Criminology slides

1. Name Uzma Ashraf
Roll No 25351
Subject Crime and deviance
Semester 1st
Class M.phil
Department sociology

2. Punitive And Reformative
Treatments Of Criminals
TOPIC

3. Corporal Punishment
 To punish physically a person is known as corporal
punishment.
 The mothods that applies, can be spanking or paddling.
 When it applies on adults, it may be on prisoners and
slaves.
 Physically punishments for crimes, include
Floggings,brandings and even mutilations.
 These were practised in most civilizations since ancient
times.
 With the growth of humanitarian ideals since
the enlightenment, such punishments are increasingly
viewed as inhumane in the Western society.

4. Capital Punishment
 Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a state-
sanctioned practice of killing a person as a punishment for a crime.
 In 2022, 55 countries retain capital punishment.
 109 countries have completely abolished it for all crimes, seven
have abolished it for ordinary crimes and 24 are abolitionist in
practice.
 over 60% of the world's population live in countries where the
death penalty is retained.
 It includes China, India, the United
States, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt,
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Japan, and Taiwan.
 It is controversial in several countries and states, and positions can
vary within a single political ideology.

5. Imprisonment
 Imprisonment is the restraint of a person's liberty for any cause.
 Imprisonment does not necessarily imply a place of confinement,
with bolts and bars.
The 17th century book Termes de la Ley contains the following
definition;
 Imprisonment is no other thing than the restraint of a man's liberty,
whether it be in the open field, or in the stocks, or in the cage in the
streets or in a man's own house, as well as in the common gaols;
and in all the places the party so restrained is said to be a prisoner
so long as he hath not his liberty freely to go at all times to all
places whether he will without bail or mainprise.
 These are death, imprisonment for life, simple and rigorous
imprisonment .

6. Prison and related problems
An institution for confinement of persons
convicted of serious crimes is known as prison.
Millions of Americans are imprison
in overcrowded, violent, and inhumane jails and
prisons that do not provide treatment,
education, or rehabilitation.
Overcrowding. Gang activity. Health care. Mental
health care. Racism. Assaults. Privatization. These
are just a few of the major problems, issues and
trends facing prisons today.

7. Probation
 Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an
offender, ordered by the court often in lieu of incarceration.
 , the term probation applies only to community
sentences (alternatives to incarceration), such
as suspended sentences
 In others, probation also includes supervision of those
conditionally released from prison on parole.
The concept of probation, from the Latin, probatio, "testing",
has historical roots in the practice of judicial reprieve.
 The National Probation Association (NPA) was instrumental
in the creation of designated family courts in the United
States as well,

8. Parole
 The temporary or permanent release of a prisoner before the expiry of a
sentence, on the promise of good behaviour.
 Alexander Maconochie, a Scottish geographer and captain in the Royal
Navy, introduced the modern idea of parole when, in 1840, he was
appointed superintendent of the British penal colonies in Norfolk Island.

In general, in Canada, prisoners are eligible to apply for full parole after
serving one-third of their sentences.
 Prisoners are also eligible to apply for day parole, and can do this before
being eligible to apply for full parole.
 In China, prisoners are often granted medical parole or compassionate
release, which releases them on the grounds that they must receive
medical treatment which cannot be provided for in prison.

Until 2001, parole in Israel was possible only after the prisoner had served
two thirds of their sentence

9. Rehabilitation of criminals

The most recently formulated theory of punishment is that of
rehabilitation
 the idea that the purpose of punishment is to apply treatment and
training to the offender so that he is made capable of returning to
society and functioning as a law-abiding member of the community
 Established in legal practice in the 19th century, rehabilitation was
viewed as a humane alternative to retribution and deterrence,
 In many cases rehabilitation meant that an offender would be
released on probation under some condition.
 In other cases it meant that he would serve a relatively longer
period in custody to undergo treatment or training.
 One widely used instrument of rehabilitation in the United
States was the indeterminate sentence.

10. Specific study of islamic laws with
special emphases on Hadood
 Hudud is an Arabic term that refers to Islamic penal law or Quranic punishments
 In traditional Islamic legal systems, hudud is implemented when certain proofs
and conditions are met.

Under Islamic law, Hudud crimes (apostasy, revolt against the ruler, theft, highway
robbery, adultery, slander, and drinking alcohol) carry penalties that include the
amputation of hands and feet, flogging, and death.
 Fornication by unmarried persons is punished by flogging with 100 stripes, and
adultery has the additional punishment of stoning to death.
 Four eyewitnesses are required for conviction of adultery or a confession by the
adulterer.
 A charge of adultery without the four eyewitnesses to support the charge is
considered slander and is punished with 80 stripes.
 The drinking of alcohol is punishable by flogging.
 Physical punishments are considered to be more effective in deterring Hudud
crimes than imprisonment.

11. Qisas and Tazir
 In Islamic Law, tazir )refers to punishment for offenses at the discretion of the judge (Qadi) or ruler
of the state.
 It is one of three major types of punishments or sanctions under Sharia Islamic law —
hadd, qisas and ta'zir
 The punishments for the Hadd offenses are fixed by the Qur'an or Hadith
 Qisas allow equal retaliation in cases of intentional bodily harm.
 Ta'zir refers to punishments applied to the other offenses for which no punishment is specified in
the Qur'an or the Hadith .

Constant committing of minor sins or the major sins that do not require greater punishment, which
are described as wickedness.

The classical Islamic legal tradition did not have a separate category for criminal law as does
modern law.
 The classical Islamic jurisprudence typically divided the subject matter of law into four "quarters",
that is rituals, sales, marriage, and injuries.
 Qisas, (literally "retaliation in kind) and diya,"( blood money, in Islamic jurisprudence, are the
second category of crimes.
 Tazir (literally "to punish" sometimes spelled as taazir, ti'zar, tazar, ta'azar) is the third category, and
refers to offense mentioned in the Quran or the Hadiths