4. Throughout history there has been a continual battle
between human beings and multitude of
microorganisms that cause an infection and disease
6/2/2021 4
Introduced
antimicrobials
Produced
antimicrobial resistance
5. WHO has declared AMR (Anti Microbial Resistance) as
one of the top 10 global public health threats facing
humanity
6/2/2021 5
6. Antimicrobials
are medicines
used to prevent
and treat
infections in
humans, animals
and plants.
(WHO)
Drugs /
Chemicals/
Other
substances
6/2/2021 6
7. Antimicrobial Resistance
(AMR) occurs when bacteria,
viruses, fungi and parasites
change over time and no
longer respond to medicines
making infections harder to
treat and increasing the risk
of disease spread, severe
illness and death
(WHO)
6/2/2021 7
8. There are lots of
germs and a few
are resistant to
antibiotics
When antibiotics
kill bacteria they
also kill the good
bacteria that
protect the body
The antibiotic
resistant bacteria
grow and take over
Some bacteria give
their resistance to
other bacteria
causing more
problem
1 3
2 4
6/2/2021 8
9. • Poor infection prevention and control in Health-care
facilities and Animal Farms
• Lack of awareness
• Ineffective enforcement of legislation
• Lack of quality medicines
6/2/2021 9
10. • Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials
• Lack of access to clean water
• Poor Hygiene standards - Humans as well as animals
6/2/2021 10
15. Alarming is the rapid
global spread of multi-
and pan-resistant
Microorganisms
sometimes referred to
as “superbugs”
6/2/2021 15
16. Tripartite
Executive
Committee
WAAW was previously called the World
Antibiotic Awareness Week since 2015. From
2020, it will be called the World Antimicrobial
Awareness Week
The overarching slogan used for the last 5 years
was “Antibiotics: Handle with Care.” This has
been changed to “Antimicrobials: Handle with
Care” in 2020
18 to 24 Nov
starting with
WAAW 2020
6/2/2021 16
17. 1. To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance
2. To strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research
5. Develop economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the
needs of all countries, increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools,
vaccines and other interventions
3. To reduce the incidence of infection
4. To optimize the use of antimicrobial agents
6/2/2021 17
21. “Strong IPC is vital for
protecting health,
stopping the spread of
drug resistance bacteria
and preparing for and
responding to outbreaks.”
6/2/2021 22
25. MRSA skin infections are
showing up more frequently
in healthy people with none
of usual risk factors
YES
MRSA (CA) is reported
among athletes prisoners
and military recruits
6/2/2021 26
31. • Direct contact with infected host
• Human to human contact
• Contaminated intermediate surfaces
– Hand towels
– Tub/shower
– Door handles etc
• Airborne fluid droplets
6/2/2021 32
33. Can survive many extreme environmental conditions
Can be cultured from dried clinical material
Heat resistant
Tolerate high salt media So, what Do
we Do?
YOU Can not get rid off MRSA ---
YOU CAN ONLY CONTROL
IT……
6/2/2021 34
35. • WASH HANDS regularly
• Keep all skin lesions covered with clean bandages
• Avoid sharing personal items such as towels , razors ,
clothes or uniforms
• Standard precautions for all patients;
– Hand Hygiene before and after contact
– PPE ; Gloves, gowns etc as appropriate for contact with wound
drainage and other body fluids
6/2/2021 36
Antimicrobial agent is a general term used for drugs, chemicals or other substances that kill or slow down the growth of micro-organisms. Antimicrobial agents include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparisitic drugs, disinfectants and antiseptic solutions
An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or slows down the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms.
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of micro-organisms to grow in the presence of a chemical or drug that would normally kill them or slow their growth.
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of pathogens to grow in the presence of a drug or chemical that would normally kill them or slow their growth.
This timeline indicates the duration between deployment and subsequent resistance to various antibiotics, interestingly we can note that it takes on the average 10-20 years for the microbes to develop resistance to a particular antibiotic except for Erythromycin and Vancomycin that have remained effective for more than 30 years … And its also noteworthy that even Linezolid and Daptomycin have developed resistance … that is really worrisome!
The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens that have acquired new resistance mechanisms, leading to antimicrobial resistance, continues to threaten our ability to treat common infections. Especially alarming is the rapid global spread of multi- and pan-resistant bacteria (also known as “superbugs”) that cause infections that are not treatable with existing antimicrobial medicines such as antibiotics.
The clinical pipeline of new antimicrobials is dry. In 2019 WHO identified 32 antibiotics in clinical development that address the WHO list of priority pathogens, of which only six were classified as innovative.
Furthermore, a lack of access to quality antimicrobials remains a major issue. Antibiotic shortages are affecting countries of all levels of development and especially in health- care systems.
Antimicrobial resistance makes it more difficult to treat infections because the available drugs become less effective. There are many examples of old infectious diseases which have become more difficult to treat than in the past, e.g. gonorrhoea (a sexually-transmitted disease), malaria and TB (with evolving anti-TB drug resistance)
WAAW was previously called the World Antibiotic Awareness Week. From 2020, it will be called the World Antimicrobial Awareness Week. This will reflect the broadened scope of WAAW to include all antimicrobials including antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics and antivirals. Held annually since 2015, WAAW is a global campaign that aims to raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance worldwide and encourage best practices among the general public, health workers and policy makers to slow the development and spread of drug-resistant infections. The Tripartite Executive Committee decided to set all future WAAW dates as 18 to 24 November, starting with WAAW 2020. The overarching slogan used for the last 5 years was “Antibiotics: Handle with Care.” This has been changed to “Antimicrobials: Handle with Care” in 2020.
To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance
To strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research
To reduce the incidence of infection
To optimize the use of antimicrobial agents
Develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions
Strong IPC is a the most effective approach to controlling the spread of AMR.
Robust IPC measures are cost-saving because AMR can thrive in healthcare facilities.
Safer hospitals mean fewer infections and every infection prevented is an antibiotic avoided
Improving IPC helps achieve quality care for all and is one of the five objectives in the AMR Global Action Plan.
Gram positive cocci
1 micro meter in diameter
Arranged in grape like clustures
Common cause of infection in the community
Lives on skin, in nose, in soil, water, dead plant material
Causes colonization or infection
MRSA is term used for any strain of staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistant to beta lactame antibiotic which includes the penicillins and cephlosporins
MRSA causes a variety of disseminated, lethal infections in humans
Has the ability to easily transfer resistant genes to other species directly and indirectly
Resistance of MRSA to Beta lactam antibiotics including penicillinase stable beta lactam is mediated by the Mec A gene
This gene is expressed in bacterial cell wall and encodes for a penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) which has a low affinity for beta lactam antibiotics(Leonard and Markey, 2008)
Unique microbiological and genetic properties compared with HA MRSA
CA MRSA has only been known since 1990s, is resistant to methicillin and penicillin , Is of great concern to public health professionals
CA MRSA skin infections are known to spread in crowded settings
Lead to redness, swelling and pain resembling to spider bite
Minor skin problems pimples, insect bites , cuts and scrapes especially in children may lead to MRSA colonization
Gram positive cocci
1 micro meter in diameter
Arranged in grape like clustures
Common cause of infection in the community
Lives on skin, in nose, in soil, water, dead plant material
Causes colonization or infection
MRSA is term used for any strain of staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistant to beta lactame antibiotic which includes the penicillins and cephlosporins
MRSA causes a variety of disseminated, lethal infections in humans
Has the ability to easily transfer resistant genes to other species directly and indirectly
Resistance of MRSA to Beta lactam antibiotics including penicillinase stable beta lactam is mediated by the Mec A gene
This gene is expressed in bacterial cell wall and encodes for a penicilline binding protein (PBP2a) which have a low affinity for beta lactam antibiotics(Leonard and Markey, 2008)
ANYONE can get MRSA
Those at more risk
Spend more time in crowded places (hospitals or schools)
Share sports equipment
Share personal hygeine items
Play cantact sports
Overuse and misuse of antibioticts
MRSA is diagnosed by examining a swab or a culture
Internal infections need to have a blood culture done