Biology project for more project contect me 9910318079

1. Certificate
This is to certify that bonafide record has been done by
roll number _______________in the school laboratory
during the academic year 2018-19.
______________ ______________
School stamp Teacher’s signature

2. Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success.Then I would
like to thank my biology teacher Mrs. Ajanta
whose valuable guidance has been the once that
helped me and her major contribution towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestion and guidance has been helpful.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.

3. Index:
1. Acknowledgement
2. Aim
3. Apparatus
4. Theory
5. Procedure
6. Observation

4. 7. Result
Estimationof water
contentsinHydrophytes,
MesophytesandXerophytes

5. Aim: To estimate water contents in
various hydrophytic, mesophytic and
xerophytic plants of the locality.

6. Apparatus:
2-3 Mesophytic,hydrophytic and
xerophytic plants,water,filter
papers,weighting balance,petridishes

7. H2o
Water is a clear , odourless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most
animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances.
The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O)
H2O, a clear, colourless, odourless, tasteless liquid
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of
life. It cover 71% of Earth’s surface. It appears mostly in the oceans (
saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water,
river, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies
perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation , precipitation, and
runoff to the sea From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct
properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart
from other substances. All known forms of life deoend on water. Water
is vital both as a solvent in which many metabolic processes within the
body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolic and catabolism. In

8. anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring
enzymatic chemical reaction) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g.
starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and
information) . In catabolism , water is used to break bonds in order to
generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration.
WATER AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration.
Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's
hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with C02
(absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release
oxygen. AII living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen
and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and
C02 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to
acid-base neutraliity and enzyme function.
Earlier it was believed that the oxygen released during the
photosynthetic process came from C02.

9. But this was later proved wrong by Cornelius Van Neil
(C.V.Neil), who made a Milestone contribution by stating that it
is H20 that contributes towards the formation of O2 and C02 is
only reduced to GIucose.
He worked out a formula for this bacterial photosynthesis and he
noticed it was very similar to the formula known for plant
photosynthesis. The only difference was that the bacteria
used hydrogen sulphide in the reaction where plants used water,
and the bacteria produced sulphur compounds where the plants
produced oxygen. This led him to make a general formula for
the reactions of photosynthesis in both bacteria and plants that is
still used today. This was new and interesting at the time,
because it meant that the oxygen given off by plants during
photosynthesis came from the split water molecule, and not from
carbon dioxide as previously thought. Later researchers
confirmed van Niel‘s theory by doing experiments using heavy
isotopes of oxygen to label the oxygen and observe its origins in
photosynthesis.

10. Categorisation
Plants can be categorised on various basis like:
 According to the seed structure
1.Angiosperms 2.Gymnosperms
 According to Tissue Structure
1.Vascular plants 2.Non-Vascular plants
 According to Stature
1.Bienials 2.Perenials 3.Flowers 4.Climbers and creepers
5.Shrubs and herbs 6.Vegetables
 According to Phylum

11. 1.Bryophyta 2.Thallophyta 3.Pteridophytes
4.Gymnosperms 5.Angiosperms
 According to Habitat
1.Mesophytes 2.Hydrophytes 3.Xerophytes
MESOPHYTES
Mesophyte plants are found in environments when there is rarely
a shortage of raw materials such as water and sunlight meaning
the plant has adapted successfully to obtain the energy that it
requires to live and grow successfully. Mesophyte
plants have adapted in order to carry out cellular processes that
allow them to obtain energy.
The Mesophyte plant is to carry out photosynthesis by using the
two raw materials carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and
oxygen using energy from the sunlight. This glucose an then be
used to carry out respiration where the plant uses the glucose
that its made in respiration and oxygen to form ATP (energy) this
is then used by the plant to carry out its life processes in order to
survive. The ability to maintain a correct amount of water to carry

12. out these processes is important on the survival of these plants.
Mesophyte plants have adapted in order to carry out cellular
processes such as photosynthesis and respirations in order for the
plant to be self-sustained and grow providing food and shelter for
many animals.
HYDROPHYTES
Hydrophyte plants live in aquatic environments where there is an
abundance of water meaning the plant has had to adapt in order
to contain the right amount of water within the plant in order for
it to survive. These plants have had to adapt in order to survive
and grow successfully in an environment where they are sounded
by water. Hydrophyte plants along with all plants must carry out
the process of photosynthesis where water and carbon dioxide is
converted into glucose and oxygen. Because hydrophytes have
excess water they have adapted in order to keep the right amount
of water within the plant, in order for them to carry out
photosynthesis successfully. Photosynthesis produces glucose,
which is then used in the cellular processes respiration, which

13. produces ATP (energy), which then is used to grow or carry out
other processes that the plant needs in order to survive.
Hydrophyte plants supply fish and other aquatic
animals with food and homes.
XEROPHYTES
Xerophytes are found in very dry and often hot environments this
means that these plants have had to adapt to survive in these
harsh conditions where there is often a shortage of water. The
xerophyte plants have had to adapt in order to carry out essential
cellular processes that allow the plant to gain enough energy in
order to survive and grow. Photosynthesis is a process in which all
plants must carry out in order to survive. Because xerophytic
plants live in an environment where there is often a shortage of
water they have had to adapt in order to obtain a successful level
of water within the plant in order for this process to occur. They
use the CAM cycle in order to get ATP.. Xerophytic plants have

14. adapted in order to obtain the correct amount of water to carry
out the important processes that allow the plant to survive and
grow successful in its environment.
Project
Water is an indispensible part of our lives .So in the present
project report water contents of some common available
hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes are estimated. This
project is basedon the theory that whenever a living cell or a
tissue is subjected to high temperature for some time,it loses
water and gets dried. Thus, by knowing the weights of wet and
dried tissues, amounts of water present in them can be
estimated.

15. PROCEDURE
Take 2-3 each of mesophytic, hydrophytic and xerophytic and
wash them in water to remove soil or any dust over them .Soak
the water from these plants with the help of filter papers. This is
done to clean the plants. Weigh the cleaned plants and note their
weights After weighing transfer them in petri deshes and keep
them in oven at 60 for a few hours till the get dried.Put it again in
the oven for a few more days and weigh.Till the weight becomes
constant.now calculate the loss in the weight and finaly the
percentage of water in the various samples by the formula given
below.
Percentage of water =

16. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 100
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
OBSERVATION TABLE:
TABLE 1.I
Initial weight, final weight, amount of water and percentage of
water in various
1. Hydrophyticplants:
S.N. Name of the
plant
Initial
weight
(g)
Final
weight
(g)
Loss in
weight
(g)
Percentage
Of water
1. Epipremnum
Aureum
( money
plant)
2g 0.58 g 1.42 g 71 %
2. Trapanatans
(singhada)
3g 1.75g 1.75g 58.33%

17. 2. Mesophyticplants:
S.N. Name of
the plant
Initial
weight
(g)
Final
weight
(g)
Loss in
weight
(g)
Percentage
Of water
1. Ocimum
Tenuifloru
M(tulsi)
1.34g 0.8g 0.54g 40.29%
2. Ficus
religiosa
(peepal)
1.45g 0.87g 0.58g 40%

18. 3. XEROPHYTICPLANTS:
S.N. Name of
the plant
Initial
Weight
(g)
Final
weight
(g)
Loss in
weight
(g)
Percentage
Of water
1. Sansevieria
Trifasciata
(snake
plant)
4.02 g 2.7 g 1.32 g 32%
2. Aloe
barbadensis
(aloevera)
5 g 3.3 g 1.7 g 34%

19. RESULT :
Hydrophyrtic plants have got the maximum
water contents in their tissues ;whereas
xerophytic plants have minimum water
content .Since hydrophytes are supported by
water they live in so have thin, flexible stems
which make floating and moving in water
easily. Their stems have large air spaces in

20. them to allow for easy diffusion of molecules
into the plant. They have little or no xylem.
Mesophytes stem provides support and a
water transport system. Xerophytes have
woody, sturd stems to expand quickly when it
rains, and have a thick layer of cuticle on
them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Wikipedia
2. ARYA Publications
3. www.brainly.com
4. www.quora.com
5. www.studyrankers.com