(Prehistoric Culture)

1. SOCIAL STUDIES 8
Q1 W1
RONILLO H. MAPULA
Teacher

2. PREHISTORIC CULTURE
Origin of the Universe
RONILLO H. MAPULA
Teacher

3. BIG BANG THEORY
Theoretical Origins of the Universe
- According to astrophysicists, about 15,000 million
years ago, “all of the matter and energy in the
universe was concentrated in a mathematical point,
a singularity, from which it burst out to create the
universe as we know it.”
- most widely accepted among scientists at the
present 3

4. Nobody alive was there to see this.
You are under no obligation to believe this
theory. It is simply one possible
explanation among many possible
explanations for the origins of the universe.
4

5. Big Bang Theory
Main Premise:
 the universe began with a gigantic
explosion 10-29 billion years ago
 nothing existed before this  NO
time, NO space
 out of nothingness came everything in
the universe and it started to expand 5

6. Where is Theory found?
 Authored and thought of by several
scientists based on work of Hubble’s red shift
6

7. Timeline:
What we see around us (according to the Big
Bang theory) fig. 16-10, pg. 533
1. Dime sized densely packed piece of matter
(containing all the matter in the universe)
appeared out of the nothingness and
exploded 7

8. Timeline:
2. Expansion of the universe during the first
few seconds after the big bang, cooled the
created matter enough for protons, neutrons,
and electrons to form as free particles, but
not to become stable atoms
8

9. Timeline:
3. After ~1 million years  the expansion and
cooling allowed hydrogen to form
- now hydrogen is the most abundant
element in the known universe
9

10. Timeline:
4. This allowed the formation of other
elements, then stars, planets, etc.
10

11. Timeline:
5. Eventually life evolved from non-living
precursors, and eventually into the life
we see on Earth.
11

12. Timeline:
6. Maybe life evolved on other planets in our
galaxy or other galaxies as well?
12

13. Timeline:
7. The future of the universe
- still expanding but for how long?
- gravity from all existing objects pulls
against this expansion
13

14. Timeline:
◈ 3 Possible Outcomes
1. Universe expands forever
2. Expansion will gradually slow down until a size limit is
reached
3. Expansion will stop and the universe will begin to
contract and fall in on itself  Big Crunch
** Depends on the amount of matter in the
universe (and the mass) 14

15. Continental Drift
◈ The theory of continental drift is most
associated with the scientist Alfred
Wegener. In the early 20th century,
Wegener published a paper explaining his
theory that the continental landmasses were
“drifting” across the Earth, sometimes
plowing through oceans and into each
other. 15

16. Continental Drift
◈ Continental drift describes one of the
earliest ways geologists thought continents
moved over time. This map displays an
early "supercontinent," Pangea, which
eventually moved to form the continents we
know today. Fossils of similar organisms
across widely disparate continents
encouraged the revolutionary theory of
continental drift.
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17. Continental Drift
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18. Continental Drift
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19. Continental Drift
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20. Continental Drift
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21. Continental Drift
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22. Continental Drift
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23. Continental Drift
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24. Continental Drift
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25. Plate tectonics
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is a scientific theory that explains how
major landforms are created as a result of
Earth’s subterranean movements. The
theory, which solidified in the 1960s,
transformed the earth sciences by
explaining many phenomena, including
mountain building events, volcanoes,
and earthquakes.

26. World Tectonic Plates and Their Movement
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27. Theory of Creation
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Creationism is the religious belief
that nature, and aspects such as
the universe, Earth, life, and
humans, originated with
supernatural acts of divine
creation.

28. Theory of Creation
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29. Theory of Evolution
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Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed
by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
and others, stating that all species of organisms
arise and develop through the natural selection of
small, inherited variations that increase the
individual's ability to compete, survive, and
reproduce.

30. Human Origin
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Human evolution is the lengthy process of
change by which people originated from apelike
ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the
physical and behavioral traits shared by all people
originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over
a period of approximately six million years.

31. Human Origin
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32. Australopithecus
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(Latin: “southern ape”) (genus Australopithecus), group of extinct primates closely
related to, if not actually ancestors of, modern human beings and known from a
series of fossils found at numerous sites in eastern, north-central, and southern
Africa. The various species of Australopithecus lived 4.4 million to 1.4 million years
ago (mya), during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (which lasted from 5.3
million to 11,700 years ago). The genus name, meaning “southern ape,” refers to
the first fossils found, which were discovered in South Africa. Perhaps the most
famous specimen of Australopithecus is “Lucy,” a remarkably preserved fossilized
skeleton from Ethiopia that has been dated to 3.2 mya.

33. Paleolithic Age
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The Stone Age
In the Paleolithic period (roughly 2.5 million years
ago to 10,000 B.C.), early humans lived in caves or
simple huts or tepees and were hunters and
gatherers. They used basic stone and bone tools, as
well as crude stone axes, for hunting birds and wild
animals.

34. Neolithic Age
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The Neolithic Era began when
some groups of humans gave
up the nomadic, hunter-
gatherer lifestyle completely to
begin farming. It may have
taken humans hundreds or even
thousands of years to transition
fully from a lifestyle of subsisting
on wild plants to keeping small
gardens and later tending large
crop fields.

35. Metal Age
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The Metal Age is divided into
three stages: the Copper Age,
the Bronze Age and the Iron
Age. During the Metal Ages,
people made a variety of metal
objects. They also invented new
techniques for making clay
pottery. The most characteristic
examples are beaker pots.