overview of seed and its types functions to explain the anatomy of seed.

1. SEED
STRUCTURE TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
PRESENTED BY RIDA SALLEH

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION OF SEED
• STRUCTURE OF SEED
1. EXTERNAL STRUCTURE
2. INTERNAL STRUCTURE
• FUNCTIONS OF SEED
• TYPES OF SEED
• GERMINATION OR PROCESS BY AN EXAMPLE

3. 1. INTRODUCTION OF SEED
• DEFINITION OF SEED
• Seed is an undeveloped plant embryo and food
reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering.
• IMPORTANCE OF SEED
• Seeds are of immense biological and economic
importance. They contain high protein, starch and
oil reserves that help in the early stages of growth
and development in a plant. These reserves are
what make many cereals and major food sources
for a large proportion of the world's inhabitants.

4. 2. STRUCTURE OF SEED
• A seed is the reproductive
structure of a flowering plant
and consists of both internal
and external structures.
• Seeds of different plants may
vary in many ways, but the
basic anatomy remains the
same.

5. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SEED
• Embryo: The embryo is the young plant that will eventually germinate
from the seed. It contains the embryonic root, stem, and one or two
cotyledons (seed leaves).
• Endosperm: The endosperm is a tissue that surrounds the embryo and
provides it with nutrients during germination.
• Cotyledon: The cotyledon is the first leaf that germinates. It is filled with
stored food that the plant uses.
• Plumule: The shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves.
• The Radicle: The part of the seed where the root develops.

6. EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SEED
• Hilum: The hilum is the scar left on the seed where it was attached to the
fruit or ovary wall.
• Micro Pyle: The micro pyle is a small opening in the seed coat that allows
for water and air to enter during germination.
• Seed coat: As mentioned before, the seed coat is the protective layer that
covers the embryo and endosperm.
• Embryo: The embryo can also be considered part of the external structure
of the seed, as it is visible from the outside as a small bump or ridge.

7. 3. FUNCTIONS OF SEED
• Germination: Seeds have the ability to germinate,
which means they can grow into new plants under
the right conditions.
• Reproduction: Seeds are an important part of
plant reproduction, as they contain the genetic
material necessary to grow a new plant.
• Food source: Seeds are often used as a source of
food for humans and animals.

8. CONTD…
• Pest control: Some seeds contain natural compounds that can repel
pests and insects.
• Medicine: Many seeds contain compounds that have medicinal
properties. For example, flaxseed contains omega-3 fatty acids, which
are thought to have anti-inflammatory effects.
• Industrial uses: Seeds are used in a variety of industrial applications.
For example, sunflower seeds can be used to make biodiesel.
• Conservation: Seeds are important for conserving plant species and
genetic diversity for future generations.

9. 4. TYPES OF SEED
4. Non-endospermic
seeds:
These are seeds that do not
have an endosperm, which
is a tissue that provides
nutrients to the developing
embryo. Eg pea
1.Monocotyledonous
and dicotyledonous
seeds:
Monocotyledonous seeds
have a single cotyledon
while dicotyledonous
seeds have two
cotyledons.
3. Angiosperm seeds:
These are seeds produced by
angiosperms, which are
flowering plants that produce
seeds enclosed within a fruit.
Such as apple trees.
2. Gymnosperm
seeds:
These are seeds
produced by
gymnosperms, which
are plants that
produce naked seeds
without an outer fruit
layer. Such as pine
trees.

10. CONTD…
6. Orthodox
seeds:
These are seeds that can
withstand long periods of
desiccation (drying out)
and can be stored for long
periods of time
5. Endospermic
seeds:
These are seeds that
have an endosperm,
which is a tissue that
provides nutrients to
the developing embryo.
7. Oil seeds:
These are seeds that contain
a high amount of oil, which
can be extracted and used
for cooking or industrial
purposes.
8. Fruit seeds:
These are seeds that are
found within the fruit of a
plant and are often eaten as
part of a healthy diet.

11. 5. GERMINATION OF SEED
PROCESS
• Water is absorbed by the seed through its
outer covering, causing it to swell and
soften.
• As the seed absorbs water, it activates
enzymes that break down stored food into
simple sugars and other nutrients that the
developing plant can use.
• The root emerges first and begins to grow
downward into the soil, anchoring the
plant and absorbing water and minerals.

12. CONTD…
• The shoot emerges next and grows upward, pushing through the soil and
towards the light.
• The leaves develop and begin to carry out photosynthesis, using sunlight
and carbon dioxide to produce energy and oxygen.
• As the plant grows, it continues to develop more roots, shoots, and
leaves, eventually becoming a mature plant capable of producing seeds
of its own.