This document provides an overview of culture, society, and politics. It defines culture as encompassing ways of life, customs, values and expressions. Society is defined as organized groups that share territory, language and culture. Politics refers to theories and practices of government, including how power is acquired and exercised through political institutions like the state. The document also summarizes key thinkers in sociology like Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber, and outlines branches of anthropology and political science. It emphasizes the importance of studying these topics to understand human interactions and relationships, acceptable social behaviors, and the functioning of political structures in different societies.

1. UCSP
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
POLITICS
LESSON 1

2. Lesson 1: Defining Culture, Society
and Culture
1. Natural Science and Social Science
The study of culture, society, and politics are parts and parcel of a
larger body of knowledge with integration of systematic processes
and scientific method called, Social Science.

3. Defining Culture, Society and
Culture
It includes anthropology, sociology, political science, economics,
psychology, and geography as its branches. It also the field of human
knowledge that deals with all aspects of the group of life of human
beings therefore, it is subject to change with the changes of the
human behavior. Social scientists use empirical research methods to
investigate all sorts of interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors.

4. Defining Culture, Society and
Culture
Social Science goes side by side with Natural Science as both
branches of Science. It is a branch of science that deals with the
natural world: Its processes, elements, and composition. However,
social science is a branch of science primarily focusses in human
society and social relationships. Consequently, the main difference
between natural science snd social science is that natural science
studies natural events whereas social science studies the human
society.

5. Sociology
Individual behavior may differ when he will be included into a
group thus, making this event a remarkable beginning of one of the
pioneer disciplines under Social Sciences. Sociology is one of the
disciplines that tends to answer the social and political issues in the
Modern Period.

6. Sociology
Etymologically, Sociology came from the Latin word socious-
means companion and Greek word logus- means to study. It is a
systematic study of human relationship along with human society and
interaction.

7. Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
He focused on the idea of improving the development of the
society and how it operates. He also introduced Positivism through
his book entitled Course on Positive Philosophy (1830-1842) and
Systems of Positive Polity (1851-1854).

8. Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
He said that the use of scientific methods to present the laws in
which societies and individuals interact would propel in a new
“positivist” age of history. It allowed sociologists to study society
scientifically through evidences, experiments, and statistics to clearly
see the operations of the society.

9. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Is a German philosopher and economist. He made Communist
Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). This book
presents Marx’s theory of society, which different from the point of
view Comte. He disagreed with Comte’s positivism and believed that
societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of
different social classes over the means of production.

10. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
the professionalization of sociology made it through in the
University of Bordeaux in 1985. He defended sociology as a separate
and independent field from psychology. His notable works are The
Division of Labor in Society (1893) which tackles the transformation
of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society.
He also published a work titled Suicide (1897).

11. Max Weber (1864-1920)
is another pioneer in the field of sociology. He emphasized
the role of rationalization in the development of society. It refers
essentially to the disenchantment of the world. As the world
progressed, people began to justify and adopt scientific and rational
attitude towards understanding the workings of the world. With this
view, modern people become so rigid on science. With prevalence of
the scientific processes, he introduced bureaucracy as an
application of scientific way of life. As bureaucracy efficiency
possesses supreme value, other values such as personal relationship
and intimacies are gradually rejected.

12. Areas of Sociology
It can be said that social science disciplines are interrelated to one
another because of the nature an the core of its focus. Thus, the
following are the scope that encompassed by sociology.

13. Areas of Sociology
• 1. Social Organization
• 2. Social Psychology
• 3. Human Ecology
• 4. Applied Sociology
• 5. Population Studies
• 6. Social Change
• 7. Sociological Theory and Research

14. Culture
is generally defined as the sum of an individuals way of life, ranging
from the food he or she eats, the clothes he or she wears, and the house
where he or she lives. It also includes both the material and non-material
things that he or she possesses or acquires. Non-material things are norms
and values as well as the intangible aspects of his or her existence: music,
dance, poetry, and other forms of expressions that showcase his or her
creativity and artistry. Culture also includes fads and fashion trends,
manners and taboos as well as scientific knowledge and technology that
manifest through tangible aspect, such as architectural and engineering
wonders, advancement in medicine, and breakthroughs in transportation
and communication.

15. Culture
Aside from culture, students are also encouraged to understand ang
appreciate the importance of society and politics. Society is generally
defined as an organized group or groups o interdependent people who
share a common territory, language, and culture, and who act together for
collective survival and well-being. The ways t are also he people defend
upon one another can be seen in different social features, such as their
economic, communication, and defense systems. They are also bound n
together by a general sense of common identity and pride of place. In
reality, there can be no culture without a society and so far there are no
known human societies that do not exhibit culture.

16. Politics
Politics refer to the” theory, art, and practice of government. “
behavior The political institution is a relatively stable cluster of
statuses, general norms, and role behavior which are involve in the
acquisition and exercise of power and decision- making in society .
The institution that sets up the social norms and values as to who will
possess the monopoly of legitimate use of physical force within a
given territory, how that powers acquired and maintained, and how
that power is organized and exercised, comprises the state.

17. Politics
The government is a concrete example of a political institution. It
exercises power especially in relation to governance and decision -
making. . Power is manifested in the acquisition of statues functions. For
instance , the president or the prime minister serve as the head of the
government. He or she functions as the chief executive and the
commander-in- chief, especially in policy- making and other matters related
to governance and imposition of laws. He or she leads the military during
war and the cabinet during peace. He or she designates roles for cabinet
members to under take . He or she is given power to approve or veto
decisions made by the cabinet or the legislative body. He or she is also
given a check and balance power which means he or she can order the
review of other branches of government if they are not executing their
functions properly.

18. Politics
Power as defined in democratic principles, is a status granted to
individuals or institutions to properly run the government and implement the
rule of the law in a society. The president or prime minister and the
member of the cabinet are granted with executive power, which is the right
to execute governance and implement laws. Meanwhile, members of he
legislature, which include senators and congressmen, are given the
legislatives power to make and pass the laws for the executive power to
implement. Likewise, the members of the judiciary are tasked to interpret
laws in accordance with a society's standards and norms. With these
ascribed roles ang functions to perform, it is expected that all branches of
the government (executive, legislative, and judiciary) work harmoniously to
maintain the balance of power

19. GENDER
Society division of humanity into two distinctive categories based on sex.
Gender serve as a guide on how male and females think and act about themselves
the way they interact with others, and how they perform their various roles in
society. While sex chiefly centers on biological differences, gender is the culturally-
learned differences between men and women. Hormonal distinctions as well as
diverse levels of sexual arousal segregate men from women as these indicators
provide clues on ones maleness or femaleness. These are sex differences. On the
country, the level of masculinity-femininity varies from one culture to another
especially on how society dictates ones productive and reproductive roles. or
gender roles. For instance, in the Judeo-Christian world, men are perceived to be
superior than women; thus they are ascribe more vigorous occupational roles like
plowing the field or doing menial jobs as opposed to women who are relegated to
homemaking ang child-rearing

20. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Socioeconomics status refers to the category of persons who
have more or less the same socioeconomics privileges in a society.
These privileges are due to inherited wealth and or the occupation
status of the breadwinner in the household
The types of social class/status operate in varying forces and
combination at difference times within a society or in diverse
societies. In the Philippines, three types of social class es are
identified: upper, middle, and the lower classes. ( The other
categorization is classes A,B, C, D, and E)

21. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
The upper class consists of elite families. They are considered the most
productive in terms of resource generation and oftentimes very successful
in their respective fields of interest and endeavors –be it in agriculture,
industry, business, and government. The elite has two general types: the
new rich are those who have humble beginnings and often experienced
rags-to-riches turn of fortunes Hard work and industry ultimately pushed
them to the upper strata of society after amassing wealth, allowing them to
enjoy the lifestyle of the traditional upper class. On the other hand, the
tradition upper class is made up of descendants powerful elite families who
acquired their wealth through inheritance or birthright.

22. ETHNICITY
As the most potent cultural concept, ethnicity is the expression of the
set cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous group . An ethnic
group refers to people who collectively and publicly identified themselves as
distinct and unique based on distinguishable cultural features that set them
apart from others, such as language, shared ancestry, common origin,
customs, and traditions. Base on the 2000 census of the National Statistics
Office (NSO), the eight major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippine are
the Tagalog, comprising 28.1% of the population ; Cebuano 13.% Ilocano
9%; Bisaya/ Binisaya7.6% Ilonggo/ Hiligaynon 7.5% Bicol 6%; Waray3.4%
others 25.3%

23. RELIGION
Religion is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual
sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial or
ritualistic practices by which people try to interpret and or influence
aspects of the universe otherwise beyond human control. In the 2000
census, Catholics comprised 82.9% of the population. Religion in the
Philippines comprises of Catholic (Roman Catholic,
Aglipayan),Islam/Muslims, Evangelical, Iglesias Ni Kristo, and other
Christians denominations like Protestants groups and other
unspecified.

24. EXCEPTIONALITY
Exceptionality, as used in this context, refers to the state of being
intellectually gifted and/ or having physically or mentally challenged
conditions concerning personality/ behavior, communication(learning
disability, speech impairment, and hearing problems), intellect(mild
intellectual and mental development disabilities) physical appearance
(blind-low vision), or a combination of more than one specific
exceptional or disability (MinEd:2).

25. Nationality
nationality is the legal relationship that binds a person and a
country. It allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a
person. For people who are legally born of Filipino parents and those
naturalized in the country after fulfilling the requirements of residence
are granted the nationality of Filipino citizens or naturalized Filipino.
For instance, a Philippine-born Chinese who eventually assumed
citizenship as naturalized Filipinos fall on this category. They
comprise 4% of the Philippine population today.

26. Anthropology
is a branch of Social Science that deals with all aspects of human
beings including their biological evolution and social and cultural features
that definitively distinguish humans from other animal species. With the
scope of the discipline, it encompasses a group of more specific and
specialized fields. Physical anthropology focuses on the biological and
evolutionary framework of humanity. It focuses on greater information and
details about human evolution. Other branches that deal with social and
cultural interactions of human groups are categorically belongs to social
anthropology, cultural anthropology, psychological anthropology, and
linguistic anthropology.

27. Branches of Anthropology
The discipline of anthropology has diverse branches that studies
different level of expertise within the bounds of human social, cultural,
and physical background.

28. Cultural Anthropology
The study of people with their variations and progress in terms of
culture. It also deals with the description and analysis of the forms
and styles of social life of past and present ages.

29. Linguistic Anthropology
The study of language mainly but not exclusively among humans.
It also deals with the study of communications origin, history, and
contemporary variation.

30. Archaeology
The study of past human cultures through their material remains.
It also the study of past human culture through the recovery and
analysis of artifacts.

31. Biological Anthropology
The study of human as biological organisms including their
evolution and contemporary variation.

32. Applied Anthropology
They analyze social, political, and economic problems and
develop solutions to respond to present problems.

33. Political Science
The etymology of Political Science came from two ancient words.
The word political came from Greek word “Polis” means city state and
science comes from the Latin word “Scire” which means to know.
Political Science is a discipline in social science concerned primarily
in the state, government, and politics. It focuses widely in political
theory and its practice and the analysis of political system and
behavior.

34. Areas of Political Science
1. Political Theory- It deals with the accumulation of principles identifying with the
basis, structure, conduct, and operations of the state.
2. Public Law- It pertains to laws or ordinances with control the framework of public
governance.
3. Public Administration- It serves as an academic discipline that studies civil
service and governance.
4. Public Dynamics- It is aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the
relationship of different societal forces that dictate political opportunities and
actions.
5. Government and Business- It gives importance to the regulatory and
governmental functions to corporate, or business entities concerning the national
economy.

35. Areas of Political Science
6. Legislatures and Legislation- the term legislation is a complex mechanism that can be
extended as a discipline. It tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of
legislature.
7. International Relations- It includes inquiries into the nation-states foreign policy in their
mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological and political that
contribute to shaping such policy.
8. International Law- It is a system of agreements and treaties that entails responsibilities of
one state into another.
9. Comparative Government- It is a discipline that studies and analyzes the general
structure of governments of all countries. It includes (executive, legislative, and judicial
bodies, their constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties
and processes, economic, social and political functions, and their cultures and traditions)

36. Importance of Studying Culture,
Society and Politics
On Culture
We need see mans relationship to his environment and to appreciate the
contributions of culture in our lives.
Banaag (2012) posited that culture can function in different ways and which
we can see its importance as well.
👉🏻Culture creates man to be creative and resourceful by adapting and
integrating himself in the environment to survive.
👉🏻Culture determines outline of acceptable social behavior such as
protocols, good manners, roles, and duties established by folkways, mores,
and laws.

37. Importance of Studying Culture,
Society and Politics
👉🏻Culture carry out meanings through different forms of verbal and
non verbal communications.
👉🏻Culture produces tangible objects relevant to man such as
instruments, tools, equipment's, structures, and all technological
advancements.
👉🏻Culture contributes to the totality of living of humankind as well
as on how they can make their lives enjoyable, easier, and
comfortable.

38. On Society
Societies are for ed through social interactions of its member.
These members need to understand their roles and functions to
propagate patterned behavior in a structured society. Thus, society is
important for:

39. 👉🏻Human connection and interconnections
👉🏻Symbolizing identity of members
👉🏻characterizing the boundaries of a territory
👉🏻representing political interdependence and economic
interdependence.

40. On Politics
Each society possesses distinctive characteristics of political
structure. Political Science deals primarily in the study of government
and state processes. Understanding deeply a political life suggests
that politics can be reduced to the question of who get what, when
and how.

41. 👉🏻Understand the theories, concepts and knowledge and principles
of governance as well as public administration and political dynamics.
👉🏻Manifest the underlying principles of state policies and laws to be
abided and respected by all
👉🏻Prepares the students for possible career path in the legal
profession, government service and other profession with high
respect to legal matters and procedures.