internship report of Ayub Agricultural research Institutes Faisalabad
Rice Project-Richard
1. ASSESSMENT OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SOME SELECTED RICE
(ORYZA SATIVA L.) VARIETIES GROWN UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE
INTESIFICATION (SRI)
BY
RICHARD MALIMBA BANDA
A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN AGRICULTURE
University of Malawi
Bunda College of agriculture
P.O. Box 219
Lilongwe
JULY, 2014
2. i
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
We, the undersigned, certify that this paper is a result of the student’s own work, and that to the
best of our knowledge, it has not been submitted for any other academic qualification within the
University of Malawi or elsewhere. The paper is acceptable in form and content, and that
satisfactory knowledge of the field covered by the paper was demonstrated by the candidate
through an oral examination held on 26th
June, 2014.
Mr. H.D.C. Msiska.
Signature: …………………………………………… Date: ……………………………………
Supervisor
Dr. M.W. Lowole.
Signature: …………………………………………… Date: ……………………………………
Head, Crop and Soil Sciences Department
Dr. K. A. Wiyo.
Signature: …………………………………………… Date: ……………………………………
Dean, Faculty of Agriculture
3. ii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
GoM : Government of Malawi
IRRI : International Rice Research Institute
LRS : Lifuwu Research Station
MDGS : Malawi Growth and Development Strategy
MoA : Ministry of Agriculture
MoAFS : Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
NERICA : New Rice for Africa
WARDA : West Africa Rice Development Association
4. iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.0: The field layout………………………………………………………………………..5
Table 1.1: Statistical summaries of yield components of the test varieties…………….…………7
5. iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Rainfall amounts and distribution from November, 2013 to May, 2014 at Bunda
College………….. ………………………………………………..……………………………… .9
6. v
DECLARATION
This is to declare that the work presented in this project report is that of my own and have not submitted
previously to the University of Malawi or any establishment for a degree. All sources of information have
been acknowledged by means of references.
SIGNED: …………………………………………… DATE…………………………….
Richard Malimba Banda
7. vi
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this work to the most High God for making it possible for me to
accomplish my research. This work is also dedicated to my dad and mum {Mr and Mrs R.T.
Bwanadongo Banda} for their support, advice and encouragement throughout my education and
in particular my degree course. My relatives, in particular my sister and her husband {Mr and Mrs
A.K. Nyirenda}, my brothers, Pastor Moses Salem Kamanga and I am very indebted for their
untiring financial as well as spiritual support and encouragement during my entire period of study.
I love you all.
May the grace of the Lord be with you always.
8. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am highly indebted to my supervisor, Mr. H.D.C. Msiska for the help rendered for me to come
up with this paper. His dedication, advice and remarks have been so marvelous that they reflect
the success of this research paper.
I also appreciate the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences for funding the research project.
I would like also to thank Mr. Katulu, Mr. Jere, Mr. Chirwa, Mr. Lata and some farm labourers
because of their cooperation during the field work.
Lastly, special thanks should go to my parents and friends, students at Bunda College as well as
lectures and support staff for any moral, spiritual and material support they gave to me during
time of study at Bunda College of Agriculture.
May the good Lord bless you all!!!!
9. viii
TABLE CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ..................................................................................................... i
LIST OF ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................................iii
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................. v
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... x
1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION…………………………………………..3
2.1 Problem statement………………………………………………..………………………….3
2.2 Justification…………………………………………………………………………………..3
3.0 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 3
3.1 General objective.................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Specific objectives.................................................................................................................. 3
4.0 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS…………………………………………………………………...4
5.0 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………………4
5.1 Rice production in South-east Asia………………….………………………………..….....4
5.2 Rice production in West Africa……………………………….………………………………………………………………5
6.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………………………….......………………………7
7.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….8
7.1 Data collection……………………………………………………………………………….8
7.2 Data analysis…………………………………………………………………………………8
8.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………….8
10. ix
8.1 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………8
8.1.1 Rainfall…………………………………………………………………………………..8
8.1.2 Plant morphological characteristics……………………………………………………..8
8.1.3 Yield and yield components........................................................................................... 11
9.0 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………....11
10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 11
11.0 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 122
12.0 APPENDICES...................................................................................................................... 167
Appendix 1: Rainfall data at Bunda College for 2013/2014 growing
season…………………177
Appendix 2: Statical
model…………..………………………………………………………...188
Appendix 3: Soil analysis data from the experimental site, Bunda College……………………………….19
11. x
ABSTRACT
Rice production in Malawi is low due to poor yielding varieties and growing practices. A trial
was conducted to assess the yield and yield components of some newly released rice varieties
which were grown under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) during the 2013/2014 rainy season.
Four rice varieties NERICA 4 and 10, Mtupatupa and Bunda Local were tested in a randomised
complete block design (RCBD) and in four replicates at Bunda College. Data collected was
analysed using Genstat statistical package 14th
edition and means were separated using the
Turkey test at 95% level of confidence. Results showed that NERICA 4 and 10 yielded about 1985
kg/ha which was above Bunda Local which produced 1267 kg/ha. Farmers on the Lilongwe plain
as represented by Bunda College have the choice of growing NERICA 4 and 10 in addition to
Bunda Local under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) during the rainy season.
12. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major food crop of the tropics, particularly of South and Southeast
Asia, and accounts for 50% of the total world acreage and production (Mclean et al., 2004). Over
the past two decades, cereals have gradually displaced roots and tubers in West African diets and
also further displaced other cereals. In Malawi, for instance, rice is one of the main cereals grown
along the lakeshore, Phalombe plain, the Shire Valley and areas around Lake Chirwa either in
irrigated rice schemes or rainfed. Upland rice is grown in Karonga, Nkhata Bay and Nkhotakota
districts.
Rice now accounts for over one-fifth of total calorie consumption of the region, constituting the
largest share of any single food (Mclean et al., 2002). The increase in human population, the
economic growth, the improvement in people’s living standards and the need for exportation
(foreign exchange) in addition to rapid urbanization and changing consumer preferences are
resulting into the increase in demand for rice in many developing countries (WARDA, 1996)
including Malawi.
Rice production is mainly categorized into two cropping systems; lowland rice and upland rice
with respect to the ecology in which it is cultivated (Spiertz, 2006). In Malawi, upland rice is
grown in some upland high rainfall areas of Malawi (Makato, 1997) mainly under rainfed
conditions. Different varieties are cultivated but Faya 14-M-69, Kilombero, Mtupatupa, Nunkile
and others are the most popular varieties.
However, rice productivity in Malawi is low. On average upland rice yield in Malawi is as low as
1697 kg/ha against potential yield of 4000 kg/ha (Makato, 1997; USAID, 2007). Dwindling rice
13. 2
production statistics have been attributed to a number of factors ranging from stressful biotic and
abiotic factors such as drought, weed, pest and disease infestation (Sharma, 1991).
The need to increase rice production in order to meet the growing demand for rice is a big
challenge. But the challenge in most developing countries, among other options is to produce this
additional rice on less land, water and labour and in more efficient environmental-friendly
production systems more resilient to climate change, among other factors (IRRI, s.d.). In Malawi,
the major challenge is to increase rice production with less water and less labour.
In response to varying meteorological factors plus shrinking water resources for lowland rice
production, different high yielding rice varieties have been and are being developed as a
contribution towards increasing rice production. New rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties are
some of the rice varieties which have been bred for high yield and specifically for expanding
upland rice production after realizing the limitations of lowland rice production ecologies.
NERICA rice varieties are the cross between varieties of high-yielding Asian rice and the robust
and disease-resistant African rice. NERICA varieties produce up to 50% more yield per hectare
than the standard Liberian rice varieties and mature in only 90-100 days (Kirk, 2000). Since their
introduction in the mid-1990s, NERICA varieties have evolved and carved for themselves a
special niche to the extent that they are now not just varieties, but a technology from Africa for
Africa (WARDA, 2004; ( http//www.warda.org), and perfectly adapted to the harsh drought
growing environment and low-input conditions. NERICA varieties are therefore, targeted for
upland rice ecologies as well.
14. 3
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION
2.1 Problem statement
Malawi faces shrinking rice productivity which among other things have been attributed to
stressful biotic and abiotic factors, such as weed infestation, pest and disease attacks, low soil
fertility and shrinking water resources for irrigated rice. The fragility of the upland ecosystem and
emerging land shortages largely prevent the opportunity to increase yields through expansion
cultivated area expansion, leading to the need for cropping intensity to maximize the yield per
unit area. The increase in human population growth results in more people to feed and hence
further increases in demand for more rice to be produced.
2.2 Justification
The introduction of NERICA varieties is a relief for Malawi as it answers its urgent need for more
rice production. Through this trial, the superiority of NERICA rice varieties over some locally
grown varieties in terms of yield and yield components were assessed under the new System for
Rice Intensification (SRI) specifically for upland rice production. Consequently, the trial provided
both quantitative and qualitative assessment of the superiority of NERICA varieties in order to
speed up their adoption by smallholder farmers and help increase rice production.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 General objectives
The main objective of this research study was to assess the yield and the yield components of
some selected rice varieties, under rainfed conditions using System of Rice Intensification (SRI).
3.2 Specific objectives
i. To evaluate the effect of SRI on yield and yield components of rice varieties grown under
upland rainfed conditions.
15. 4
ii. To establish superiority of NERICA over the local varieties in terms of yield
and yield components.
iii. To demonstrate the adaptation and production of NERICA rice in upland areas.
4.0 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
NERICA has higher yield potential than other upland rice varieties grown under rainfed
conditions.
5.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
5.1 Rice production in South-east Asia
In south-east Asia, uplands make up about 50 million hectares of land with over 100 million
people dependent upon them (Pandey and Khiem, 2002). The area under uplands rice is reported
to be 9 million hectares; south Asia accounts for about 60%; the remainder being in south-east
Asia. As upland rice is mostly grown in rotation with other crops, the actual area under upland
rice based systems is much larger. Pandey estimates the area under upland rice based systems in
Asia to be about 15 million hectares (Pandey, Presentation to study team, December 2005). The
upland rice area in Asian countries ranges from 2% of the total rice area in Thailand and China to
11-12% in Indonesia and India up to 36% in Lao PDR (Huke and Huke, 1997). Worldwide 14
million hectares are counted as upland rice land accounting for 11% of the world rice area. Given
its lower yield level upland rice contributes substantially less to total rice output in relation to its
share in total area. Nevertheless, in some regions upland rice plays a dominant role in crop
production, accounting, for example, for 46% of the net value of crop production in the northern
uplands of Vietnam (Minot et al., 2006).
16. 5
5.2 Rice production in West Africa
Rice is grown at three principal ecosystems in West Africa: rainfed upland, rainfed lowland, and
irrigated lowland (Rice Almanac, 1997). More rice is produced under rainfed lowland and upland
production systems, with the uplands contributing to over 40% of the West African countries rice-
growing areas (WARDA, 2002). Upland rice is grown mainly in the hilly forest zone in the South
and South-west and in the cotton-growing savanna zone in the north of Togo (Rice Almanac,
1997).
Most upland rice in West Africa (about 2.3 million hectares) is produced by subsistence-oriented
smallholder farm families under shifting cultivation, primarily in the humid forest region
(WARDA / ADRAO, 1999). Shifting cultivation consists of the continual use of land during a
short period of two to five years period and then fallowing for a long period of up to 25 years
(Tarawali et al., 1999). The long period of fallowing allows the nutrient content of both
vegetation and soils to be replenished and the soil fertility of the land to be restored. Asian rice
Oryza sativa has high yield potential. As result, the cultivation of African rice has been
abandoned for the cultivation of Oryza sativa. However, Oryza sativa varieties have constraints
such that they are poorly adapted to African conditions and their cultivation requires a lot of water
(Dingkuhn et al., 1998).
Rice in Africa is composed of both wild and cultivated species. Besides the introduced Oryza
sativa, cultivated rice species in West Africa include the indigenous African rice species Oryza
glaberrima. Oryza glaberrima has resistance or tolerance to “local” West African stresses, such
as soil acidity, iron toxicity, blast disease, drought, weeds, unfavorable temperature and excess
water (Jones et al., 1997; WARDA, 1999). The indigenous cultivated Oryza glaberrima landraces
are highly competitive due to high tillering ability, vigour and leaf area during vegetative growth.
17. 6
In particular NERICA varieties are effective in combating weeds because it has a vigorous early
growth and have a wide droopy lower leaves that provide a canopy shade to slow the
development of weeds (WARDA, 1996). The constraints of Oryza glaberrima relate to its
productivity by producing low yields because of less grains per panicle; few tillers and a lower
number of spikelets; prone to lodging; seed shattering and long seed dormancy resulting in low
plant populations to produce low yields (WARDA, 1996; Jones et al., 1997; Dingkuhn et al.,
1998; Johnson et al., 1998). It is because of lower yield potential; and the tendency for the panicle
to shatter; and the crop to lodge have led Oryza glaberrima have been replaced by Oryza sativa in
most cropping systems (Johnson et al., 1998).
Approximately 50% of the rice yield decline reported in Ivory Coast resulted from cropping
intensification were attributed to increased weed pressure (Azmi et al., 2004). Competition from
weeds is a major constraint to rice production in the uplands and rainfed lowlands of West Africa
(Johnson et al., 1996; WARDA, 1996); NERICAs are being spread in upland and lowland rice-
growing ecologies of Africa. These hybrids are more robust, stress-tolerant and weed-competitive
(Guei and Traore, 2001). Within the West Central Africa, Cote d’Ivoire released the first two
NERICA varieties in 2000. NERICAs produce more grains and mature earlier than traditional
varieties, and grow better on the fertile, acid soils of the upland rice area (ISIS, 2004).
For the farmer, the NERICA varieties provide the opportunity to increase land and labour
productivity through higher yields on the basis of any given level of available P in the soil
(Courtois, 2006). Fallow species or post-rice crops that have a better access to insoluble P such as
cheap and locally produced rock phosphate. NERICA generally have a much shorter growing
cycle (about 90-110 days) compared to local varieties and it is possible to have a double cropping
under sufficient rainfall. Their early maturity gives a comparative advantage over local varieties
18. 7
with respect to demand for labour; stress resistant; and respond well to both low and high input
conditions (Defoer et al., 2002).
6.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research project was conducted at Bunda College Crop Science Student’s Research Farm
during the 2013/2014 growing season under rainfed conditions. The four treatments were
arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. Varieties tested
were NERICA 10, NERICA 4, Mtupatupa and Bunda Local which were grown under System for
Rice Intensification (SRI) and seedlings were transplanted 10 days after emergence, one seedling
per station spaced at 15 cm and 20 cm between stations and rows, respectively. Basal fertilizer
was applied at transplanting with 40 kg P and 40 kg N per hectare. It was top dressed with 40 kg
N per hectare using urea at three weeks after transplanting. Weeding was done as the weeds
appeared. Plots measured 3 m long by 2.5 m wide; each plot had 12 rows spaced at 0.2 m apart;
spaced at 0.15 m apart.
Table 1.0: The field layout
REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4
T3 T4 T2 T1
T2 T1 T3 T4
T4 T2 T1 T3
T1 T3 T4 T2
19. 8
7.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
7.1 Data collection
Data collected was: plant height; number of productive tillers per plant; number of panicles per
m2
; number of grains per panicle; and seed size. Rainfall data was collected from the onset of
rains up the harvesting.
7.2 Data analysis
Data collected was analysed using Genstat computer package, 14th
edition based on the
mathematical model; Yi= µ + αi + βk +Εik, and means were separated using the Turkey test at 95%
level of confidence.
8.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
8.1 RESULTS
8.1.1 Rainfall
The season was characterized by a normal rainfall of 984.8 mm (Figure 1) which was within the
850 to 1,000 mm range per year (Nyirenda, 2000). First effective rainfall were received in
November 2013 and tailed off in April 2014 stretching the wet season for over 5 months. Low
rainfall during the last two months of March and April reduced pollination, seed set and seed
physiology maturity. In other words, the rainfall was adequate in terms of the expected rainfall
reception of the area and crop water requirement of rice. In terms of distribution, first effective
rainfall were received in November and tailed off in April, stretching the wet season over 5
months, the normal wet season in Malawi. From the figure 1, most of the rainfall was received in
January (500 mm) and the least in November and April of about 75 mm. The high rainfall in
January coincided with the nursery and transplanting, when the roots and the plants are too small
20. 9
to absorb and make full use of the water respectively. And that could contribute to the generally
low yields which were observed but did not statistically affect individual variety performance.
Table 1.1: Statistical summaries of yield components and harvest data of the test varieties
Treatment Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
tillers/
Plant
No.of
effect.
Tillers
No.of
panicle
s/m2
No.of
grains/
panicle
Seed
size
1000-
seed wt
(g)
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Straw
wt
(kg/ha)
Total
biomass
(kg/ha)
Harvest
index
Mtupatupa 24.0c
60.8a
5.5a
12.0b
26.2b
24.6c
1237b
5273a
6510a
0.50a
Bunda L. 32.0bc
37.8a
5.0a
10.3b
27.8b
26.4b
1263b
3129ab
3942ab
0.30a
NERC. 10 59.4ab
44.3a
37.8b
130.5a
198.8a
29.0a
1467ab
1267b
2734b
0.49a
NERC. 4 81.7a
31.8a
30.3ab
209.8a
209.0a
29.7a
1985a
1974b
3958ab
0.58a
Mean 49.20 43.60 19.60 91.00 115.40 27.44 1488 2910 4286 0.47
CV (%) 27.60 41.8 72.8 48.7 17.2 2.40 21.90 41.00 35.80 43.40
LSD 21.0 28.1 22.0 68.0 30.7 1.03 501.5 1838.1 2360.9 31.24
P-value
Sig. level
<0.001
**
0.186
ns
0.012
*
<0.001
**
<0.001
**
<0.001
**
0.024
*
0.003
*
0.028
*
0.293
*
Sing = significance, * P ≤ 5%, ** P ≤ 1%, NS =not significant, LSD = least significant difference,
CV = coefficient of variation, Bunda L. = Bunda Local, NERC. = NERICA, wt = weight.
21. 10
8.1.2 Plant morphological characteristics
Results in Table 1.1 show no significant differences in number of productive tillers per plant
across all varieties. Highly significant differences were observed on plant height (P < 0.001) and
variety values were NERICA 4 (81.7 m), NERICA 10 (59.4 m), Bunda Local (32.0 m) and
Mtupatupa (24.0 m). Different rice varieties have different morphological characteristics (Fageria
et al., 1997). There were highly significant differences in number of panicles/m2
and number of
grains/panicle among NERICA and Local varieties (P < 0.001). There were highly significant
differences in harvest index among the accessions such that NERICA 4 had the highest harvest
index whereas Bunda Local had the lowest harvest index. NERICA 4 (1985 kg/ha) and Bunda
Local (1263 kg/ha) could have performed better than this but their poor performance was due to
uneven distribution of rainfall (Figure 1). Yield was affected by less moisture at the end of rainy
season. Overall significant differences were recorded compared to their yield potentials (MoAFS,
2005) which range from 2500 to 3000 kg/ha under proper agronomic practices.
Figure 1: Rainfall amounts and distribution from November, 2013 to May, 2014 at Bunda
College.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
November December January February March April
Rainfall (mm)
Month
Rainfall (mm)
22. 11
8.1.3 Yield and yield components
Table 1.1 shows highly significant differences on shoot biomass amongst the varieties (P< 0.001).
NERICA 4 produced the highest shoot biomass (3,958 kg) and was not significantly different
from Bunda Local (3,942 kg). NERICA 10 produced the least shoot biomass (2,734 kg).
Significant differences were also observed on number of grains per panicle (p < 0.05): NERICA
4 (209); NERICA 10 (198); Bunda Local (27); and Mtupatupa (27). There were significant
differences in yield per hectare among the rice varieties (P < 0.05); NERICA 4 (1,985 kg/ha);
NERICA 10 (1,467 kg/ha); Bunda Local (1,268 kg/ha); and Mtupatupa (1,237 kg/ha). NERICA 4
produced the highest harvest index (0.58) followed by Mtupatupa (0.49) and least recorded in
Bunda Local (0.30). Highest harvest index in NERICA has been reported to be an indication for
tolerate to harsh conditions such as drought, pests and diseases (Otieno, 2008). Generally the
results were consistent with the report of Laza et al. (2003) that the rice varieties produced the
lowest grain yield due to low harvest index.
9.0 CONCLUSION
Grain yield for NERICA varieties performed better than the local varieties under the System of
Rice Intensification (SRI) around Bunda College. Therefore, Farmers on the Lilongwe plain as
represented by Bunda College have the choice of growing NERICA 4 and 10 in addition to Bunda
Local under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) during the rainy season.
10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
There is still a need to repeat the experiment to see the consistence of results with respect to time
(seasons) and space (soils and climate). Thus the experiment needs to go into the second season,
and in different rice ecologies.
23. 12
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Appendix 2: Statistical model
Yijk = µ + αi + Wj + βk(i) +Εijk
Where;
Yijk = Observation associated with rainfed depletion depth and v. effect in
block k
µ = Overall mean,
αi = Effect of variety (ith treatment),
Wj = Effect of rainfed water depletion depth,
Βk = The block effect,
Εijk = Error associated with kth
observation in ith
treatment
and jth
block.
30. 19
Appendix 2: Soil analysis data from the experimental site, Bunda College
Sample
#
pH OM
(%)
P
(ppm)
Total N
( % )
K
(ppm)
K
( % )
REP I 5.6 2.49 56.073 0.137 286.311 0.029
REP II 5.4 1.34 42.915 0.072 265.422 0.027
REP III 5.6 1.21 59.109 0.065 248.533 0.025
REP IV 5.5 1.11 66.953 0.061 235.911 0.024
