this is prepared for aviation safety class wing commander rumana

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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE BENEFICIENT THE MERCIFUL

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Aviation psychology
“Man will never fly for God has reserved
flight for Angels”
Bishop Wright(1851)

4. Aviation psychology
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7. Jeanette Van Tassel
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8. Jeanette Van Tassel
Jeanette Van Tassel, a young balloonist from the United
States, was hired by the then incumbent Nawab Khwaja
Ahsanullah. At 6.20pm on the 16th March 1892, she set off to
fly from the southern bank of the River Buriganga to the roof
of Ahsan Manzil, lying across the river. But a gusting wind
carried her off to the gardens of Shahbag, where her balloon
became stuck in a tree. She was killed in her fall to the
ground, and lies interred in the Christian graveyard at
Narinda, Dhaka
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9. Thunderbolts of No. 30
Squadron RAF taxiing
past a line of Hawker
Hurricane Mark IICs,
at Cox's Bazar
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10. Thunderbolt Mark Is
of No. 135 Squadron
RAF lined up, being
over flown by three
other Thunderbolts
at Chittagong
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12. Aircrew Fatigue
and
Management

13. Objective
The objective of this Presentation is to
apprise about the Aviation/Air crew Fatigue
and the Management Procedure.

14. Sequence
• Concept Of Fatigue
• Stress , Burnout and aviation fatigue
• Fatigue factors in flight operations
• Common Misconceptions
• Fatigue Management Strategies
• Interactive session

16. Leisure
William Henry Davies
What is this life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare.
No time to see, when woods we pass,
No time to see, in broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like skies at night.
No time to turn at Beauty's glance,
And watch her feet, how they can dance.
A poor life this if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare
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18. STRESS
• Stress is a common part of life in today’s
world.
• It exert negative effects on both physical
health and psychological well-being,
• Stress is caused not only by external
factors, but is also generated internally by
our hopes and aspirations, beliefs and
attitudes, personality attributes and by our
unrealistic expectations of ourselves.
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19. Stress
The process that occurs in us in
response to events that disrupt, or
threaten to disrupt, our physical or
psychological functioning

20. Burn out
A state of emotional, psychological,
and physical exhaustion caused by
excessive and prolonged stress

21. FATIGUE
• Fatigue is a feeling of constant tiredness or
weakness and can be physical, Psychological or
a combination of both
• Most adults will experience fatigue at some
point in their life
• Fatigue is a symptom, not a condition

22. Symptoms of fatigue
• chronic tiredness or sleepiness
• headache
• dizziness
• sore or aching muscles
• muscle weakness
• slowed reflexes and responses
• impaired decision-making and judgement

23. Symptoms of fatigue
• moodiness, such as irritability
• impaired hand-to-eye coordination
• appetite loss
• reduced immune system function
• blurry vision
• short-term memory problems
• poor concentration
• hallucinations
• reduced ability to pay attention to the situation at
hand
• low motivation.

24. Fatigue Types
• Transient fatigue : Acute fatigue brought on
by extreme sleep restriction or extended
hours awake within 1 or 2 days.
• Cumulative fatigue Fatigue brought on by
repeated mild sleep restriction or extended
hours awake across a series of days.
• Circadian fatigue : Reduced performance
during night time hours, particularly during an
individual’s “window of circadian low” (WOCL)

25. Causes of fatigue
• Medical causes : May be a sign of an underlying
illness, such as a thyroid disorder, heart disease
or diabetes.
• Lifestyle-related causes: Alcohol or drugs or lack
of regular exercise can lead to feelings of fatigue.
• Workplace-related causes : workplace stress can
lead to feelings of fatigue
• Emotional concerns and stress: Fatigue is a
common symptom of mental health problems,
such as depression and grief

26. Medical causes of fatigue
• There are a number of diseases and disorders
which trigger fatigue.
• If you experience prolonged feeling of fatigue
consult your doctor

27. Lifestyle-related causes of fatigue
• Lack of sleep : Adults need about eight hours of sleep
each night
• Too much sleep : Adults sleeping more than 11 hours per
night can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness
• Alcohol and drugs : Alcohol is a depressant drug that
slows the nervous system and disturbs normal sleep
patterns. Other drugs, such as cigarettes and caffeine,
stimulate the nervous system and can cause insomnia.
• Sleep disturbances: disturbed sleep may occur for a
number of reasons, for example, noisy neighbours, young
children who wake in the night, a snoring partner, or an
uncomfortable sleeping environment such as a stuffy
bedroom.

28. Lifestyle-related causes of fatigue
• Lack of regular exercise and sedentary behaviour :
physical activity is known to improve fitness, health
and wellbeing, reduce stress, and boost energy levels.
It also helps you sleep.
• Poor diet Low carbohydrate diets or high energy foods
that are nutritionally poor don’t provide the body with
enough fuel or nutrients to function at its best. Quick
fix foods, such as chocolate bars or caffeinated drinks,
only offer a temporary energy boost that quickly wears
off and worsens fatigue.
• Individual factors : Personal illness or injury, illnesses
or injuries in the family, too many commitments (for
example, working two jobs) or financial problems can
cause fatigue.

29. Workplace-related causes of fatigue
• Burnout : striving too hard in one area of life
while neglecting everything else.
‘Workaholics’, for example, put all their
energies into their career, which puts their
family life, social life and personal interests
out of balance.
• Unemployment : financial pressures, feelings
of failure or guilt, and the emotional
exhaustion of prolonged job hunting can lead
to stress, anxiety, depression and fatigue.

30. Workplace-related causes of fatigue
• Shift work : the human body is designed to sleep
during the night. This pattern is set by a small
part of the brain known as the circadian clock. A
shift worker confuses their circadian clock by
working when their body is programmed to be
asleep.
• Poor workplace practices : These may include
long work hours, hard physical labour, irregular
working hours (such as rotating shifts), a stressful
work environment (such as excessive noise or
temperature extremes), boredom, working alone
with little or no interaction with others, or fixed
concentration on a repetitive task.

31. Psychological causes of fatigue
• Depression : this illness is characterised by severe
and prolonged feelings of sadness, dejection and
hopelessness. People who are depressed
commonly experience chronic fatigue.
• Anxiety and stress : a person who is chronically
anxious or stressed keeps their body in overdrive.
The constant flooding of adrenaline exhausts the
body, and fatigue sets in.
• Grief : losing a loved one causes a wide range of
emotions including shock, guilt, depression,
despair and loneliness

32. Diagnosing fatigue
• Medical history : Recent events such as childbirth,
medication, surgery or bereavement may
contribute to fatigue.
• Physical examination : Check for signs of illness
or disease. Your doctor may also ask detailed
questions about diet, lifestyle and life events.
• Tests : such as blood tests, urine tests, x-rays and
other investigations. The idea is to rule out any
physical causes, for example anaemia, infection
or hormonal problems.

33. Aviation Fatigue

36. 36
Checklist
Board
Writing
Disposal
Where am
I????
Cultural
Prog
Base
Lecture
Flt
Commander
Family
Problems

37. Military Member
Military General
Fire Fighter
Airline Pilot
Police
News reporter
Senior Executive
Health Worker
Event Manger
Driver
37

38. What is fatigue?
Physiological state in which
there is a decreased capacity
to perform cognitive tasks and
an increased variability in
performance

39. International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)
 “A physiological state of reduced mental or
physical performance capability resulting from
sleep loss or extended wakefulness, circadian
phase, or workload.”
 The phenomenon places great risk on the
crew and passengers of an airplane because it
significantly increases the chance of pilot
error.

41. Manifestations of Fatigue

42. Signs and Symptoms
• Mood deterioration – irritability & apathy
• Decreases attention, vigilance & complex decision making
capabilities
• Tendency to withdraw & poor communication
• Slowed reaction time
• Task fixation
• Feeling lethargic
• Lack of concentration, irritation
• Forgetfulness
• Lethargic and body aches
• Sleepiness

43. How to understand Aircrew is
Fatigued
• Inaccurate flying;
• Missed radio calls;
• Symptoms of equipment malfunctions being missed;
• Routine tasks being performed inaccurately or even
forgotten; and, in extreme cases,
• Falling asleep - either a short "micro-sleep" or for a longer
period.
In an ATCO, fatigue may result in:
• Poor decision making
• Slow reaction to changing situation;
• Failure to notice an impending confliction
• Loss of situational awareness
• Forgetfulness.

44. NASA Survey
Out of 1424 flight crew members
responding to NASA Survey to
fatigue factors in air line
operations, 80% acknowledged
having “nodded off” during a flight
at some time.

46. The mistakes that led to a deadly Blue Angels crash —
and how the Navy wants to prevent them
Capt. Jeff Kuss

47. "Capt. Kuss represented the best and
brightest of Naval Aviation," Vice Adm. Mike
Shoemaker, head of Naval Air Forces, said in a
statement. "His professionalism, expertise and
love of flying made him a valued member of
the Blue Angels. His loss is devastating and felt
across the Naval Aviation community. It is our
duty as leaders and aviators to stress vigilance
and operational risk management to avoid
future tragedies."

48. Something was not right with the Marine flier at the stick of Blue Angels jet
No. 6 on June 2, the day he split off for a routine maneuver and crashed into a
field during an air show practice.
Shortly after takeoff Capt. Jeff Kuss, the opposing solo pilot, initiated a Split-S
maneuver. But he was flying too fast and too low, according to a new Navy
report. He called in over the radio that he'd turned off his afterburners, but he
hadn't.
At the time, rumors flew on social media and blogs that Kuss must have gone
unconscious because he hit the ground at such a high speed. Others were sure
he had sacrificed himself and stuck with the jet to make sure he didn't fly it
into a populated area.
The truth is, by the time he realized what was happening and tried to eject, it
was too late.
A cloudy day, tactical errors and — investigators concluded -— fatigue were to
blame for the accident that claimed the 32-year-old pilot's life in Smyrna,
Tennessee, according to the Navy investigation released Thursday.

49. • Kuss made an error by starting the Split-S maneuver at
a higher speed and below the required altitude, and
investigators believe his other mistakes and oversights
were likely due to tiredness. Officials are ordering
changes that allow Blues pilots to more readily opt out
of flying when they're not feeling ready, are reviewing
all air show maneuvers and are reworking future air
show schedules to give fliers more rest time.
• After the crash, investigators noted that he hadn't
signed off on his aircraft discrepancy book that day,
giving the jet the good-to-go for the practice. His F/A-
18C Hornet was fine, but it was uncharacteristic for
Kuss to forget to do something like that. It was also odd
that he forgot to enter his radar squawk code and turn
on his transponder, according to the report, and then
later told air traffic control that he had turned off his
afterburner, though he hadn't.

50. Red Arrows pilot ‘fatigued’ and ‘distracted’ before
fatal crash which killed engineer

51. • Investigators found that a Red Arrows pilot involved in
a fatal crash was almost certainly fatigued and
distracted.
• Corporal Jonathan Bayliss, a Royal Air Force Red Arrows
engineer, died when the Hawk T1 aircraft he was on
board of crashed at RAF Valley at around 1.30pm on
March 20, 2018 during a routine training exercise.
• The pilot, Flight Lt David Stark, suffered non-life
threatening injures after ejecting from the plane. He
was later discharged from hospital.
• He had approximately 2.5 seconds from selecting full
power to deciding to eject, during which time the
engine was accelerating

52. • The Service Inquiry Panel (SIP) said in the report
that the jet departed from RAF Valley with the
intention of simulating an engine failure in a
training exercise.
• During the training manoeuvre, the plane stalled
and crashed near the runway as it was flying too
low to recover.
• The inquiry found Flight Lt Stark generally worked
from 7.30am until 5.30pm and did not include,
“sufficient time for rest”. It was also noted that he
was distracted by an air traffic control call asking
him to confirm the aircraft’s landing gear was
down shortly before the crash.

53. • Stark was described by the panel as an experienced
pilot who was familiar with the exercise.
• The panel found no specific evidence to indicate that
fatigue was directly affecting his overall performance.
Although he was not visibly stressed, the panel
considered that his fatigue levels may have been
influenced by underlying work related stress.
• The SIP( service inquiry panel )concluded that fatigue
and distraction were a contributory factor that may
have influenced Flight Lt Stark’s actions on the day.
• In the report it states: “The panel concluded that when
considered collectively it was very likely that he was, to
a degree, fatigued, distracted during the flight and may
have had reduced situational awareness.”

54. US-Bangla pilot was mentally stressed:
Nepal probe report

56. Captain Abid Sultan of US-Bangla Flight BS211 was going through
tremendous 'personal mental stress and anxiety, and a series of
erroneous decisions on his part that led to the crash of the flight',
The pilot of the US-Bangla plane that crashed at Kathmandu's
Tribhuvan International Airport in March killing 51 people, appears
to have 'lied' to the control tower during the landing procedure and
was smoking continuously inside the cockpit during the one-hour
flight from Dhaka to Kathmandu, said the report, a copy of which
was obtained by the Kathmandu Post.
Throughout the flight, Sultan was engaged in 'erratic behaviour'
that marked a departure from his usual character-signs that should
have immediately raised red flags, Nepali investigators concluded in
the report.

57. Sultan had joined US-Bangla in 2015. Prior to flying commercial flights, he had
served in the Bangladesh Air Force, and according to reports, had a history of
depression. While in the Bangladesh Air Force, back in 1993, he had been
removed from active duty after a psychiatric assessment. But he was re-
evaluated by a psychiatrist back on January 9, 2002, and had been declared fit
for flying.
The report said that Sultan's detail medical history was not reviewed by US-
Bangla Airlines when he was hired.
However, the report clarifies that Sultan did not exhibit any recurring mental
issues during the medical examinations from 2002 to 2018.
‘None of the medical reports that the committee reviewed from 2012 to 2017
mentioned any symptoms about depression,’ the report said, adding that
during his routine medical evaluations, he was declared fit and free from any
symptoms of depression.

58. Colgan Air Flight 3407
Colgan Air Flight 3407, was a scheduled
passenger flight from , New Jersey to Buffalo,
New York, which crashed on February 12,
2009. The aircraft, entered an aerodynamic
stall from which it did not recover and crashed
into a house in Clarence Center, New York at
10:17 p.m. EST (03:17 UTC), killing all 49
passengers, aircrew and cabin crew as well as
one person inside the house.

59. NTSB Report
• Pilot performance was likely impaired because
of fatigue.
• Captain sleeapt in the crew room the night
before. He was awake for 15 hours.
• First officer spent most of her time sleeping in
a jump seat the night before.
• Both of them were unable to recognize the
abnormal flight pattern.

61. Causes of Fatigue
Sleep loss
Circadian rhythms
desynchronization
FLIGHT
CREW
FATIGUE
Flight operations affects sleep and circadian physiology

62. Is fatigue a concern in flight
operations?
• NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)
 21% of reported incidents mention fatigue-related factors
• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
 “…it is time for an aggressive Federal program to address the
problems of fatigue and sleep issues in transportation safety”
 “…educate pilots about the detrimental effects of fatigue and
strategies for avoiding fatigue and countering its effects”
 Fatigue cited as probable cause in Guantanamo Bay aviation
accident
• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
 An objective of the National Plan for Aviation Human Factors

64. Risk factors
• Long duty hours
• Limited time off
• Early report time
• Less then optimum sleeping condition
• Rotating and non standard working hours
• Jet lag
• Multiple flight lags

65. Sleep physiology
• Quantity vs quality of sleep
 Normal requirement 6 – 8 hrs
 Getting 8hr of disrupted sleep can have effects similar to
too little sleep
 After sleep loss, sleep is deeper rather than longer
• Sleep loss is additive and results in a cumulative
sleep deprivation

67. Circadian Rhythms
• Circa = about; dies = day
• A circadian clock in the brain coordinates daily
cycles:
o Sleep/wake Performance
o Temperature Hormones

70. Fatigue Management
Strategies

71. Important Considerations
• Recommendations are based on ‘what is currently
known’
• Should be tailored to an individual’s need
• Best effects from combining multiple strategies
rather than relying on a single one

72. Preventive vs Operational Strategies
Preventive strategies
 Underlying physiology
 To manage & maximize sleep and promote circadian
adaptation
Operational strategies
• In-flight measures to maintain alertness and
performance
• Short term measures which help to conceal or attenuate
underlying physiological sleepiness

73. Preventive Strategies Sleep
Scheduling and Quantity
 At home get the best sleep possible before
starting a mission. On a trip try to get at least as
much sleep per 24 hrs as you would in a normal
24-hour at home
 Trust your own physiology
o If you feel sleepy and circumstances permit, then sleep
o If you wake spontaneously and cannot go back to sleep
within 15–30 minutes, then get up

75. Good Sleep Habits
 Keep a regular sleep/wake schedule; protect sleep time
 Develop and practice a regular pre-sleep routine
 Use bedroom only for sleep; avoid work, worry, exercise
 If hungry, eat a light snack; do not eat or drink heavily
before bedtime
 Avoid alcohol or caffeine before going to bed
 Use physical/mental relaxation techniques as needed to
fall asleep
 If you don’t fall asleep in 30 minutes, get out of bed

76. Good Sleep Habits
 Sleep environment
• Dark room (if necessary, use mask, heavy curtains)
• Quiet room (turn off phone, use earplugs)
• Comfortable temperature
• Comfortable sleep surface
 Lifestyle changes
• Maintain a high standard of physical fittness
• Exercise regularly (but not too near bedtime)
• Eat a balanced diet

77. Operational Strategies
What can you do in your cockpit seat?
• Engage in conversations with others
• Do something that involves physical action
• Stretch / in-flight exercises
• Be sensible about your hydration & stay hydrated

78. Coping with ‘Jet lag’
 Should ameliorate both physiological and cognitive
effects
 Two strategies
 Remaining on the home based timing
 When expected to return to base as soon as possible
 Need to be isolated from external events
 To adjust to the new time zones
 Need to stay for a period of time at destination
 Behavioral pattern to match with local schedule rapidly

79. Responsibilities of employer
• Ensure that work schedules, including
consecutive shift-working patterns, are
constructed so as to have the least possible
impact on off duty - and, if applicable, on duty
rest.
• Seek to provide optimum working conditions;
• Use Crew Resource Management (CRM)
and Team Resouce Management
(TRM) training to promote awareness to
fatigue and sleep issues.

80. Responsibilities of employer
• Establish a Fatigue Risk Management System
(FRMS)either as a part of the Safety Management
System (SMS) or as a standalone system. An
effective FRMS is data-driven and routinely
collects and analyzes information and reports
related to crew alertness as well as
• operational flight performance data. Computer
models can be used to predict average
performance capability from sleep/wake history
and normal circadian rhythms

81. Responsibilities of Pilots/ ATCOs
• Planning activities, meals, rest and sleep
patterns during off-duty periods;
• Making the most of permitted rest breaks,
including naps;
• Advising colleagues if one detects feeling
drowsy;
• Alerting colleagues if they appear to be
becoming drowsy

83. Contributory Factors
• Circadian adaptation, i.e. adjustment of the body
internal clock (e.g. due to the shift pattern, jet
lag, etc.)
• Length of previous rest period;
• Time on duty;
• Time awake prior to duty (duties that start in the
evening are more likely to cause fatigue than
those beginning at e.g. 8 a.m.)
• Sleep/nap opportunities (during the duty but also
at layover destinations)

84. Contributory Factors
• Physical conditions (temperature, airlessness,
noise, comfort, etc.)
• Workload (high or low)
• Emotional stress (in family life or at work);
• Lifestyle (including sleeping, eating, drinking
and smoking habits) and fitness; and,
• Health

87. Summary
• Underlying physiological mechanisms
• Fatigue affects performance
• Individualized mode of intervention
• Preventive measures are must
• Operational measures help
• Combination of more than one strategies is
recommended

88. INTERACTIVE SESSION

90. Presented by
Wing Commander Rumana Akter,psc
Bangladesh Air Force
rumana_aref@yahoo.com