1. 1
Head & Brain Injury Report
With and Without Helmet
01. Introduction:
Head injuries are one of the most common injuries after motorcycle crashes. Motorcycles are a
significant cause of injury-related fatality and disability. In particular, head injury is a common
associated cause of death and long-term disability after a motorcycle crash. Despite these facts,
there remains an ongoing controversy as to the survival and disability advantages for riders who
wear motorcycle helmets.
02. Methods:
The system collects the data from angular rate sensors (3)
Channel 01: Rotation in Z-Axis (Wz)
Channel 02: Rotation in Y-Axis (Wy)
Channel 03: Rotation in X-Axis (Wx)
and linear accelerators (3)
Channel 04: Linear Acceleration in Z-Axis (az)
Channel 05: Linear Acceleration in Y-Axis (ay)
Channel 06: Linear Acceleration in X-Axis (ax)
The following tests are conducted by using the crash test dummy
2.1. Impact test without helmet
The testing machine consists of
A. Steel plate,
B. Supporter (supports the dummy neck)
C. Column (the supporter located on the column moves up and down)
D. Drop Tower

2. 2
Fig_01. Impact test without helmet
The crash test dummy (Male) 10lb head is connected to the supporter with the help of
neck. The drop tower is used to drop head from the height of 50cm and is driven by gravity so
that the occipital (Rear of Head) hits steel plate .The data acquisition system collects data at 20
kHz from all channels.
2.2. Impact Test with Helmet
Fig_02. Impact Test with Helmet
In this test DOT approved motorcycle helmet (Scorpion) has used.
Column
Supporter
Neck
Steel Plate

3. 3
03. Results:
Fig_03.Angular Acceleration Fig_04.Linear Acceleration
Fig_05.BrIC Based on CSDM Fig_06.HIC
Table_01
Angular Acceleration
(Deg/Sec)
Linear Acceleration
(g) BrIC HIC
UnHelmeted 5129.33 92.21 2.2 1642
Helmeted 3479.07 84.24 1.04 205

4. 4
04. Discussions:
The angular acceleration of helmeted motorcyclists (3479.07 Deg/Sec) reduced by
1650.26 Deg/Sec than unhelmeted motorcyclists (5129.33 Deg/Sec).The Brain Injury Criteria
(BrIC) number is obtained for unhelmeted motorcyclists and helmeted motorcyclists as 2.2 and
1.04 respectively. From the Fig_05 the probability of brain injury is found at 2.2 BrIC from the
curve AIS4 is approximately 0.96 and at 1.04 BrIC from the curve AIS4 is approximately 0.4.
The probability of Brain Injury who wear the helmet has fall down from 2.2 (unhelmeted
motorcyclists) to 0.4.
The linear acceleration of helmeted motorcyclists slightly changed from 92.21
(unhelmeted motorcyclists) to 84.24 .The calculated HIC (Head Injury Criteria) number for
unhelmeted motorcyclists is 1642 and for helmeted motorcyclists is 205 ,at this HIC numbers
and from AIS2 moderate curve in Fig_06 the probability of head injury is plotted as
approximately 98% and approximately 9% respectively. So the helmet lowered the probability of
head injury by 89%.
05. Conclusions & Opinions:
 The helmet reduced the probability of head and brain injury.
 The effectiveness of helmet is more in linear acceleration than angular
acceleration (Rotational Brain Injury).
RAGAVA REDDY SAMA
305065506