EAPP Grade 11/12

1. Lesson 1
Text Structure

2. At the end of Lesson 2, you are expected to
achieve the following objectives:
 Identify the different structures of text
 Determine the text structure used in a text
 Create a graphic organizer appropriate for the
text structure employed in a text and
 Relate the acquired information with one’s life
experience.

4. WHAT IS TEXT STRUCTURE?
Refers to the internal organization of a text.
According to Mayer (1985), as authors write
text to communicate an idea, they will use a
structure that goes along with the idea.

5. Common Text STRUCRURE

6. Description
This type of text structure features
a detailed description of something
to give the reader a mental picture.

7. A book may tell all about whales or
describe what the geography is like in a
particular region.

8. Chronological Order
It is also known as time
order. This structure is
organized from one point in
time to another.
Before, after, during,
earlier, eventually.
Finally, in order, last,
until. While, meanwhile,
next, how to, now and
first

9. A book about the American revolution
might list the events leading to the war.
In another book, steps involved in
harvesting blue crabs might be told.

10. Cause-Effect
This structure shows how one or more
causes led to one or more effects. Many
texts do not include just one cause leading
to one effect– instead, there may be
several causes and several effects. Because, cause accordingly,
effect, led to, result, reason
and consequences

11. Weather patterns could be described
that explain why a big snowstorm
occurred.

12. Compare-Contrast
This text structure shows how two or
more ideas or items are similar or
different. The text may use a clustered
approach, with details about one topic
followed by the details about the other. It
may also show an alternating approach,
with the author going back between the
two topics.
alike, even, although,
however, also, in
common, but, instead,
both, just as, despite,
otherwise, comparable,
similar, difference,
unlike

13. A book about ancient Greece may
explain how the Spartan women were
different from the Athenian women.

14. Problem-Solution
The text structure presents a
problem, and shows how it can be (or
has been) solved. The key difference
between cause-effect and problem-
solution is that the latter always
present a solution while the former
does not.

16. I. Directions: Read the following passages and identify the text
structure being used. Write only the letter of your choice.
a. problem and solution
b. compare and contrast
c. chronological
d. cause and effect

17. 1. Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and sugar have to first be mixed in a frozen
container. Ingredients may be added at this point, if desired. The mixture must be
stirred and whipped until the cream and sugar mixture is frozen. Depending on the
equipment, this may take as long as an hour. After the ice-cream is prepared, it
must be kept frozen until it is ready to be enjoyed. Making ice-cream is difficult,
but most people would agree that it is worth the trouble.
2. There are two types of people in this world: cat people and dog people. Which type
are you? Well, if you like a pet that is low maintenance, you might be a cat person.
Cats are easier to take care of than dogs because cats are very independent. Since they
use litter boxes, they do not have to be taken outside to go potty like dogs. Also, cats
clean themselves while dogs need occasional baths. If you prefer a pet that requires
more attention, you may be a dog person. Most dogs are very loyal and obedient. You
can play games like fetch or tug of war with a dog. Dogs will also alert you when
someone is outside of your home, whereas cats will usually just stay quiet. Both cats
and dogs like to be petted, and they both make excellent pets, but it takes a certain
kind of person to own them. Which kind of person are you?

18. 3. Fireworks are beautiful; but as with many beautiful things, they are also dangerous.
Misusing fireworks can result in property damage, injury, and even the loss of life. Such
accidents usually happen for one of two reasons. The operators may be using poorly
manufactured products, such as fireworks with fuses that burn too quickly. A defective
firework can cause even the most skilled operator to have an accident. Other times, however,
it is the operator who is at fault. The operator may be unskilled or distracted and make a
mistake, such as setting up an explosion sequence improperly or not accounting for
conditions in the environment, like soundproof foaming. For these reasons even the most
beautiful fireworks display can turn really ugly really quickly.
4. Working on a computer may be easier and safer than working in a mine, but it does not
come without risks. Using a computer for a long time can lead to poor eyesight, muscle
loosening, back pain, and injuries to the hands and wrists. If you find yourself working or
playing on a computer quite regularly, take a few steps to prevent these problems. When you
are computing for a long time, take frequent breaks. Get up and walk around every once and
while. Exercise a little bit. Take your eyes off of the computer screen. Stretch your hands
and wrists. Straighten your back. It can be hard to pull yourself away from your computer
once you get into a zone, but your body will thank you later if you do. Make your health a
priority.

19. 5. One of the most popular, sought-after, and expensive shoes ever marketed are the Air Jordan
shoes. The first Air Jordan shoes were released in 1985. These shoes were not legal to wear on the
court since they did not have any white on them, but Jordan wore them to every game anyway,
getting fined $5000 for each appearance. The next Air Jordan shoes came out in 1986. These shoes
were unique for basketball shoes, because they were made in Italy, which gave them a luxury feel.
Two years later, the third Air Jordan shoes were released. These were the first shoes with the
visible air pocket in the back and were the inspiration for many later shoe designs. The Air Jordan
shoe line has had a long history of successful and noteworthy releases.
6. Imagine a child as young as ten years old on the website Facebook chatting with a grown man or
grown woman. Should parents let their children as young as ten years old be on Facebook? Parents
should not let their children or child be on Facebook because on Facebook there are a lot of things
that are said and done that a child of that age should not be able to see. If a parent approves of a
child being on Facebook it is very inappropriate. Because that child may tell a story about their
age and someone much older may see it and think their telling the truth and start sending them
messages and the child might not like it at all. When a child that young is on a website like
Facebook they might get excited and go overboard. For example, the child might tell where they
live, their address, and a lot more information that is not needed. In conclusion, parents should not
let children under age get on Facebook because many different things can happen.

20. Assignment
Identify how the information in the text are
organized. Create an appropriate graphic
organizer of your choice that highlights the
author’s idea about competition and cooperation.

21. Competition and Cooperation
(1) Explanations of the interrelation between competition and cooperation have
evolved over the time. Early research into competition and cooperation defined each
of them in terms of the distribution of rewards related to each. Competition was
defined as a situation in which rewards are distributed unequally on the basis of
performance, cooperation on the other hand, was defined as a situation in which
rewards are distributed equally on the basis of mutual interactive behavior among
individuals. By this definition, a competitive situation requires at least on
competitor to fail for each competitor that wins, while a cooperative situation offers
a reward only if all members of the group receive it.

22. (2) Researchers have found definitions of competition and cooperation based upon
rewards inadequate primarily because definitions of these two concepts based upon
rewards depict them as opposite. In current understanding, competition is not
viewed as opposite of cooperation, instead, cooperation is viewed as integral
component of competition. Cooperation is necessary among team members, perhaps
in a sporting event or in a political race, in order to win the competition, it is equally
important to understand that cooperation is of great importance between teams in
that same sporting event or ground rules of the game or election in order to
compete.
(3) Interestingly, the word competition is derived from a Latin verb which means “to
seek together.” An understanding of the derivation of the word competition supports
the understanding that cooperation, rather than evoking a characteristic at the
opposite extreme of human nature from competition, is in reality a necessary factor
in competition.

23. Thank You for listening!
God bless!
