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[DevopsDays India 2019] Where is my cache? Architectural patterns for caching microservices by example

  1. Where is my cache? Architectural patterns for caching microservices by example Rafał Leszko @RafalLeszko Hazelcast
  2. About me ● Cloud Software Engineer at Hazelcast ● Worked at Google and CERN ● Author of the book "Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins" ● Trainer and conference speaker ● Live in Kraków, Poland
  3. About Hazelcast ● Distributed Company ● Open Source Software ● 140+ Employees ● Hiring (Remote)! ● Recently Raised $21M ● Products: ○ Hazelcast IMDG ○ Hazelcast Jet ○ Hazelcast Cloud @Hazelcast www.hazelcast.com
  4. ● Introduction ● Caching Architectural Patterns ○ Embedded ○ Embedded Distributed ○ Client-Server ○ Cloud ○ Sidecar ○ Reverse Proxy ○ Reverse Proxy Sidecar ● Summary Agenda
  5. Why Caching? ● Performance ○ Decrease latency ○ Reduce load ● Resilience ○ High availability ○ Lower downtime
  6. Service 1 Service 2 v1 Service 2 v2 Service 1 Service 4 v1 Service 4 v2 Service 4 v3 Ruby Microservice World
  7. Service 1 Service 2 v1 Service 2 v2 Service 1 Service 4 v1 Service 4 v2 Service 4 v3 Ruby Microservice World cache cache cache cache
  8. Service 1 Service 2 v1 Service 2 v2 Service 1 Service 4 v1 Service 4 v2 Service 4 v3 Ruby Microservice World cache cache cache
  9. Service 1 Service 2 v1 Service 2 v2 Service 1 Service 4 v1 Service 4 v2 Service 4 v3 Ruby Microservice World cache cache cache
  10. ● Introduction ✔ ● Caching Architectural Patterns ○ Embedded ○ Embedded Distributed ○ Client-Server ○ Cloud ○ Sidecar ○ Reverse Proxy ○ Reverse Proxy Sidecar ● Summary Agenda
  11. 1. Embedded
  12. Application Load Balancer Cache Application Cache Request Embedded Cache
  13. private ConcurrentHashMap<String, String> cache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); private String processRequest(String request) { if (cache.contains(request)) { return cache.get(request); } String response = process(request); cache.put(request, response); return response; } Embedded Cache (Pure Java implementation)
  14. private ConcurrentHashMap<String, String> cache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); private String processRequest(String request) { if (cache.contains(request)) { return cache.get(request); } String response = process(request); cache.put(request, response); return response; } Embedded Cache (Pure Java implementation)
  15. ● No Eviction Policies ● No Max Size Limit (OutOfMemoryError) ● No Statistics ● No built-in Cache Loaders ● No Expiration Time ● No Notification Mechanism Java Collection is not a Cache!
  16. CacheBuilder.newBuilder() .initialCapacity(300) .expireAfterAccess(Duration.ofMinutes(10)) .maximumSize(1000) .build(); Embedded Cache (Java libraries)
  17. Embedded Cache (Java libraries) CacheBuilder.newBuilder() .initialCapacity(300) .expireAfterAccess(Duration.ofMinutes(10)) .maximumSize(1000) .build();
  18. Caching Application Layer @Service public class BookService { @Cacheable("books") public String getBookNameByIsbn(String isbn) { return findBookInSlowSource(isbn); } }
  19. Caching Application Layer @Service public class BookService { @Cacheable("books") public String getBookNameByIsbn(String isbn) { return findBookInSlowSource(isbn); } } Be Careful, Spring uses ConcurrentHashMap by default!
  20. Application Load Balancer Cache Application Cache Request Embedded Cache
  21. 1*. Embedded Distributed
  22. Application Application Load Balancer Cache Cache Request Hazelcast Cluster Embedded Distributed Cache
  23. @Configuration public class HazelcastConfiguration { @Bean CacheManager cacheManager() { return new HazelcastCacheManager( Hazelcast.newHazelcastInstance()); } } Embedded Distributed Cache (Spring with Hazelcast)
  24. Hazelcast Discovery Plugins
  25. Hazelcast Discovery Plugins
  26. Hazelcast Discovery Plugins
  27. Application Application Load Balancer Cache Cache Request Hazelcast Cluster Embedded Distributed Cache
  28. Embedded Cache Pros Cons ● Simple configuration / deployment ● Low-latency data access ● No separate Ops Team needed ● Not flexible management (scaling, backup) ● Limited to JVM-based applications ● Data collocated with applications
  29. ● Introduction ✔ ● Caching Architectural Patterns ○ Embedded ✔ ○ Embedded Distributed ✔ ○ Client-Server ○ Cloud ○ Sidecar ○ Reverse Proxy ○ Reverse Proxy Sidecar ● Summary Agenda
  30. 2. Client-Server
  31. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cache Server Client-Server Cache
  32. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cache Server Client-Server Cache
  33. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cache Server Client-Server Cache Separate Management: ● backups ● (auto) scaling ● security Ops Team
  34. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cache Server Client-Server Cache
  35. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cache Server Client-Server Cache
  36. Client-Server Cache
  37. Client-Server Cache
  38. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cache Server Client-Server Cache Ops Team Separate Management: ● backups ● (auto) scaling ● security
  39. 2*. Cloud
  40. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cloud (Cache as a Service)
  41. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cloud (Cache as a Service) Management: ● backups ● (auto) scaling ● security Ops Team
  42. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cloud (Cache as a Service) Management: ● backups ● (auto) scaling ● security Ops Team
  43. Application Load Balancer Application Request Cloud (Cache as a Service)
  44. @Configuration public class HazelcastCloudConfiguration { @Bean CacheManager cacheManager() { ClientConfig clientConfig = new ClientConfig(); clientConfig.getNetworkConfig().getCloudConfig() .setEnabled(true) .setDiscoveryToken("KSXFDTi5HXPJGR0wRAjLgKe45tvEEhd"); clientConfig.setGroupConfig( new GroupConfig("test-cluster", "b2f984b5dd3314")); return new HazelcastCacheManager( HazelcastClient.newHazelcastClient(clientConfig)); } } Cloud (Cache as a Service)
  45. Client-Server (Cloud) Cache Pros Cons ● Data separate from applications ● Separate management (scaling, backup) ● Programming-language agnostic ● Separate Ops effort ● Higher latency ● Server network requires adjustment (same region, same VPC)
  46. ● Introduction ✔ ● Caching Architectural Patterns ○ Embedded ✔ ○ Embedded Distributed ✔ ○ Client-Server ✔ ○ Cloud ✔ ○ Sidecar ○ Reverse Proxy ○ Reverse Proxy Sidecar ● Summary Agenda
  47. 3. Sidecar
  48. Kubernetes Service (Load Balancer) Request Hazelcast Cluster Kubernetes POD Application Container Cache Container Application Container Cache Container Kubernetes POD Sidecar Cache
  49. Sidecar Cache Similar to Embedded: ● the same physical machine ● the same resource pool ● scales up and down together ● no discovery needed (always localhost) Similar to Client-Server: ● different programming language ● uses cache client to connect ● clear isolation between app and cache
  50. @Configuration public class HazelcastSidecarConfiguration { @Bean CacheManager cacheManager() { ClientConfig clientConfig = new ClientConfig(); clientConfig.getNetworkConfig() .addAddress("localhost:5701"); return new HazelcastCacheManager(HazelcastClient .newHazelcastClient(clientConfig)); } } Sidecar Cache
  51. Sidecar Cache apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment ... spec: template: spec: containers: - name: application image: leszko/application - name: hazelcast image: hazelcast/hazelcast
  52. Sidecar Cache Pros Cons ● Simple configuration ● Programming-language agnostic ● Low latency ● Some isolation of data and applications ● Limited to container-based environments ● Not flexible management (scaling, backup) ● Data collocated with application PODs
  53. ● Introduction ✔ ● Caching Architectural Patterns ○ Embedded ✔ ○ Embedded Distributed ✔ ○ Client-Server ✔ ○ Cloud ✔ ○ Sidecar ✔ ○ Reverse Proxy ○ Reverse Proxy Sidecar ● Summary Agenda
  54. 4. Reverse Proxy
  55. Application Load Balancer Cache Application Request Reverse Proxy Cache
  56. Reverse Proxy Cache http { ... proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache keys_zone=one:10m; ... }
  57. ● Only for HTTP ● Not distributed ● No High Availability ● Data stored on the disk NGINX Reverse Proxy Cache Issues
  58. 4*. Reverse Proxy Sidecar
  59. Kubernetes Service (Load Balancer) Request Hazelcast Cluster Kubernetes POD Application Container Reverse Proxy Cache Container Application Container Reverse Proxy Cache Container Kubernetes POD Reverse Proxy Sidecar Cache
  60. Good
  61. Reverse Proxy Sidecar Cache Service 1 Service 2 v1 Service 2 v2 Service 1 Service 4 v1 Service 4 v2 Service 4 v3 Ruby
  62. Reverse Proxy Sidecar Cache Service 1 Service 2 v1 Service 2 v2 Service 1 Service 4 v1 Service 4 v2 Service 4 v3 Ruby
  63. Reverse Proxy Sidecar Cache apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment ... spec: template: spec: initContainers: - name: init-networking image: leszko/init-networking containers: - name: caching-proxy image: leszko/caching-proxy - name: application image: leszko/application
  64. Reverse Proxy Sidecar Cache Service 1 Service 2 v1 Service 2 v2 Service 1 Service 4 v1 Service 4 v2 Service 4 v3 Ruby
  65. Bad
  66. Reverse Proxy Cache @CacheEvict(value = "someValue", allEntries = true) public void evictAllCacheValues() {} Application Cache:
  67. Reverse Proxy Cache @CacheEvict(value = "someValue", allEntries = true) public void evictAllCacheValues() {} Application Cache: Proxy Cache: http { ... location / { add_header Cache-Control public; expires 86400; etag on; } }
  68. Reverse Proxy (Sidecar) Cache Pros Cons ● Configuration-based (no need to change applications) ● Programming-language agnostic ● Consistent with containers and microservice world ● Difficult cache invalidation ● No mature solutions yet ● Protocol-based (e.g. works only with HTTP)
  69. ● Introduction ✔ ● Caching Architectural Patterns ○ Embedded ✔ ○ Embedded Distributed ✔ ○ Client-Server ✔ ○ Cloud ✔ ○ Sidecar ✔ ○ Reverse Proxy ✔ ○ Reverse Proxy Sidecar ✔ ● Summary Agenda
  70. Summary
  71. application-aware?
  72. application-aware? containers? no
  73. application-aware? containers? Reverse Proxy no no
  74. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar no yes no
  75. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar lot of data? security restrictions? yes no yes no
  76. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar lot of data? security restrictions? language-agnostic? containers? yes no yes nono
  77. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar lot of data? security restrictions? language-agnostic? containers? Embedded (Distributed) yes no yes no no no
  78. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar lot of data? security restrictions? language-agnostic? containers? Embedded (Distributed) Sidecar yes no yes yes no no no
  79. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar lot of data? security restrictions? language-agnostic? containers? Embedded (Distributed) Sidecar cloud? yes no yes yes yes no no no
  80. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar lot of data? security restrictions? language-agnostic? containers? Embedded (Distributed) Sidecar cloud? Client-Server yes no yes yes yes no nono no
  81. application-aware? containers? Reverse ProxyReverse Proxy Sidecar lot of data? security restrictions? language-agnostic? containers? Embedded (Distributed) Sidecar cloud? Client-ServerCloud yes no yes yes yes yes no nono no
  82. Resources ● Hazelcast Sidecar Container Pattern: https://hazelcast.com/blog/hazelcast-sidecar-container-pattern/ ● Hazelcast Reverse Proxy Sidecar Caching Prototype: https://github.com/leszko/caching-injector ● Caching Best Practices: https://vladmihalcea.com/caching-best-practices/ ● NGINX HTTP Reverse Proxy Caching: https://www.nginx.com/resources/videos/best-practices-for-caching /
  83. Thank You! Rafał Leszko @RafalLeszko
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