME.
STEEL MAKING,LUBRICANTS
CLEVAGE
PERFECT WITH 74 55’
PERFECT
IMAGE
37

38. MINERAL
CHALCOCITE
GALENA
FORMULA
Cu2S
PbS
COLOUR
DARK GRAY TO BLACK
LEAD GRAY AND
SILVER
LUSTURE
METALLIC
BRIGHT METALLIC
STREAK
SHINY BLACK TO LEAD
GRAY
LEAD GRAY
HARDNESS
2.5-3
2.5
HABIT
SHORT PRISMATIC
CRSTAL,MASSIVE
OFTEN CUBIC
CRYSTAL,MASSIVE
USE
IMPROTANT ORE OF
COPPER
IMPORTANT ORE OF
LEAD AND SILVER
CLEAVAGE
POOR
PERFECT CUBIC
IMAGE
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39. REFERENCE:
BOOK:”PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING
GEOLOGY”
by,” B.M BANGAR”

GOOGLE IMAGES.
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