1. study and thinking skills

GOOD DAY
Board Licensure Exam for Professional Teachers
Refresher Course
Study and Thinking Skills
RUEL T. BONGANCISO, Ph.D. Eng.

1. In what major grouping in the Dewey Decimal
Classification System do the books on economics
and law belong?
A. General Works
B. Pure Sciences
C. Social Sciences
D. Philosophy and Related Disciplines

Option C is the correct answer since economics and law are subjects under
Social Sciences.
Option A is incorrect since General Works includes reference books such as
dictionaries , encyclopedias , almanacs, bibliographies, handbooks,
magazines, manuscripts, and rare books.
Option B is incorrect since Pure Sciences is composed of books on physics,
chemistry, astronomy, and the like.
Option D is also incorrect since Philosophy and Related Disciplines includes
books on philosophy, religion, ethics, values education, and the like.

2. What library material is consulted for
geographical data about places?
A. almanac
B. atlas
C. dictionary
D. gazetteer

Option D is the correct answer since a gazetteer gives a list of names
of places plus information or description of each place such as its
location, terrain, and the correct pronunciation of its name.
Options A is incorrect since an almanac contains pieces of information
about the economic, political, astronomical, meteorological, and
statistical data on the commercial or sports status of a country.
Option B is incorrect since an atlas is a collection of contemporary or
historical map.
Option D is also incorrect since a dictionary is used for word meaning,
spelling, syllabication, and other information about words.

3. Which of the following books belongs
to 600-699 (Applied Sciences)?
A. Computers
B. Rights of Suffrage
C. Wonders of Astronomy
D. The Spread of Christianity

Option A is the correct answer since books on technology (like
computers), medical sciences, engineering, home economics,
secretarial, accounting, and other related disciplines belong to Applied
Sciences.
Options B is incorrect since Rights of Suffrage is classified under Social
Sciences.
Option C is incorrect since Wonders of Astronomy is classified under
Pure Sciences.
D is also incorrect since The Spread of Christianity belongs to Religion
/Philosophy.

4. If a student does not know the title of the book
but knows the author, what card catalog will be
consulted?
A. author card
B. library card
C. subject card
D. title card

Option A is the correct answer. Since the student is familiar with the
author of the book, he has to consult the author card for it also contains
the title of the book.
Option B is incorrect since a library card is not a card catalog.
Option C is incorrect. Although a subject card also contains the title of
the book but what is most familiar to the student is the author of the
book.
Option D is also incorrect since the student is unaware of the title of the
book.

5. L808.51 is written on the spine of the book as part of the call
number. Letter L represents the first letter of the
____________________.
A. title of the book.
B. author’s first name
C. author’s family name
D. subject or topic of the book

Option C is the correct answer since L is the initial letter of the
author’s family name which is Lucas.
Options A, B, and D are wrong since these are not found in the
call number of the book.

6. In what major classification does Roget’s
Thesaurus belong?
A. The Arts
B. Literature
C. General Works
D. Language

Option C is the correct answer since a thesaurus and other references such as
dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, bibliographies, handbooks,
magazines, manuscripts, and rare books are classified under General Works.
Option A is incorrect since The Arts is a grouping composed of books in
music, painting, sculpture, and the like.
Option B is incorrect since Literature is composed of books on poetry, short
story, essays, novels, and other genres.
Option D is also incorrect since examples under Language are linguistics,
grammar, speech, and the like.

For items 7,8, 9 and 10 refer to the passage below:
Researches suggest that there are creatures that do not know what
light means at the bottom of the sea. They don't have either eyes or
ears; they can only feel. There is no day or night for them. There are no
winters, no summers, no sun, no moon, and no stars. It is as if a child
spent its life in darkness in bed, with nothing to see or hear. How
different our own life is! Sight shows us the ground beneath our feet
and the heavens above us - the sun, moon, and stars, shooting stars,
lightning, and the sunset. It shows us day and night. We are able to
hear voices, the sound of the sea, and music. We feel, we taste, we
smell. How fortunate we are!

7. Judging from the passage, we can say that the
text is mainly about ____________________.
A. how fortunate and blessed human beings are
B. the beauty and unique wonders of sea creatures
C. how changes in the seasons affect the deep-sea
creatures
D. the advantage of human beings over some
creatures in terms of senses

Option D is the correct answer since it gives the gist of the whole
paragraph. It contains the conclusion as stated in the last sentence
which focuses on the superiority of human beings over other sea
creatures in terms of senses.
Option A is partly correct but it is too general. It does not mention
about senses.
Options B and C are incorrect since these are not related to the topic
of the passage.

8. After reading the passage , we learned that sea
creatures_____________________.
A. hear the sounds of the ocean as clearly as men do
B. enjoy the sense of sight and hearing as much as we
do
C. are deprived of the sense of hearing as well as sight
D. experience a seemingly lifeless life because they
feel nothing

Option C is the correct answer as directly stated in the second sentence
of the paragraph.
Options A and B are incorrect since these statements don’t talk about
the disadvantage of some sea creatures in terms of hearing and sight .
Option D is also incorrect since the passage does not deal with the
sense of touch..

9. In the passage, sea creatures with no seeing or
hearing ability are compared to
____________________.
A. a human being without the sense of sight and touch
B. similar sea creatures with no seeing or hearing ability
C. a blind and deaf child who spent life in darkness
D. someone who is unaware of the changing of the
seasons

Option C is the correct answer since the comparison is
directly stated in the fifth sentence of the paragraph.
Options A, B, and D are wrong since these statements
are not mentioned in the passage.

Touch is our most intimate and powerful means of
communication. A doctor makes the mother feel her
baby to give her satisfaction after her birth labor. The
mother caresses her newborn that gives the baby a
feeling of love and security that will be the foundation
of the self. A father taps the shoulder of his son to
boost the latter’s sagging morale after a defeat in a
school contest A son holds the hand of his dying father
in a final goodbye. A friend embraces another friend to
drive away the latter’s loneliness, and sadness. These
tactile stimulations often spell a difference.

10. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph?
A. These tactile stimulations oftentimes make a
difference.
B. Touch is the most intimate and powerful means
of communication.
C. A friend embraces another friend to drive away
the latter’s loneliness and sadness.
D. A doctor makes the mother feel her baby to
give her satisfaction after her birth labor.

Option B is the correct answer since it expresses the main thought of
the paragraph which is touch as the most intimate and powerful means
of communication.
Option A is incorrect since it is not the topic sentence . Instead, it is the
concluding sentence which is signaled by the words these tactile
stimulations.
Options C and D are incorrect since these are supporting ideas.

In the debate over cloning, there are those that the benefits and
advances gained from cloning outweigh any social dilemmas, and there
are those who feel that cloning is wrong on the fundamental moral
level and would produce scientific and social problems. In weighing
these views, major organizations draw on numerous sources including
religious law, philosophy and scientific concern. Some object to cloning
on a purely ethical level, while others favor cloning solely for the
scientific advances it will produce. These are the stances of some
prominent religious, scientific and ethical groups.

1. The main idea of the paragraph states that
human cloning is ______________________.
A. a scientific advancement
B. prominent among social groups
C. generally objected on its ethical level
D. not completely accepted socially and
morally

2. What is the best paraphrase of the sentence below?
“Poor physical home conditions appear to be statistically
related to behavioral difference such as a tendency to play
truant frequently.”
A. Poor physical home conditions are related to poor performance in school and
truancy.
B. Home conditions greatly affect the children’s personality and performance in
school.
C. Playing truant in school is the effect of poor physical home environment and lack
of parental support.
D. Behavioral problems such as the attitude of the children to play truant in school
are related to poor physical home environment.

It was hot and dry, a public well was reduced to
mud, the river was at its lowest ebb. The grass
and the trees were as dry as tender. Many of the
buffalos and farm animals on our farm died of
heat. It seemed that as if farming that year would
be impossible. We were on the verge of chaos
and famine. Already, there were reports of forest
fire. Families from other villages had migrated
southwest seeking new places for farming.

3. Choose the appropriate conclusion for the
paragraph.
A. People had left the place because of chaos, hunger, and a big
fire.
B. It had not rained for a long time and a big fire had caused chaos
and hunger in the place.
C. The place has become barren and farming was impossible so the
people had to abandon the area.
D. The people had abandoned the whole place after they
discovered that farm animals died of intense heat.

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the
paragraph?
A. People suffered from famine.
B. Animals on the farm died of heat.
C. There were reports of forest fires.
D. Farming was disallowed in the area.

5. What method of paragraph development was
employed?
A. process
B. exemplification
C. cause and effect
D. comparison and contrast

It is apparently very necessary to distinguish between parenthood and
parentage. Parenthood is an art; parentage is the consequence of a mere biological
act. The biological ability to produce conception and to give birth to a child has
nothing whatever to do with the ability to care for that child as it requires to be
cared for. That ability, like every other, must be learned. It is highly desirable that
parentage be not undertaken until the art of parenthood has been learned. Is this a
counsel of perfection? As things stand now, perhaps it is, but it need not always be
so. Parentage is often irresponsible. Parenthood is responsible. Parentage at best is
responsible for the birth of a child. Parenthood is responsible for the development
of a human being--not simply a child, but a human being. I do not think it is an
overstatement to say that parenthood is the most important occupation in the
world. There is no occupation for which the individual should be better prepared
than this, for what can be more important to the individual, his family, his
community, his society, his nation, and the world of humanity than the making of a
good human being? And the making of a good human being is largely the work of
good parents. And it is work--hard work--not to be irresponsibly undertaken or
perfunctorily performed. Yet parenthood, perhaps like politics, is the only
profession for which preparation is considered unnecessary.
Ashley Montagu, The American Way of Life

6. The mode of discourse used in the passage is
__________________.
A. description
B. exposition
C. narration
D. persuasion

7. The primary method of development is
____________________.
A. comparison
B. contrast
C. illustration
D. process

8. Which of the sentences below is an accurate inference
based on the paragraph?
A. Parenthood is not a profession in the same way that engineering or architecture is.
B Seminars on responsible parenting must be given free by non-government
organizations.
C. Single parents from poor families must be subsidized by the government if they are to
be good parents.
D. Parenting classes are needed by young parents to prepare themselves for the
demands of married life.

[The author of this passage, William Finnegan, describes an experience surfing in very high
waves off Ocean Beach in San Francisco. Only the very bravest and most experienced surfers
attempt these waves in the winter. As the passage begins, the author and a friend have paddled out
but were still too close to shore when a huge set of waves trapped them inside.]
The first wave snapped my ankle leash--a ten-foot length of polyurethane, strong enough
to pull a car uphill--as if it were a piece of string. I swam underneath that wave and then kept
swimming, toward the open ocean. The second wave looked like a three-story building. It, like the
first wave, was preparing to break a few yards in front of me. I dived deep and swam hard. The lip
of the wave hitting the surface above me sounded like a bolt of lightning exploding at very close
range, and it filled the water with shock waves. I managed to stay underneath the turbulence, but
when I surfaced I saw that the third wave of the set belonged to another order of being. It was
bigger, thicker, and drawing much more heavily off the bottom than the others. My arms felt
rubbery, and I started hyperventilating. I dived very early and very deep. The deeper I swam, the
colder and darker the water got. The noise as the wave broke was preternaturally low, a basso
profundo of utter violence, and the force pulling me backward and upward felt like some nightmare
of gravity. Again, I managed to escape, and when I finally surfaced I was far outside. There were no
more waves, which was fortunate, since I was sure that one more would have finished me.
–William Finnegan, "Surfing," The
New Yorker

9. Finnegan's description appeal to three senses. Which of the
following does not belong to these three senses?
A. hearing
B. sight
C. smell
D. touch

10. From the passage , the reader can conclude that the
author _________________.
A. has more competent survival skills and richer training than his partner
B. is a novice and frightened surfer who admitted that surfing is not really
for him
C. was afraid of losing his life in the vast ocean amidst the threatening
waves
D. considered the waves perfect for the challenge and training all surfers
are looking for

Read the portion of a proposal on smoking written below. Then decide who could
have written each proposal. Choose and copy the letter of the best answer for each
item.
11. Proposal A:
I strongly propose that colleges and universities allow smoking among
students in the campus during break as a way of easing pressure and
tension caused by heavy academic demands.
A. a psychologist C. a student who smokes
B. a parent D. a student leader

This is a question on critical thinking, specifically on
noting point of view. The proposal requires sensitivity to
the speaker’s word choice and stand on the issue. The
words campus, break, academic pressure and tension
suggest that a person is very familiar with college life,
and the stand is not against, but for smoking. Although
choices A, B, and D are also familiar with the university
life, not all of them would fight for smoking. The best
answer is C – the one who is a university student who
smokes would be the most likely to propose the idea.

12. Proposal B:
Smoking increases the chances of having fire accidents
not only in schools but also in all public places – parks,
hotels, markets, and villages. It could be a way of
endangering the lives of people whose interest the
government has promised to serve and protect.
A. a physician C. a fire chief
B. a store owner D. a teacher

The analysis done in 1 can be used here, too. Word choice will give a clue as to who is speaking –
words such as accidents, places, markets, hotels, government, serve, and protect. Take note that
the person’s stand is not for, but against smoking.
Choice A, a physician will not talk about the risks of smoking in this manner and perhaps
would not encourage smoking.
Choice B, store owner, might cite other reasons and might be ambivalent about the issue – either to
fight for or against smoking.
A teacher, choice D, might not advocate smoking, but will offer different explanations.
The best answer is choice C. among the choices, only a fire chief would explain reasons the way it
was done in the proposal because of which smoking is not viewed positively.

13.How would a tobacco grower explain the reason of
the proposal for smoking?
A. Smoking indirectly boosts the country’s economy.
B. Smoking relaxes the nerves and this helps control negative emotions.
C. Smoking has always been a part of male identity and superiority over women.
D. Smoking benefits the people who consider the plant as their source of income.

This is a thinking skill question which requires an analysis of
the person’s character as basis for identifying perspective and
point of view. Notice that the person involved is a tobacco
grower who would encourage smoking for business reason.
Choice A is perhaps from an economist’s view, while
Choice B could be made by a plain smoker trying to justify the
act. Choice C might be a statement by a sociologist talking
about gender issues. Choice D is the correct answer because
the tobacco grower depends on the plant for a living, and so
he/she airs a view from a business or labor perspective.

1 For all his ability to travel over a sandy desert without water, the camel has
a nasty temper and the spirit of revenge. He’s not happy until he pays back a
wrong, actual or seeming. Knowing this, camel drivers and others who use
camels a lot have devised an interesting way of letting the camel settle his
scores without the person getting hurt.
2 When a driver has made a camel angry in some way or other, he
immediately runs out of sight. He hides near the road on which the camel
will pass. He then takes off his clothes and throws them down on a heap,
which vaguely resembles a sleeping person.
3 Along comes the camel. He sees and smells the clothes of the one who
hurt him. Then he pounces upon the pile, shakes every piece and tramples all
over everything. Satisfied, he walks away. The driver comes out of hiding,
mounts the avenged beast, and rides off.
4 It makes one think of the baby who bumps its head against the leg of the
table, turns around, and hits the leg in punishment.

14. What is the passage mostly about?
A. a camel and his driver
B. a driver’s way to trick an angry camel
C. a camel’s attitude when angry
D. a driver’s device to control anger

15.Who is referred to by the pronoun he in paragraph
1, sentence 2?
A. driver
B. camel
C. person
D. cloth

16.Who is referred to by the pronoun he in paragraph
2?
A. driver
B. camel
C. anger
D. sight

17.How does the writer regard the camel?
A. with respect and care
B. with fear and love criticism
C. with humility and love
D. with contempt and

18.What does the writer think about the camel’s
driver?
A. The driver is wise and clever.
B. The driver is a fool.
C. The driver is loving and kind.
D. The driver is a friend of a camel.

19.What is implied by the statement, “He’s not happy until he
pays back a wrong, actual or seeming”?
A. The camel does not forgive any offense.
B. The camel never stops seeking revenge.
C. The camel pays for his happiness by doing the right
thing.
D. The camel’s happiness is making right the wrong done
against him.

20.What happens after the camel has trampled all over
the clothes of the driver?
A. The camel walks away.
B. The camel smells the clothes.
C. The driver comes out of hiding.
D. The driver walks away from the camel.

• A study made a number of years ago said the more education man has, the less
likely he is to be an inventor. Now, the reason for that is quite simple. From the
time the boy or girl starts in school, he or she is examined three or four times a
year, and of course, it is very, very disastrous if he/she fails. An inventor fails all
the time and it is a triumph if he succeeds once. Consequently, if education is an
inhibition to invention, it is due entirely to the form by which we rate things and
not because of any intellectual differential.
• I can take any group of young people any place, and teach them to be inventors, if
I can get them to throw off the hazard of being afraid to fail. You fail because
your ideas are not right. You should not be afraid to fail, but you should learn to
fail intelligently. By that I mean, when you fail, find out why you failed, and each
time you fail it will bring you nearer to the goal.
• - from 100 Stories You can Use by Frank Mihalic

21. What relationship is shown between education and invention?
A. The former is the cause of the latter.
B. Education is not useful for the inventor.
C. One’s education guarantees an invention.
D. Education does not encourage a person to be an inventor.

22. According to the selection, what is true about an inventor?
A. An inventor succeeds in all endeavors.
B. An inventor always succeeds in the first attempt.
C. An inventor gives up on the first failure of the
experiment.
D. An inventor experiences failures several times before
he/she succeeds.

23. How are the ideas mentioned in this statement connected, “If
education is an inhibition to invention, it is due entirely to the form
by which we rate things”?
A. The sentence enumerates reasons for invention.
B. The sentence conveys the result of being uneducated.
C. The sentence compares education and invention.
D. The sentence gives cause-effect relationship between education
and invention.

24.What is the writer’s view about failure?
A. It is disastrous.
B. It is an inhibition to invention.
C. It hinders one’s desire to succeed.
D. It helps people learn and get near their goal.

25.What could be the message of the selection?
A. Success comes to those who persevere.
B. Failure reflects one’s limited intellect.
C. Success brings pride to one’s country.
D. Failure stops people from inventing things.

26.What does the word bar mean in the selection?
A. A vertical line drawn to show division of notes
B. A strip of wood used for obstruction
C. A gate closing a road
D. A railing in a court

27. What could be the reason for capitalizing some words in the
selection?
A. They show the importance of greatness.
B. They reflect insights on human nature.
C. They stand for concepts difficult to understand.
D. They represent great works of persistent people.

28. What could be inferred about the people mentioned in the
selection?
A. They are gifted with power.
B. They are admired for who they are.
C. They are born to succeed in life.
D. They are recognized in their discipline.

29. Which is the best statement that tells the main idea of the
selection?
A. One’s greatness is the product of brilliance.
B. Perseverance makes one reach his or her goal.
C. Success is measured by one’s effortless creation.
D. Success is for every person who waits for it patiently.

30.Who is speaking in the poem?
A. A saint
B. The Lord
C. A cook
D. A wife

31. Which of the following tells what the speaker
does?
A. Watches late at night
B. Dreams in the dawnlight
C. Storms heaven’s gate
D. Washes up the plates

32.How does the speaker in the poem regard the
saints?
A. With admiration
B. With compassion
C. With understanding
D. With sympathy

33.What do the last two lines mean? The speaker is saying
that he ______________________.
A. Be given patience so he can do his work
B. Likes his job and praying to his saints
C. Wants to be a saint of pots and pans
D. Does not like to work at night

Chance walked through the rooms, which seemed empty; the heavily curtained windows
barely admitted the daylight. Slowly he looked at the large pieces of furniture shrouded in old linen
covers, and at the veiled mirrors. The words that the Old Man had spoken to him the first time had
wormed their way into his memory like firm roots. Chance was an orphan, and it was the Old man
himself who had sheltered him in the house ever since Chance was a child. Chance’s mother had died
when he was born. No one, not even the Old Man, would tell him who his father was. While some
could learn to read and write, Chance would never be able to manage this. Nor would he ever be
able to understand much of what others were saying to him or around him. Chance was to work in
the garden, where he would care for plants and grasses and trees which grew there peacefully. He
would be as one of them: quiet, open hearted in the sunshine and heavy when it rained. His name
was Chance because he had been born by chance. He had no family. Although his mother had been
very pretty, her mind had been as damaged as his; the soft soil of his brain, the ground from which
his thoughts shot up, had been ruined forever. Therefore, he could not look for a place in the life led
by people outside the house or the garden gate. Chance must limit his life to his quarters and to the
garden; he must not enter the other parts of the household or walk out into the street. His food
would always be brought to his room by Louise, who would be the only person to see Chance and
talk to him. No one else was allowed to enter Chance’s room. Only the Old Man himself might walk
and sit in the garden. Chance would do exactly what he was told or else he would be sent to a special
home for the insane where, the Old Man said, he would be locked in a cell and forgotten.
Chance did what he was told so did black Louise.
Excerpted from Being There by Jerzy Kosinski

34. “It was the Old Man himself who had sheltered him in the house
since Chance was a child.” What does this suggest about their
relationship?
The Old Man was Chance’s
A. guardian C. father
B. brother D. landlord

35. What would most likely happen to Chance if he were to venture
outside the house?
A. He would be locked up in a cell and forgotten.
B. He would end up in a special home for the insane.
C. He would develop a successful gardening business.
D. He would not understand the world around him.

37.From the details of the passage, what type of person
may Chance be compared to?
A. an insane adult C. an ungrateful son
B. an unhappy teenager D. an obedient child

38.What is the overall purpose of the passage from this novel?
A. compare and contrast the characters of the Old Man and
Chance
B. provide a background description of Chance and his life
C. explain the heredity (similar disabilities) of Chance’s
mother
D. promote the health benefits of peaceful gardening

1 What must occur to enable us to remember a friend’s name, a fact from history, or an incident from our past?
The act of remembering requires the successful completion if three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
The first process, encoding, involves transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
Sometimes we encode information automatically, without any effort, but often we must do something with the
information in order to remember it. For example, if you met someone named George at a party, you might
associate his name with George Washington or George Bush. Such simple associations can markedly improve
your ability to recall names and other information. The careful encoding of information greatly increases the
chance that you will remember it.
2 The second memory process, storage, involves keeping or maintaining information in memory. For encoded
information to be stored, some physiological change in the brain must take place – a process called
consolidation. Normally consolidation occurs automatically, but if a person loses consciousness for any reason,
the process can be disrupted and a permanent memory may not form. That is why a person who has been in a
serious car accident could awaken in a hospital and not remember what has happened.
3 The final process, retrieval, occurs when information stored in memory is brought to mind. Calling George by
name the next time you meet him shows that you have retrieved his name from memory. To remember, we
must perform all three processes – encode the information, store it, and then retrieve it. Memory failure can
result from the failure of any one of the three.
4 Similar steps are required in information processing of computers. Information is encoded (entered in some
form the computer is able to use), then stored on disk, and later retrieved on the screen. You would not be able
to retrieve the material if you had failed to enter it, if a power failure occurred before you could save what you
had entered, or if you forgot which disk or file contained the needed information. Of course, human processing
is far more complex than even the most advanced computer systems, but computer processing provides a useful
analogy to memory if not taken too literally.
From Steps to College Reading by Dorothy U. Seyler

39. What was the selection mostly about?
A. remembering George Bush
B. processes in human memory
C. processing information using computers
D. steps in improving retention

40.What rhetorical pattern was used in the selection?
A. chronological C. cause-effect
B. comparison-contrast D. enumeration

41.What do you think was the purpose of highlighting
some words in the selection?
A. to enumerate effects of memory
B. to discuss reasons of the process
C. to emphasize the processes involved
D. to relate the information to prior knowledge

42.Which of the highlighted words is not a major
process in memory?
A. retrieval C. storage
B. encoding D. consolidation

43.Which of the processes in memory should happen
first?
A. retrieval C. storage
B. encoding D. consolidation

44.What type of change in the brain is needed for the
storage of information?
A. psychological C. physiological
B. psychosocial D. physical

45. Why does memory fail, according to the selection?
A. when encoding does not happen
B. when any one of the three fails
C. when consolidation does not take place
D. when retrieval is impossible

46. Which of the following statements can be deleted from the
selection?
A. If you meet George at the party, you might associate his name
with George Washington.
B. Encoding involves transforming information into a form that can
be stored in memory.
C. Storage is the second memory process.
D. Retrieval is the final process in memory.

47. Which of the following could be the best title for the selection?
A. Human Brain and the Computer
B. The Three Processes in Memory
C. Improving One’s Memory
D. My Memory and I

Music Can Heal Mental Wounds but Only in the Right Hands
By Eva Dorothee Schmid
1 Human beings have known about healing properties of music since Biblical times – according to the
Old Testament for example. David soothed King Saul’s aching brow by reaching for his harp.
2 There are also many references to the healing potential of music in texts left behind by the ancient
Greeks.
3 The same properties are not put to good use in the modern field of music therapy. Music therapy is
psychotherapeutic procedure which does not compete with traditional medicine but rather tries to
complement it.
4 Music arouses emotion, soothes, comforts and can lead to changes in behavior. It can also encourage the
healing process, increase a person’s ability to tolerate pain and help them overcome their fears.
5 All of this can result in changes in the body’s chemistry.
6 Studies show that the right sort of music causes the body to release an increased amount of so-
called endorphins with the results that the person become less sensitive to pain and feels much better.
- From Manila Bulletin, August 2007

48. The writer discusses
A. the causes of music therapy C. the music in Biblical times
B. the effects of music D. the music for life

49.The ideas are arranged using __________ as a pattern of
organization.
A. enumeration C. cause-effect
B. problem-solution D. chronological

50.The writer defines a concept/term in paragraph
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

51.According to the selection, the following are the effects of
music except
A. emotional healing
B. pain tolerance
C. academic excellence
D. behavioral change

52. There are _____ effects of music mentioned in
paragraph 3.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

53.The writer wants to explain
A. that music can replace medicine
B. how music can be useful for well-being
C. when music can complement medicine
D. why music is popular

The Dangers of Acid Rain
Acid rain refers to all types of precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, hail, fog – that is
acidic in nature. Acidic means that these forms of water have a pH lower than 5.6 average
of rainwater. Acid rain kills aquatic life, trees, crops and other vegetation, damages
buildings and monuments, corrodes copper and lead piping, damages such man-made
things as automobiles. Reduces soil fertility and can cause toxic metals to leach into
underground water sources.
Rain is naturally acidic because carbon dioxide, found normally in the earth’s atmosphere,
reacts with water to form carbonic acid. While “pure” rain’s acidity is pH 5.6 to 5.7, actual
pH readings vary from place to place depending upon type and amount of other gases
present in the air, such as sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxides.
The term pH refers to the free hydrogen ions (electrically charged atoms) in water
and is measured on a scale from 0 to 14. Seven is considered neutral and measurements
below seven are acidic while those above it are basic or alkaline. Every point on the pH
scale represents a tenfold increase over the previous number. Thus, pH 4 is 10 times more
acidic than pH 5 and 100 times more acidic more so than pH 6. Similarly, pH 9 is 10 times
more basic than pH 8 and 100 times more basic than pH 7.
- From Manila Bulletin, October 2007

54.What is the average pH of rainwater?
A. 5.6 B. 14 C. 100 D. 10

55.Why is rain naturally acidic?
A. because water reacts with atmosphere
B. because of carbon dioxide’s reaction with water
C. because of acid
D. because of the atmosphere

56.What affects the variation in the actual pH readings?
A. the type of gases
B. the amount of gases
C. the type and amount of gases
D. the kinds of plants in the area

57. What are free hydrogen ions?
A. electrically-changed ions
B. electrically-charged atoms
C. water measured on a scale
D. electronically-charged atoms

58.Which is not directly stated as an effect of acid rain?
A. death of marine life
B. damage of monuments
C. reduction of soil fertility
D. extinction of human race

Not much is known about the earl history of printing with movable type. There is evidence,
however, that hand-set printing with movable type was first invented in China and Korea.
At a later time, it was developed in Europe. In the 1400’s, Laurens JanzoonKoster of
Holland, and Panfilo Castaldi of Italy, are thought to have made the first European use of
printing with movable type. It is Johann Gutenberg’s name, however, that is now
associated with the invention of the movable type printing press. Although the separate
elements of printing (the type, the ink, the press, and the paper) were not Gutenberg’s
own invention, his contribution was that he printed a large quantity of work of high quality.
Born in Mainz, Germany, in about 1397, Gutenberg was trained as a goldsmith, but
he became a partner in a printing office in about 1436. It was in his hometown of Mainz
that he began the project he is most famous for: printing of the Mazarin Bible. To finance
this great project, he borrowed money from a lawyer named Johann Fust and form a
printer. He was unable to pay back the money, however, and as a result lost both his
printing press and the types to Fust, who carried on Gutenberg’s work.
Gutenberg’s method dominated the printing industry for almost 400 year. It
required hand-setting particular pieces of type, locking them into place, and then printing
on wooden flatbed handpresses. The rate was slow compared to modern printing; 300 to
500 sheets a day printed on a single side was considered a good rate production. Though
not much is known about Gutenberg’s life, his name lives on as a person who contributed
significantly to the technology of human communication.

59. What is the main topic of this passage?
A. A history of early printing
B. Gutenberg’s contribution to printing
C. The printing of the Mazarin Bible
D. Gutenberg’s life in Germany

60. The author infers that the most significant aspect of Gutenberg’s
work in developing the art of printing is:
A. The large number and quality of copies that he printed.
B. The printing of the Mazarin Bible
C. The fact that he developed a new technique using known
elements
D. His inventive spirit and tenacious approach to his work

61. Why did Gutenberg borrow money from Fust?
A. In order to fund his printing of the Bible.
B. In order to pay back loans for buying movable types
C. In order to expand his printing ability
D. In order to go into partnership with another printer

62.According to the author, which of the following
did NOT precede Gutenberg in the use of
movable type printing?
A. Fust C. Castaldi
B. Koster D. The Chinese

63. Why does the author mention Koster and Castaldi?
A. To bring out the superiority of previous inventors
B. To show that Gutenberg had rivals
C. To demonstrate that historians disagree
D. To broaden the scope of this discussion

Scientist are able to predict the occurrence of earthquakes with
reasonable degree of accuracy using device called a seismograph. In
1990, scientists use a seismograph to predict that city X would
experience a major earthquake in 1994, however, no major earthquake
actually occurred.

64. Based on the information above, which of the following
statement is a valid conclusion?
A. City X will probably experience a major earthquake in the next
few years.
B. Natural disaster are impossible for scientist to predict.
C. Scientist are currently researching other ways of predicting
earthquakes.
D. Seismograph predictions are not always reliable.

When Joe attends orchestra rehearsals, he plays the first violin part.
When Joe is not at rehearsal, Carl and Sonya compete for the first violin
part.
65. Based only on the information above, which of the following is valid
conclusion?
A. If Joe and Carl attend rehearsal, Joe plays the first violin.
B. Carl and Sonya are equally talented as musicians.
C. Joe is frequently unable to attend orchestra rehearsal.
D. If Carl misses a rehearsal, Sonya plays the first violin part.

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