15. Pelvic Tilt
50
-10
Ant
Post
deg
Hip Flexion/Extension
80
-20
Flex
Ext
deg
Knee Flexion/Extension
90
-10
Flex
Ext
deg
Ankle Dorsi/Plantar
30
-90
Dors
Plan
deg
Hip Flex/Ext Moment
2.0
-3.0
Flex
Ext
Nm/kg
Knee Flex/Ext Moment
1.0
-1.0
Flex
Ext
Nm/kg
Ankle Dors/Plan Moment
3.0
-1.0
Dors
Plan
Nm/kg
Hip Pow er
3.0
-2.0
Gen
Abs
W/kg
Knee Pow er
3.0
-3.0
Gen
Abs
W/kg
Ankle Pow er
3.0
-2.0
Gen
Abs
W/kg
For outcomes exaggerated
Excessive plantar flexion at foot contact, reduced ankle dorsiflexion
Increased knee flexion at IC and reduced knee flexion mid swing
Restriction knee flexion
Dynamic electromyography of the muscles about the knee over three gait cycles shows inappropriate activity of the rectus femoris in the midswing phase (circles).
Lots of papers show increase in passive ROM. Hip extension, abduction, knee extension popliteal angle
Remember that many of these patients detiorate with no TX
CV coefficient of variation
Ratio between the first and second peak . Lower suggests improvement
Cahan thought 3 different patterns possible.
Spasticity and good selective control (do best), spasticity and poor selective control, worst no control. Many papers talk about improved phasic activity, particularly decreased stance phase activity.
One study found that independent ambulaors more likely to become phasic than dependent, who may have increased activity (weakness)
Earlier paper 2003 only just reached significance
Measure of overall gait abnormality 16 kinematic and temporal measures. May be more reliable than constituent measures