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HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE.pptx
- 1. CLIMATE CHANGE A Public Health Threat Dr. ROBIN THURUTHEN VAVACHAN Junior Resident, C&FM Dept., AIIMS Patna
- 2. Moderators Dr. Alok Ranjan Assistant Professor Dr. Ekta Krishna Senior Resident
- 3. OVERVIEW Introduction Effects of climate change on Public health Public health measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change India’s response to climate change Conclusion
- 6. Radiative forcing and global dimming
- 7. International engagements against CC • IPCC 1988 • The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Conference of the Parties (COP) • Rio earth summit 1992 • Kyoto protocol 1997 • Copenhagen CC conference 2009 • Rio+20 conference • Paris agreement IPCC 5th Assessment report • Global average surface temperature rose by 0.9 C. and it is 1.1 C when compared to the preindustrial era. • It is predicted that by the end of the 21st century the global mean surface temperature would increase by 0.3-5.4 C relative to 1985- 2005 average • Global average sea level rose by 19-21 cm between 1901 and 2010 and the sea levels rose faster than the first half • It also predicts that by the end of the 21st century, a rise of 1m cannot be ruled out • The CO2 concentration have become 400ppm compared to 280ppm of the mid eighteenth century
- 10. Effect of climate change on public health
- 11. 1. Heat • Loss of 470 billion potential labor hours in 2021 - 37% increase from 1990 to 1999 (agricultural industry victimizing 87% of the losses in low HDI nations). • Vulnerable Population (comparison between 1986 to 2005 & 2012 to 2021) • <1 year 600 million • >65 years 31 billion (person days of heat waves) • Between 2000-04 and 2017-21, heat-related mortality for >65 years by approx. 68%.
- 12. Epidemiology of heat waves Risk factors • Age • Underlying medical conditions • Income and poverty status • Homelessness • Social isolation • Lack of access to healthcare and cooling facilities • Neighborhood characteristics
- 13. Social impacts of heat waves • Increased violence • Kidney disease • Food borne illnesses • Reduced sleep quality • Diminished physical activity • Increased occupational injuries • Reduced work capacity
- 14. 2. Extreme Weather Events Acute Injuries & Fatalities Intermediate Interrupted medical services Infectious diseases Respiratory diseases Long Term Homelessness Displacement Mental health consequences
- 15. 3. Mental health • Vulnerability factors and inequalities • Approaches to address mental health and psychosocial impacts of climate change • Integrate climate change considerations into policies and programme • Emerging concepts like ecological grief, eco-anxiety and solastalgia
- 16. 4. Droughts • Compromised Sanitation • Decrease in air quality • Mental Health On average, 29% more global land area was affected by extreme drought for at least one month in a year in 2012–21 than in 1951–60
- 17. 5. Air Quality, wildfires Human exposure to days of very-high or extremely-high fire danger increased in 61% of countries from 2001–04 to 2018–21
- 18. 6. Chemical Exposure Warmer Weather Increased partitioning of SVOCs to gas phase Increased mobility in environment Wider dispersion
- 19. 7. Infectious Diseases The climatic suitability for the transmission of dengue increased by 11·5% for Aedes aegypti and 12·0% for Aedes albopictus from 1951–60 to 2012–21 The length of the transmission season for malaria increased by 31·3% in the highlands of the Americas and 13·8% in the highlands of Africa from 1951– 60 to 2012–21 Temperature-dependent bite rate
- 20. Dengue risk prediction 1990 – 1.5 billion 2085 – 3.5 billion Estimates of a potential increase in ETEC diarrhea cases in Bangladesh under future climate scenarios
- 21. Global map of Vibrio cholerae suitability in seawaters. Models calibrated with current sea surface temperature and salinity were transferred and extrapolated to values for the year 2100
- 22. 8. Food security
- 23. Latitude vs. year of earliest record for all pests, in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Latitude versus year of observation for pest taxonomic groups in the Northern hemisphere from 1960 onwards.
- 24. Impact of climate trends on wheat, soy, rice & maize Increased contamination of maize by aflatoxin
- 25. Higher the CO2, lower the nutrient content and crop yield which further results in undernutrition Percent change in nutrient content at elevated [CO2] relative to ambient [CO2] 9. Undernutrition
- 26. Food prices & Nutrition • Relationship between energy density of selected foods (kcal/g) and energy costs (US$/ 1,000 kcal)
- 27. 10. Environmental Refugees People who must leave their homes and communities because of the effects of climate change and global warming.
- 28. Climate change Communication • Climate communication or climate change communication is a field of environmental communication and science communication focused on the causes, nature and effects of anthropogenic climate change • Dedicated research is needed to test communication techniques in the context of climate change and environmental literacy, given the additional factors influencing people’s perceptions, including misinformation campaigns and political polarization • The Gateway Belief Model, which models the thought that communicating scientific consensus will impact belief in climate change and produce support for action Example of bad communication
- 29. Climate Justice • Climate justice means • linking human rights with development and climate action. • having a people-centered approach to climate action. • understanding that not everyone has contributed to climate change in the same way • combatting social injustice, gender injustice, economic injustice, intergenerational injustice, and environmental injustice
- 30. The world map reflecting production related to climate change The world map reflecting mortality due to climate change
- 31. Public health response to mitigate and adapt to climate change
- 32. Hurdles in Quantification of impacts of CC Climate-health relationships are complicated, with numerous interactions, synergies, and feedback loops Need for a common tool Lancet Countdown Climate Change Impacts, Exposures, & Vulnerability Indicators (CCIEVIs). Solution Health hazards, exposures, and impacts Adaptation, planning, and resilience for health Mitigation actions and health co-benefits Economics and Finance Public and political engagement CDC’s Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) Framework
- 33. 1a. Climate Models And The Use Of Climate Projections • Projected climate data, such as future temperature and precipitation, can be used to assess vulnerability and project disease burden • The climate models project possible future climate shifts under the conditions of the specific scenarios. These models are run multiple times using various scenarios of future conditions • A climate outlook is a series of climate-related outcomes for a future timeframe that gives probabilities that conditions, averaged over a specified period, will be below normal, normal, or above normal • Health departments without staff capable of running climate models can still use climate outlooks. However, small-scale (downsized) climate outlooks that would be more useful for district health departments may not be available.
- 34. 1b. Methodology for a climate and health vulnerability assessment Identification of communities and places vulnerable to these changes in climate can help health departments assess and prevent associated adverse health impacts. 1. Frame and scopes of assessment, 2. A. Identify climate-related exposures, the geographic area and population to study, the time frame to consider future changes in exposure, questions to be addressed and steps to be used B. Identify climate-sensitive health outcomes 2. Identify known risk factors for potential health outcome 3. Acquire spatial information on health outcomes and risk factors 4. Assess adaptive capacity 5. Assessment of vulnerability quantitative and qualitative(overlay analysis and spatial regression) methods
- 35. 2. Projecting climate-related disease burden 1. Develop a causal pathway 2. Use ensemble projections from global climate models 3. Establish the baseline disease burden. 3. Assess the exposure-outcome association 4. Project the health burden in a changed climate 5. Evaluate the uncertainty.
- 36. Countries that have completed a national climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessment
- 37. Major drivers for vulnerability (all states) The multidimensionality of vulnerability is evident in, for example, the most vulnerable states Jharkhand, Mizoram, and Bihar. They have multiple drivers of vulnerability (6- 7 for each state) encompassing biophysical, socio-economic, livelihood, and institutional and infrastructure- based indicators One significant observation is that in low vulnerable states, the overall vulnerability is lower not because they have a smaller number of drivers, but because they have many indicators in which they performed extremely well
- 38. Major drivers of vulnerability (all districts) The key drivers of vulnerability in Bihar
- 39. India’s response to climate change India’s approach is based on the following four key considerations that underpin its long-term low-carbon development strategy: • India has contributed little to global warming. India’s historical contribution to cumulative global GHG emissions is therefore minuscule despite having a share of ~17% of the world’s population. • India is committed to pursuing low-carbon strategies for development and is actively pursuing them, as per national circumstances. • The LT-LEDS aims to go beyond India’s climate targets or the nationally determined contributions (NDC) of achieving 50% of India’s cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. • India’s LT-LEDS rests on seven key transitions to low- carbon development pathways.. These include electricity systems, transport systems, urbanization, industrial systems, CO2 removal, forestry, and economic and financial aspects of low-carbon development.
- 40. Energy conservation act 2001 • This act requires large energy consumers to adhere to energy consumption norms • The 2008 national climate action plan builds on this legislation to achieve its energy efficiency targets • The energy consumption amendment bill,2022 focuses on energy transition, promoting renewable energy sources and green hydrogen Compensatory afforestation fund act • The rationale behind this 2016 act is around the concept of net present value that encompasses services such as flood moderation and carbon sequestration • Created the National Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning authority(CAMPA) National bulding code of india, 2016 • Part 11 of the code defines an approach on sustainability that focuses on energy efficient and other environment compatible norms Integrated energy policy 2006 The finance bill 2010-11 and the Clean energy cess rules 2010 Electricity act 2003 Ujjwala scheme
- 41. National Action Plan on Climate Change • The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change. • It aims at creating awareness among the representatives of the public, different agencies of government, scientists, industry, and the communities on the threat posed by climate change and the steps to counter it. • There are 8 national missions forming the core of the NAPCC which represent multi-pronged, long term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in climate change. These are- • National Solar Mission • National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency • National Mission on Sustainable Habitat • National Water Mission • National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem • National Mission for A Green India • National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture • National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change •
- 42. National programme on CC and human health • To create awareness • To strengthen capacity of health care system • To strengthen health preparedness and response • To develop partnerships and synergy with other missions • To strengthen research capacity to fill the knowledge gap National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under National Health Mission (NHM) in February 2019 Centre for Environmental Occupational Health and Climate Change & Health Division at National Centre for Diseases Control (NCDC) acts as the nodal agency
- 43. Challenges • India has the potential to do things differently because it is in an early stage of development, and it contributes very little to the changing climatic conditions. It can leapfrog to a low-carbon economy by using high-end and emerging technologies. • The plan report makes no commitment to cut the country's carbon emissions which should have been an integral part of it. • The focal point of NAPCC seems to be the solar power mission only and the government’s efforts to maximize solar energy seemingly approve it. Equal emphasis on all missions with equal inputs would have enabled the county to yield fast and visible results. • Missions related to sustainable habitat, water, agriculture, and forestry are multi-sectoral, overlapping, multi-departmental, advisory, and very slow-moving in nature. Several ongoing activities are in principle aligned with the objectives of these missions which should either be integrated with the missions or scrapped to save time and cost. Undertake climate-sensitivity-led landscape restoration focused on rehabilitating, restoring, and reintegrating natural ecosystems as part of the developmental process.
- 44. • UN and associated organizations have highlighted the importance of robust micro-level vulnerability assessments, but such an assessment is absent in India • Develop a high-resolution Climate Risk Atlas (CRA) to map critical vulnerabilities at the district level • Establish a centralised climate-risk commission to coordinate the environmental de-risking mission • Integrate climate risk profiling with infrastructure planning to increase adaptive capacity. • Provide for climate risk-interlinked adaptation financing by creating innovative CVI-based financing instruments that integrate climate risks for an effective risk transfer mechanism. • A vulnerability assessment is a first step, considering only current climate risks. A future direction of research and implementation is towards developing a climate risk map based on a hazard, vulnerability, and exposure framework. There is a need for a climate- change risk index development and a risk ranking of districts and states, based on a risk framework under climate change, where: Risk = f (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability)
Editor's Notes
- This is a cross cutting topic which ranges from air pollution, water pollution, climate and global warming and reasons for that. These are all the hidden costs of human economic development, which we are trying to solve with the principles of one health.
- This is the bottom of a coal mine in the 1800s where it shows a guy sitting at the bottom of the coal mine. The problem with the picture is not that he is not wearing a helmet but what he is trying to do. He trying to light something up which is either a pipe or a firecracker. But lighting a flame in a coal mine is sort of a nice example of the reckless insouciance that was to characterize energy policy for the nest 200 years. Coal which we still use for energy production is a major culprit in contributing to the cimate change
- This shows the global energy consumption by source from the 1800s to till now. I don’t wsanna go detail about the climate and the causes for it because I know we are all are fairly familiar with it. Humans started using non-renewable energy sources such as coal, natural gas etc led to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmiosphere. CO2 water vapour, methane, nitrous oxide etc.. These compounds due to their heat retention capacity maintains the life on earth by the greenhouse effect. But over release of these gases and ecosystem destruction resulted in the warming up of the planet which caused the polar caps to melt and glacial retreat, hence rising the sea levels. The solubility of co2 decreases with increase in temperature where oceans usually absorb co2 and transfer them to deep ocean sequestering them.. Thus as oceans warm up the co2 will come bubbling out of the ocean like co2 comes out of a warm carbonated soft drink. Rising sea levels threat atleast one third of worlds coastal estuaries, wetlands and coral reefs. Changes in precipitation patters are expected to increase the chances of both drought and flood conditions in many areas. As drought icreases and spreads, the growth of trees and other plants decline, which further reduces the absorbtion of co2 from atmosphere. Increased precipitation is predicted in the polar and subpolar regions whereas it decreases in the middle lsttitude of both the hemispheres. But precipitation near the equator is predicted to increase. According to IPCC, projected climate change will increase the incidence of extreme weather such as heat waves, severe droughts, which could kil large number of people, reduce crop production and will help expand deserts.
- Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a given climatic factor has on the amount of downward directed radiant energy impinging upon the earths surfsce. Positive forcing is exerted by climatic factors that contribute to the warming of earths surface whereas negative forcing is exerted by factors that cool earths surface. As you can see the carbon dioxide has the maximum radiative forcing and least with aerosols. .The pllutants with negative RF are ones that cause global dimming. Global dimming is defined as the decrease in amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of earth. Northern hemisphere ie where mos the people in the globe live has witnessed more significant reduction than southern hemisphere ie upto 4-8 %. Regions such as Europe and north America has observed partial recovery from dimming while parts of china and india are experiencing increase in global dimming. The pollutants that cause global dimming also leads to acid rain, smog and respiratory disease in humans. Water in the northern hemisphere has also become colder which means less evsporation means less water droplets. This causes reduction in the amount of rain reaching certain parts of the globe, resulting in drought and famine situations. Also decrease in sunlight or solar radiation will negatively impact the photosynthesis in plants which means lea yield and nutrient quality.
- The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) International environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system“ Multilateral environmental agreement secretary-general of the United Nations Parties 198 Conference of the Parties (COP) - The COP is the highest decision-making body (represents all the parties – UNFCC) - Very recent one (COP 27) which gained world attention was held from 6 November until 20 November 2022 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - parent organizations are World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Rio- adapted united nations framework convention on climate change, decided to orgsnise COP Kyoto- aka international emmission reduction , production and sharing agreement Copenhagen cc- officially defined the maximum acceptable increase in global temperature to be 2C above preindustrial era Rio+20- linked climate change to sustainable development goals Paris- all countries agreed to restrict global temperature bellow 2C and strive for 1.5C
- Now I wanna talk about the ways in which CC threatens health. This is one of these diagrams that constitutes horrible powerpoint presentstion.. I really want to explain the complexity of it because the pathways through which CC affects arev complex. Some of the changes are primary that is direct health effects such as trauma through cold or heat waves, death or disease risk…. Secondary are mitigated through ecosystem changes for eg : the conditions that give rise to infectious disease may change and that may change its transmission….. Tertiary are mediated through changes in complex social processes ie migration, conflicts and so o n……
- Heat causes heat stress, cardiovascular failure, decreased work capacity. Sea level rise and severe weather cause injuries and fatalities, vector or water borne diseases Air pollution causes asthma and cardiovascular disease allergens cause respiratory and other problems Resource scarcity and competition leading to maslnutrition conflicts forced migration etc Last but not the least mental health is affected
- EUROPE 2003 – 70K in three weeks RUSSIA 2010 – 54K Results show that, if there is no adaptation, heatwave-related excess mortality is expected to increase the most in tropical and subtropical countries/regions (close to the equator), while European countries and the United States will have smaller percent increases in heatwave-related excess mortality. The higher the population variant and the greenhouse gas emissions, the higher the increase of heatwave-related excess mortality in the future For india its probably higher numbers. Over each of the past summers which were unusually hot, many people have died but we do not have good social statistics on these deaths. A key challenge to the study of heat waves and health for developing country settings is a lack of health data. In such areas, standardized systems for health data collection for the purpose of conducting health research may not exist (Nori-Sarma et al., 2017). Additionally, local climate conditions in environments such as India with high baseline temperatures present challenges for extrapolating exposure-response functions from previous studies, which are primarily based in US and Europe with different populations and housing characteristics. While previous literature in developed country settings showed that heat waves that occur earlier in the warm season are more impactful on health than later heat waves (Anderson and Bell, 2009, 2011; Hajat et al., 2006), we hypothesize that this may not be the case for our study region. In cooler climates, sensitive populations may succumb earlier to intense heat waves and other populations may have developed resilience to extreme heat.
- Risk factors range from individual to community characteristics Neighborhood characteristics – land use/land cover, crime rate, housing chararcteristics, and urban heat island effect Heat waves in general have been found to be more threatening to cities for reasons such as larger population that is exposed, physical surface properties of urban land use, additional contribution from anthropogenic heat, and pollutants There are physiological changes that help us withstand higher temperatures, but we can only acclimatize to a point.
- Increased violence- rates of violent crimes increase. This may be true for suicides as well, suggesting that suicidees increase with increase in temperature Kidney disease- working population in poor areas where people work dehydrated. Food borne illnesses. Reduced sleep quality. - increased. Cardiovascular risks Diminished physical activity. - increased cardiovascular risk Increased occupational injuries Reduced work capacity – reduced economic output of the country
- The projections are that the extreme weather events are going to increase.
- Possible mental health and psychosocial outcomes Ecological grief refers to the sadness people experience due to losing parts of their natural environment and way of life due to climate change Eco-anxiety is the chronic fear of suffering an environmental cataclysm Solastalgia is an emerging form of depression or distress caused by environmental change, such as from climate change, natural disasters, ...
- positively (green arrows) or negatively (black arrows) influence transmission.
- When global warming takes hold, there could be as many as 200 million people overtaken by sea-level rise and coastal flooding, by disruptions of monsoon systems and other rainfall regimes, and by droughts of unprecedented severity and duration.
- Studies reveal that providing statistics can help earn people’s trust and motivate them to engage in healthier behavior.1Moreover, hearing a message from a trusted source, such as a health care professional, tends to make it more persuasive than it might otherwise be. Thus, clinicians have a powerful megaphone — and a profound responsibility — to effectively communicate health-related statistics Four key tactics are providing a meaningful context, reducing the cognitive burden for the listener or reader, adding stories when appropriate, and furnishing feasible solutions People can also be tripped up by overly complex information, hence the second key tactic for effective communication — reducing the cognitive burden perceived efficacy is key to encouraging behavior change5; people need to know about possible solutions and effective actions that they believe they can take. Communications should include concrete calls to action. For example, health professionals can provide patients the information they need to protect their health during heat waves (e.g., how to identify cool locations during a power outage) or to help address climate change’s root causes (e.g., contact your government representative to demand a transition away from the burning of fossil fuels to safer, healthier renewable energy sources)
- The emissions of the richest 1% of the global population account for more than twice the combined share of the poorest 50%. Compliance with the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement would require the richest 1% to reduce their current emissions by at least a factor of 30, while per-person emissions of the poorest 50% could increase by a factor of about 3
- Worldwide, in 2019, there were 396 disasters1 that killed 11,755 people, affected 95 million others, and cost nearly US$130 billion (28). Asia was the most affected continent with 40% of the events, 45% of the deaths, and 74% of all people affected.
- However, state and local health departments often do not have the capacity to utilize climate data or climate projections A Global Climate Model (GCM) combines a series of models of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land surface. GCMs divide the earth into many layers and thousands of three- dimensional gridded spaces. These models are skilled at replicating past and current climate. For example, GCMs accurately reproduce observed temporal warming trends, sea ice dynamics, and extreme weather events. Each GCM is distinct and has a different sensitivity to greenhouse gas emissions. This range, taken as a whole, is important to researchers for providing a sense of the uncertainty surrounding possible future events given a particular scenario and period. To capture this range and make use of the complement of projections, ensembles of multiple global climate model simulations are often used. Climate outlooks are based on results from running climate models. These outlooks may be useful to state and local health departments for anticipating the health impacts of climate change. A benefit of using climate outlooks is that they do not require knowledge of how to construct or run climate models or interpret outputs from climate model runs. Health departments without staff capable of running climate models can still use climate outlooks. However, small-scale (downsized) climate outlooks that would be more useful for city and county health departments may not be available.
- 1…….. Identification of communities and places vulnerable to these changes in climate can help health departments assess and prevent associated adverse health impacts. Climate-related exposures attributed to climate change would vary geographically and the rate of change would differ over time. assessment could at least focus on near-term future projections (mid-century) or earlier Health departments may choose a period that balances near-term public health planning, with long-term projections when climate change impacts become even large B. The pathways through which climate-related exposures affect human health are complex (see Figure 4). For some pathways, changes in hazardous exposures have direct health impacts (e.g., cardiovascular complications during heat waves or road fatalities during extreme weather). There are other pathways where changes in local climate alter ecological conditions that affect vector ecology etc similarly there are social and health system conditions 2………Potential health risk factors includes social (e.g., education, social isolation), economic (e.g., income, social assistance), housing (e.g., housing type and age, prevalence of air conditioning), and neighborhood (e.g., land cover, parks, proximity to road) information. 3. ……..Sensus data of Demographic and socio-economic data for sub-populations can be used in GIS for mapping and analysis, by joining the census population data to the geographic data May be measured by access to financial resources (e.g., federal aid programs), health infrastructure (e.g., hospitals or ambulatory services, cooling centers), or access to technology (air conditioning) can be measured by the implementation of government programs, initiatives, or policies 4………adaptive capacity can be broadly defined as the ability of a system (e.g., government, infrastructure, civil society, institutions, social capital in community networks) to adjust, limit, and cope with the potential hazards, due to climate change. Two quantitative approaches commonly used to assess vulnerability using GIS are 1) Overlay Analysis. Overlay analysis is the underlying technique of methodologies that include risk factor analysis, environmental justice screening method(s), and social or medical vulnerability indices. First, information on a suite of risk factors is collected from existing data sources related to the health outcome. Ideally, all of these risk factors would be measured in the same geographic units (e.g., county, census tract) so that they can be geographically aligned. Each risk factor is then divided into categories based on the underlying distribution, with the more vulnerable categories being assigned a higher “score.” For each geographic unit (e.g., ZIP code, census tract, or county), the scores assigned to each risk factor are tallied to create a cumulative vulnerability score or index. These units are then mapped on the basis of the cumulative vulnerability score. If health outcome data are available, the overlay analysis can be validated. ) Spatial regression is another commonly used methodology for quantitatively characterizing vulnerability. The primary distinction between spatial regression and an overlay analysis is at which step of the process one considers the health outcome. Spatial regression derives the most critical vulnerability characteristic based on the strength of statistical relationships between risk factors and the health outcome. Because of the direct connection between risk factors and health outcomes, spatial regression will likely exhibit stronger correspondence to health outcomes than overlays analysis. However, spatial regression requires more statistical expertise and can take more time to complete. Specifically, computing time increases as the size of the analysis become more detailed or the number of risk factors increases. Therefore spatial regression may be most appropriate for health departments with an abundance of resources in terms of intermediate to advanced statistical capabilities, personnel expertise, and highly detailed health data availability. In contrast, overlay analysis creates a vulnerability index from known risk factors of a health outcome and does not require health data, although the index can be validated with health outcome data in subsequent analysis.
- Climate change disease burden projections are similar to other scenario-based modeling efforts used in public health. Examples include projections of the cholera outbreak trajectory in Haiti, the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, and long-term public health resource needs projections. While methodological specifics vary, all are decision-support tools that can help clarify how disease dynamics may shift in the future, highlight the consequences of particular management choices, and determine what resources are needed to achieve disease prevention and control goals. linking exposures/environmental hazards to health outcome(s). While not all steps in the pathway will be explicitly modeled, it is important to have an in-depth understanding of etiologic processes and important influences. to identify how the exposure/environmental hazard may change in intensity and duration in the future. of the health outcome in the population of concern that denotes how an increase in the exposure affects the health outcome. Since the exposure-outcome associations may vary across different places, using locally available data to derive quantitative estimates may be beneficial. However, lack a of local data and inadequate scientific information may lead to reliance on qualitative assessment or the use of estimates available in the literature. using a mathematical model to combine these different estimates. Conjectures regarding how future adaptation efforts can reduce the adverse health impacts may be included in deriving these estimates. inherent in the derivation of these different estimates
- Indicators for state level analysis: 1. Socio-economic features and livelihood: Percentage of population living below the poverty line (BPL), income share from natural resources, share of horticulture in agriculture, proportion of marginal and small landholdings, women’s participation in the workforce. 2. Biophysical aspects: Yield variability of food grains, area under rainfed agriculture, forest area per 1000 rural population, incidences of vector- borne diseases and water-borne diseases. 3. Institution and infrastructure: Area covered under centrally funded crop insurance schemes (such as Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY) and Revised Weather-based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS), implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), road and rail-network, the density of healthcare workers. Indicators of district level analysis: • Socio-economic and livelihood-based indicators: Percentage of households having monthly income of the highest-earning member less than Rs. 5000/- in rural areas, the livestock to human ratio, the proportion of marginal and small landholders, women’s participation in the workforce, the percentage of net sown area under horticulture, and the female literacy rate. • Biophysical indicators: The yield variability of food grains, the proportion of area under rainfed agriculture, and the forest area per 100 rural population. • Institution and infrastructure related indicators: The road density, the area covered under centrally funded crop insurance schemes (PMFBY and RWBCIS), the implementation of the MGNREGA, the health infrastructure per 1000 population, and the percentage of households with an improved drinking water source.
- 2008- under the act, large energy consumers are required to undertake energy audits/ energy labelling programme for appliances Integrated energy policy 2006 ; To promote efficient management of energy in all sectors, public transport, renewable energy sources, and accelerated development of clean energy technologies The finance bill 2010-11 and the Clean energy cess rules 2010: The finance bill created a corpus called the national clean energy fund in the public account of India which will be used to fund innovative methods submitted by the private or public sector. Electricity act 2003: Preparation of national energy policy and tariff policy based on optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear substances or materials, hydro and renewable sources. Generation of electricity through renewable sources by providing suitable means for connectivity with the grid. National Rail Plan Vision 2030 Green hydrogen/ ammonia policy 2022 National mission on sustainable habitat 2021 SEBI circular on business responsibility and sustainability reporting 2021 Nagar van yojana 2020 Creating apex committee for implementation of Paris agreement 2020 PM- KUSUM scheme 2019 FAME scheme 2015 ROSHANEE 2019 India cooling action plan 2019 National REDD+ strategy 2018 Har ghar Bijli programme 2017 Energy conservation building code 2017 Forest fire prevention and management scheme 2017 National mission for sustainable agriculture 2016 National electricity generation plan 2012 School nursery yojana 2016 Atal mission for rejuvenation and urban transformation (AMRUT) 2015 Smart cities mission 2015 National auto fuel vision and policy 2014 National urban transport policy 2014 National crop insurance programme 2014 National agroforestry policy 2014 National vision for electric mobility plan 2012 PAT scheme 2012 National innovation on climate resilient agriculture 2011 National policy on biofuels 2009
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Department of Science & Technology (DST) Climate Risk Atlas (CRA) to map critical vulnerabilities at the district level and better identify, assess, and project chronic and acute risks such as extreme climate events, heat and water stress, crop loss, vector-borne diseases and biodiversity collapse. A CRA can also support coastal monitoring and forecasting, which are indispensable given the rapid intensification of cyclones and other extreme events