Indonesia, ENSO, fires, fire, past, present, future

1. INDONESIA ON FIRE
Forest management in TS
Bc. Radim Lainka
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE?

2. INTRODUCTION
‣ Colonization: early 17th by Dutch people
‣ Occupation: Japanese - 1942 to 1945
‣ Independence: shortly before Japanese surrender
‣ free and fair legislative elections: 1999
‣ the world's third most populous democracy
‣ the world's largest archipelagic state
‣ the world's largest Muslim-majority nation current president (2014): Joko Widodo
‣ Current issues include: poverty, education, preventing terrorism, military and police accountable for
human rights violations, climate change, controlling infectious diseases etc.
‣ Language: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which
the most widely spoken is Javanese) note: more than 700 languages are used
Fig. 1. Comparison of Indonesia to USA
(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14921238)

3. INTRODUCTION
‣ Area: 1,904,569 sq km (land: 1,811,569 sq km, water: 93,000 sq km)
highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
‣ Islands: 17508 (6000 inhabited)
Population: 25.993,674 (July 2015 est.)
‣ border countries (3): Timor-Leste 253 km, Malaysia 1,881 km, Papua New Guinea 824 km
‣ climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
‣ Land use: agricultural land: 31.2% (arable land 13%; permanent crops 12.1%; permanent pasture
6.1%)
forest: 51.7%
other: 17.1% (2011 est.)
‣ Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes (76 are
historically active); forest fires
‣ Environment current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air
pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html)

4. THE PAST FIRES
‣ Fires prior 1982: - ancient fires - 17 510 up to 350 years before present (E. Kalimantan), P. and D.
explorers - 15th and 16th century (s. Borneo),
- 19th century - Singaporean newspapers (smoke and haze problems - every ENSO
year), 1877 - serious 9 month drought - large forest fires (C. Kalimantan), Danau Sentarum Wildlife
Reserve (W. Kalimantan)
‣ Fires in 1982-1983: - July 1982 to April 1983 - drought - 10 month - 68% precipitation deficit..... F.
start- November-December 1982 - F. end - early May 1983
‣ - Causes: small agricultural fires
‣ - Burned area estimates: 3.2 million ha, of which 2.7 million ha of forests -> only
45 000 ha (11% of total p.f.) fires affected primary forest
‣ - Total cost (lost timber to the nat. eco.): US$ 9.075 billion
‣ Fires between 1983 and 1997: - mid-June 1987 - drought - Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Bali, Nusa
Tenggara and Timor
- Causes: shifting cultivators, burning coal seams (Bukit Soeharto), p. m. forests
(http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/FireReport.pdf)

5. THE PAST FIRES
- Burned area estimates: 66 000 ha of forest area burnt
!
- 1991 June-July - land clearing - fire -> Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, Bali
and Nusa Tenggara.
- Causes: land clearing for plantations (Riau, Sumatra), slash-and-burn agriculture,
discarded cigarettes and burning crops on coal seams (East Kalimantan), pepper growers (East
Kalimantan, according to local NGO), land clearing by plantation timber estate owners and smallholders
(Java), shifting cultivators (according to gover., Java)
- Burned area estimates: 120 000 ha, including at least 5000 ha of
timber estates
- Total cost: more than Rp. 173 billion
!
- 1994 Kalimantan and Sumatra
(http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/FireReport.pdf)

6. THE PAST FIRES
- 1994 Kalimantan and Sumatra
- Causes: Government - nomadic tribes practicing slash-and-burn agriculture;
NGOs - forest concessionaires and plantation companies;
concessionaires - the weather
- Burned area estimates: 4 866 500 ha (MoF) - traditional dry land farming 2.8
million ha, 221.000 ha plantations, 17.000 ha forest estates
- Total cost: Rp. 50 billion in losses as a result of smoke
and fires in natural forests and regreening forests
- Other consequences: Sumatra - the av. vis. over Singapore - less than 500 m - end
of September. Similar - Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah.
asthma attacks among children, high concentration of fire ->
generated CO, NO2 and other suspended particulate matter.
(http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/FireReport.pdf)

7. THE PAST FIRES
‣ Fires in 1997: - scientists predicted a severe El Niño + warnings of a pronounced drought
- September - many uncontrolled fires - Sumatra and Kalimantan, thick smoke haze -
Sumatra, Kalimantan, Malaysia and Singapore -> President Soeharto -> all land clearing activities to be
stopped!
- 25 September 1997, the President declared the land and forest fires a national
disaster and ordered mobilization of the people.
- Causes: Oil palm companies, industrial plantations, logging concessions, p. l.
practices, locals - role of location!
- Burned area estimates: 2.798.038 ha (Forest Fire Prevention and Control Project) -
75% NF / 25% F......State Ministry of Environment; KLH - 381 250 ha (manipulated data)
- Total cost: US$ 4.5 billion
‣ Fires in 1998: - early January to late April 1998 - dry conditions - total failure - rice crop (some
areas)
- January and February - renewed outbreaks of fires - South Sumatra and Riau
(http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/FireReport.pdf, http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-038.pdf)

8. THE PAST FIRES - 1997
(http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/918/940449/indonesia_fire.gif)

9. THE PAST FIRES
-15 January 1998 - The GTZ- IFFM issued a fire danger warning
- few days later - governor - Samarinda province on high alert again
- During February and March - F.- Sabah, Brunei and Sarawak
- February - thick smoke haze blanketed large areas of East Kalimantan
- 21 March- the visibility - Samarinda - 50 m + air pollution levels - very high
- end of March - more than 1000 hot spots
- late April - heavy rains
- Causes: land clearing (palm oil pl.), f. as a weapon in land tenure, accidental f., resource extraction etc.
- Burned area estimates: 4 million ha
- Total cost: US$ ? billion
‣ Fires 1997+1998: - Total burned area/costs: 11.698.379 ha!!!!/US$3.5-6.3 billion
(http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/FireReport.pdf, http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-038.pdf, https://www.google.cz/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBsQFjAAahUKEwiIpN3vzfXIAhXMEywKHUd_CnU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outrop.com%2Fuploads
%2F7%2F2%2F4%2F9%2F7249041%2Fharrison_09_global_impact_indonesian_forest_fires.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHT3R-VcScMTxo3SOmrpdsrLiaBQw&bvm=bv.106379543,d.bGg)

10. THE PAST FIRES
(http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/
ad653e/ad653e23.gif)

11. THE PRESENT FIRES
From 1997/1998 there have been fires, but there are no sufficient data in English about them since this
year.
Fires in 2015: - Worst affected areas: South Sumatra, Palangkaraya, Borneo (1,986 on the pollution
index, 1/3 of orangutan population threatened)
- Smoke, smog and haze - Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, grounding
flights and forcing schools to close.
- 50 m visibility
- 117,000 hot spots
- Emitting more CO2 (600 m tonnes) than entire UK this year (475 m tonnes)
- Causes: human made + El Nino
- Burned area estimates: +-2 million ha
- Total cost: US$ ? billion
(http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/07/indonesian-forest-fires-on-track-to-emit-more-co2-than-uk?CMP=twt_a-environment_b-gdneco,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/oct/28/indonesia-burning-forest-fires-

12. THE PRESENT FIRES - 2015
(http://www.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/0818-fires-indo-map.png)

13. THE FIRES - PROBLEM SOLVING
Law: 1995 - forbidden to use fire to clear land for plantations
1999 - Forestry Act. Law Enforcement - Company stuff - 15 year jail and fine up to 5 billion rupiahs
(US$ 500,000) - does not work so much!
Prevention: retaining natural hydrology in intact forests,
and blocking drainage channels in disturbed peatlands to restore natural hydrology is
the only long-term solution in the battle to control tropical peatland fires + stop the palm oil plantations
extension!
( https://www.google.cz/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBsQFjAAahUKEwiIpN3vzfXIAhXMEywKHUd_CnU&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.outrop.com%2Fuploads%2F7%2F2%2F4%2F9%2F7249041%2Fharrison_09_global_impact_indonesian_forest_fires.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHT3R-
VcScMTxo3SOmrpdsrLiaBQw&bvm=bv.106379543,d.bGg)

14. THE FUTURE FIRES
No more large fires are needed in Indonesia!

15. ATTENTION!
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND

16. REFERENCES‣
(http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/two-million-hectares-indonesian-forests-lost-fires-since-june/)
‣ (http://blog.cifor.org/37016)
‣ (http://blog.cifor.org/36467)
‣
(http://blog.cifor.org/36564)
‣
(http://blog.cifor.org/36585)
‣
(http://blog.cifor.org/36991)
‣ (http://www.cifor.org/press-releases/up-in-flames-inside-indonesias-fires-and-haze/)
‣ (http://climate.ncas.ac.uk/people/allan/Seasonal_Forecasting_papers/harrison_09_global_impact_indonesian_forest_fires.pdf)
‣
(http://www.monitor.net/monitor/0211a/rainfire2.html)
‣
(http://www.wamis.org/agm/meetings/wofire08/S2-Zaki_Malaysia.pdf)
‣
(https://books.google.com.my/books?id=eMBu_rXSq3QC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=operation+haze+malaysia&source=bl&ots=IOY8RfxPyk&sig=kXuKaptYi5e1PUzEYjv_IZjfhnU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VQp3T5_nHMHirAfioMSuDQ#v=onepage&q=operation
%20haze%20malaysia&f=false)
‣ (https://books.google.com.my/books?id=HA_68uMpQSYC&pg=PA43&dq=indonesia+fires&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEMQ6AEwCGoVChMImPXX6e3yyAIVRuwUCh1nzAWd#v=onepage&q=indonesia%20fires&f=false)
‣ (http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/FireReport.pdf)
‣
(http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-038.pdf)
‣
(http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/pdf/trialbyfire.pdf)
‣
(http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/se_asia/projects/ffpcp/FFPCP-13-Anthropogenic-Fires-Indonesia.pdf)
‣ (http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/se_asia/projects/ffpcp/FFPCP-14-Firezone-Threat-Wetlands-Sumatra.pdf)
‣ (http://assets.panda.org/downloads/oilpalmindonesia.pdf)
‣
(https://www.google.cz/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCIQFjAAahUKEwjNyPui__LIAhVBwBQKHQoOCDg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument
%2F9781441957009-c1.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1112639-p173947129&usg=AFQjCNFZLiqr-QM8wCF5X7YmZZv9G_dhmg)
‣
(http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/se_asia/projects/ffpcp/FFPCP-16-Oil-Palm.pdf)
‣
(http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/se_asia/projects/ffpcp/FFPCP-15-Reflections-on-1999-Fires.pdf)
‣ (https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/wildfire.pdf)
‣ (http://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/losingground.pdf)
‣
(http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=83304)
‣
(http://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2015/10/21/forest-fires-indonesia/)
‣
(http://news.mongabay.com/2015/10/companies-struggle-to-fight-fires-in-indonesia/)

17. REFERENCES
‣ (http://news.mongabay.com/2015/10/indonesian-wildfire-disaster-threatens-virgin-forest-in-borneo/)
‣ (http://news.mongabay.com/2015/11/police-investigate-new-hotspot-at-govt-office-in-palangkaraya-as-important-documents-go-up-in-smoke/)
‣ (http://news.mongabay.com/2015/10/jokowi-pledges-greater-indonesia-peatland-revitalization-no-legal-breakthrough-yet/)
‣ (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00954.x/pdf)
‣ (http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGaveau1505.pdf)
‣ (http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGaveau1505.pdf)
‣ (http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AHerawati1501.pdf)
‣ (http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/se_asia/projects/ffpcp.html)
‣ (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html)
‣ (http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ADennis0001.pdf)
‣ (http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad653e/ad653e23.gif)
‣ (http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/918/940449/indonesia_fire.gif)