A Report on Water Quality Monitoring of Narmada River

WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER
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A REPORT ON WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF
NARMADA RIVER, GUJARAT
2013-2015
Rajat Kumar Gupta
B.Tech, Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar
Under the Guidance of
Ms. Maitri Desai
Assistant Environmental Engineer, GEMI
Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)
(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Gujarat)
Office of the Director, First floor, Plot No. 272-273,
Behind Central Bank of India,
GH-4½ , Sector-16, Gandhinagar - 382016 (Gujarat)
Phone No. : (O) 079 - 23240964. Fax: 079 - 23240965
Email: info@gemi-india.org, Website: www.gemi-india.org
GEMI's Laboratory
Plot No. A-58, G.I.D.C., Sector-25
Gandhinagar - 382028 (Gujarat)

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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
As I start writing the acknowledgements, I must mention that these acknowledgements are not
only in relation to my project but my heartfelt thanks are due overall for these people, whom I
will mention hereafter. Be it their knowledge, patience expertise or simply their company and
friendship, I have enjoyed it all.
First and foremost I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude towards Gujarat
Environment Management Institute (GEMI) which has given me opportunity to carry out
training. GEMI is an Autonomous Institute of Government of Gujarat that promote
conservation, protection, and management of the total environment of Gujarat through
Scientific and Technical pursuits in order to maintain or restore the pristine elements of such
environment.
I sincerely thank Dr. Sanjiv Tyagi, IFS; Director of Gujarat Environment Management Institute
(GEMI), one of the rare experts in the field of environment in the state of Gujarat who by
allowing me to carry out a project at GEMI, gave me a golden opportunity to work with
acknowledged people. Many thanks to Ms. Maitri Desai, Assistant Environmental Engineer,
GEMI whose motivation never lessened, who always inspired me to think out of the box. Without
her support I would not have completed my training. I would also like to show my gratitude to
all GEMI’s lab staff for doing analysis and providing the results due on time and giving
knowledge about the analysis and significance of different parameters of Water and Waste-
water. Also, many thanks to the sampling team of GEMI, who taught me to collect the most
representative samples in the correct way and accompanied me to some of the most difficult
sampling locations.
Last but not the least, I would thank almighty God and my Parents for always being there,
believing, putting the faith in me and brought about the strength to complete this entire
process.
Rajat

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About Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)
The Industrial Development in Gujarat has continued with vigour since the 1970s and 1980s.
During this, clusters of chemical industries found their way in various regions. The situation
not only warranted a more attention on arresting pollutants and pollution, but also there
were concerns for improvement of environment. Later during the mid-nineties, the pollution
problem became so much alarming that the Gujarat High Court had to intervene. The Hon’ble
High Court issued closures to hundreds of polluting industries. The Government of Gujarat
then decided to have an Institute on the lines of NEERI, Nagpur. It was decided to establish
an Autonomous Institute registered under both Society, Registration Act 1860 as well as
Bombay Public Trust Act 1950.Hence, Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI)
was set up with an objective of preserving and protecting the environment of Gujarat. It was
envisaged as an Institute that would provide environmental solutions to all concerned. The
Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI) was constituted in accordance with the
Govt. Resolution No. ENV-1098-1280-P, dated. 1.2.1999 issued by the Forest & Environment
Department, Government of Gujarat, with its Head Quarter at Vadodara. The GEMI was
registered under the Society of Registration Act, 1860 vide the Registration No.
Gujarat/1380/Vadodara dated. 1.3.1999 as well as under the Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950
vide the Public Trust Register no. F/1065/Vadodara, dated 01/03/1999. The Institute
shifted it’s headquarter to Gandhinagar on 1st November 2011.It has also set up a Separate
Laboratory. After shifting to Gandhinagar, the Institute has been given a boost with new
vigour. The revamped Institute has started contributing to the environmental action based
on awareness about the environment issues.

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GEMI’s Mission- “To Promote Conservation, Protection, and Management of the Total
Environment of Gujarat through Scientific and Technical Pursuits in order to maintain or
restore the pristine elements of such Environment.”
Objectives of Gujarat Environment Management Institute as enlisted in Government
resolution dated 01/02/1999:
 Advising and providing guidance to the industrial units of the State for the prevention
and control of pollution in consultation with other National & State level Institute, and
Government and NGOs and Voluntary institutes, wherever required.
 Creation of an Institute committed to the objective of Prevention, Control and
Abatement of the pollution.
 Advise on the final disposal of industrial hazardous waste and effluent generated in
industrial unit after carrying out study on their use.
 Exploring the means and use for reuse and recycling of industrial hazardous waste.
 Facilitate the trade of industrial waste and to act as an information bank.
 Carrying out studies to review the impact of Environment and Evaluation of its
carrying capacity.
 Conducting Environmental Audits and preparation of statement on Environmental
Impact.

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Sampling Team
Sampling team of Gujarat Environment Management Institute (GEMI) who carried sampling
of sewage at Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region comprises of following members. The
team was headed by Ms. Maitri Desai, Assistant Environment Engineer, Gujarat Environment
Management Institute (GEMI).
1. Ms. Maitri Desai (Assistant Environmental Engineer, GEMI)
2. Amit Patel (Field Chemist, GEMI)
3. Indrajit Singh Vaghela (Field Assistant, GEMI)
4. Sandeep Prajapati (Field Chemist, GEMI)
5. Rajat Kumar Gupta (Student, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar)

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UNDERTAKING
I, Rajat Kumar Gupta of 2nd Year of B.Tech (Department of Chemical Engineer) Course,
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, hereby declare that all the
data/results/information mentioned in this report, ‘A REPORT ON WATER QUALITY
MONITORING OF NARMADA RIVER, GUJARAT - 2013-2015’ are only for the purpose of my
two months internship and are the sole property of Gujarat Environment Management
Institute (GEMI), Gandhinagar. I shall not copy/transfer/use any part of this report without
prior written permission from the Director, GEMI.
Rajat
26-06-15

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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T
Chapter Sub
Section Topic Page no.
1. 1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 About Narmada River Monitoring 9
1.3 Needs of Water Monitoring 10
1.4 Aim of Study 11
1.5 Objectives 11
1.6 Scope 11
2. 2.1 Methodology 12
2.2 Background Study of Narmada River 13
2.3 List of Selected Locations 15
2.4 Map for Narmada River Monitoring Stations 16
2.5 Finalization of Physico-chemical Parameters to be
analyzed for each samples
17
2.6 Sample Collection, preservation and storage 21
3. 3.1 Location wise Trend analysis, correlation of
parameters and Classification according to
different standards
22
3.2 Overall Trend Analysis of parameters for Narmada
River
81
3.3 Establishing Correlations among the Parameters 88
3.4 Comparison of Water Quality of Mahisagar River
with Drinking Water Quality Specifications;
IS:10500(2012)
92
3.5 Overall Classification of Mahisagar River according
to IS 2296:1992 Classification for Designated Best
Use of Water
93

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3.6 Developing Criticality Index 98
4. 4.1 Conclusion 109
5. 5.1 Future Scope 111
6. 6.1 References 112

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C H A P T E R - 1
1.1 Introduction
Rivers are of immense importance geologically, biologically, historically and culturally. They
are critical components of the hydrological cycle, acting as drainage channels for surface
water. Rivers play a very important role as Habitats, for Transport, Farming and Energy. One
of the very important features of the Rivers is it carries away the waste. Whatever we
discharge into it is treated naturally by the River, as river possess self-cleansing capacity,
capacity to take care of waste by natural Processes and restore its original condition.
As we depend on Rivers for our day to day activities, and we all know that the quality of river
water is going worst day by day because of careless discharge by us and the untreated
wastage by industries. So it is of great importance to monitor the river water to find the
present status and planning accordingly to maintain the quality of river water.
To cleanse the rivers and restore them to their natural and pristine conditions, Gujarat
Environment Management Institute has entrusted with the work of River and Costal
Monitoring of Gujarat State since 2012. One of the objectives of this project are maintaining
and restoring the aquatic resources by preventing and controlling pollution. It also advises
the state government on issues related to water quality. The institute is monitoring five
major rivers Sabarmati, Mahisagar, Narmada, Tapti & Damanganga and their tributaries
from 2 years.
1.2 About Narmada River Water Monitoring
Water monitoring of Narmada River was started by institute in July 2013. River water quality
is determining by physico-chemical analysis. Thirteen different locations were selected in
Narmada in Gujarat state. But due to bad weather most of the time, one of the location has
been excluded. All the locations were monitored in all the three seasons winter (November
to February), Summer (March to June) and Monsoon (July to October) considering required
frequency of sampling and availability of resources for the purpose of monitoring. Eight
times sampling has been done at all the selected locations for two consecutive years July,

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2013 to June, 2015. Various physic-chemical parameters (like pH, TDS, Hardness, Cl, DO, BOD
etc.) at various locations were analyzed in GEMI’s Laboratory.
Further it was studied that whether the quality of river water satisfies limits specified by IS:
10500 (2012), Drinking water specifications. Also, all the selected locations were classified
for their designated best use. Overall Class of Narmada River was also determined. Also,
Trend analysis was performed to find out location to location variation in parameters. At last,
Correlation among physicochemical parameters for Narmada River was studied. It is found
from the study that Narmada River Water quality is very good.
1.3 Needs of Water Monitoring
As river provides us water for drinking purpose, for irrigation of our fields, fishes and other
nutrients. So, the principal reason for monitoring water quality is to verify whether the
observed water quality is suitable for intended uses. However, monitoring has also evolved
to determine trends in the quality of the aquatic environment and how the environment is
affected by the release of contaminants, by other human activities.
So there is a need of monitoring the water quality because it helps us:
 To find the current status of River water
 To find out causes that effects the river water
 To finalize the pollution control strategy accordingly
 To identify the sudden changes over a period of time
 To classify accordingly as their best uses

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1.4 Aim of study
To monitor the water quality of River Narmada using physicochemical analysis to preserve
and improve the water quality.
1.5 Objectives
 Selection and finalization of the sampling stations in Narmada River for the purpose
of Monitoring
 Finalization of the frequency of Sampling
 Finalization of suitable physicochemical parameters to be analyzed for monitoring
 Sampling Process, Sampling site observation and laboratory testing
 Comparison of obtained result for these parameters at various locations with IS:
10500(2012), Drinking water specifications.
 Classification of Narmada River along with all location for designated best use
according to IS 2296:1992 classifications
 Trend analysis of all the parameters at a particular location with time
 Trend analysis for location to location variation in parameters
 Establish Correlation amongst physicochemical parameters
1.6 Scope of Study
Monitoring of Narmada River is carried out from July 2013, at 12 different locations in state
of Gujarat. Eight samples have been collected so far and analyzed as per our study of physico-
chemical analysis.
This study involves the classification of all the locations as per their best uses, and trend
analysis is done to study the variations in the quality of River. Correlation is also done
amongst physico-chemical parameters to study the variation of one parameter with respect
to another.

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C H A P T E R - 2
2.1 Methodology
The following methodology was adopted in this study:
1. Background study of Mahisagar River
2. Selection and Finalization of Sampling Stations on Mahisagar River
3. Finalization of the frequency of Sampling
4. Finalization of physico-chemical parameters to be analyzed for each samples
5. Sample collection, preservation and storage
6. Sample analyses in the NABL accredited GEMI’s laboratory
7. Results and Discussion
 Comparison with Water Quality Specifications; IS: 10500(2012)
 Overall Classification of River for its designated best use; IS 2296:1992
 Season wise Classification of River for its designated best use
 Trend Analysis for studying location to location variations in parameters
 Establishing correlations among the parameters
8. Conclusions

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2.2 Background study of Narmada River
Narmada is a major river of India that flows from East to West direction along with Mahi
and Tapti River. Amarkantak hill in Madhya Pradesh state is the origin of this River. It
traverses the first 320 km course around the Mandla Hills of the Satpura Range; then
moves towards Jabalpur
district of Madhya Pradesh,
passing through the 'Marble
Rocks', it enters the Narmada
Valley between the Vindhya
mountain range and Satpura
mountain ranges, and moves
westwards towards the Gulf of
Cambay.
Narmada River flows through
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh state before merging into the Arabian Sea in
Bharuch District of Gujarat.
The longest tributary of Narmada is the Tawa River. It joins Narmada River at Hoshangabad
district in Madhya Pradesh. This river broadens out in Bharuch district after traversing
through Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Below Bharuch city it forms a 20 km wide
estuary where it enters the Gulf of Cambay. The water of the river is used not only for feeding
the drought prone areas of states of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, but also for navigation as
well.

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NARMADA RIVER BASIN
The Narmada basin extends over an area of 98,796 km2. Lying in the northern extremity of
the Deccan plateau, the basin covers large areas in the Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and a
comparatively smaller area in Maharashtra. The Narmada Basin is bounded on the north by
the Vindhya, on the east by the Maikala range, on the south by the Satpura and on the west
by the Arabian Sea. In Gujarat, Important urban cities which lies in Narmada basin are
Bharuch and Ankleshwar.
NARMADA BASIN
AREA 98796 km2
Madhya Pradesh (84%), Gujarat (14%), Maharashtra (2%)
Coordinates East longitudes 72° 32' to 81°45'
North latitudes 21° 20' to 23° 45'
Tributaries 41
22 in Satpura Range and rest in Vindhya Range

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2.3 LIST OF SELECTED LOCATIONS:
Sr. No. Sample Code Location Latitude/Longitude
1. N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam
21°52'13.6"N
73°46'05.0"E
2. N-2 Navagam village
21°50'29.1"N
73°42'40.5"E
3. N-3 Akteshwar bridge
21°53'37.9"N
73°38'47.5"E
4. N-4 Tilakvada village
21°56'54.8"N
73°35'16.6"E
5. N-5 Dariapura bridge
23°27'52.5"N
73°21'36.9"E
6. N-6 Sinor village
21°54'49.7"N
73°20'16.1"E
7. N-7 Sayar village
21°50'52.2"N
73°14'07.1"E
8. N-8 Jhagadia village
21°50'52.2"N
73°14'07.1"E
9. N-9 New Sardar bridge
21°42'52.9"N
73°02'46.7"E
10. N-10 Golden bridge
21°41'43.4"N
73°00'14.7"E
11. N-11 Bhadbhut village
21°41'04.2"N
72°50'37.4"E
12. N-12 Jageshwar village
29°50'23.0"N
79°46'31.6"E

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2.4 Map for Narmada River monitoring stations:
Sources: Google Maps

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2.5 Finalization of Physico-chemical Parameters to be analyzed for each
samples:
The physicochemical parameters which are important to study the quality of River water are
selected. Below is the list of parameters which are included in the study because of their
significance to predict water quality and relevant environmental impacts.
Sr.
No.
Parameter Significance
1. Temperature The main influence of temperature is on the living
organism in water bodies. It influences the chemical and
biological activity of micro-organism as well as aquatic
Flora and Fauna. Also, as the temperature of water
increases, the capacity of water to hold dissolved oxygen
(DO) becomes lower. It affects various other parameters
rather than DO like pH, conductivity etc. Ambient
temperature and sample temperature is measured at
various locations.
2. Color Generally, people believe that colorless water is safe for
drinking and other useful purposes. Presence of any
color in water is the indication of industrial and
domestic wastage in the river.
3. Turbidity Turbidity is caused by suspended particles in river
water which interfere with the passage of sunlight down
the depth of river. High levels of turbidity over long
periods of time can greatly diminish the health and
productivity of aquatic ecosystems because it effect the
process of photosynthesis in the plants and other
chemical reactions which initiates on light.
4. Total Solids (TS) Total solids are dissolved solids plus suspended and
settle able solids in water. A high concentration of total

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solids will make drinking water unpalatable and might
have an adverse effect on people who are not used to
drinking such water. Levels of total solids that are too
high or too low can also reduce the efficiency of
wastewater treatment plants, as well as the operation of
industrial processes that use raw water.
5. Total dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Dissolved solids consist of calcium, chlorides, nitrate,
phosphorus, iron, sulfur, and other ions particles that
can pass through a filter with pores of around 2 microns
(0.002 cm) in size. The concentration of total dissolved
solids affects the water balance in the cells of aquatic
organisms.
6. Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
Suspended solids include silt and clay particles,
plankton, algae, fine organic debris, and other
particulate matter. These are particles that will not pass
through a 2-micron filter. Higher concentrations of
suspended solids can serve as carriers of toxics, which
readily cling to suspended particles. This is particularly
a concern where pesticides are being used on irrigated
crops.
7. pH pH is the measure of acidic and alkaline nature of a
solution. Most organisms are highly susceptible to
changes in the pH of their surroundings or water supply,
so fluctuations in pH or long-term acidification of a
water body are exceedingly harmful. The pH of water
can affect the pH of an organism’s body fluids, can affect
the speed of chemical reactions within the body, and can
impact biological activities including photosynthesis,
respiration, and reproduction. pH should be between 6.5
to 8.5 for useful purpose.

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8. Alkalinity Alkalinity is the measure of capacity of water to
neutralize the acid. Measuring alkalinity is important in
determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic
pollution from rainfall or wastewater. Alkalinity is
important to aquatic organisms because it protects them
against rapid changes in pH. Alkalinity in streams is
influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant
activities, and certain industrial wastewater discharges.
9. Ammonia- Nitrogen
(NH3N)
Nitrogen is an essential ingredient in the formation of
proteins for cell growth. But too much nitrogen
discharged into our waterways can contribute to
eutrophication, the gradual change of water bodies into
marshes, meadows, and then forests. Presence of NH3-N
indicates interference of Industrial Wastewater.
10. Chlorides (Cl-) Almost all natural water sources contain chlorides.
Chlorides are not significant in small amount, but it
create problems in large amount. Excess concentration
make water unpleasant to drink. High concentration of
chlorides is harmful for irrigation purpose also.
11. Total Hardness
(Ca and Mg
Hardness)
The main reason of water becomes hard by being in
contact with soluble, divalent, metallic cations. Calcium
and Magnesium are the main cations that causes
hardness. Hard water restricts the foaming as it forms
precipitates with the soap. Also Hard water can cause
kidney stones if it is consumed for drinking purpose for
long period of time. Calcium is dissolved in water as it
passes over and through limestone deposits. Magnesium
is dissolved as water passes over and through dolomite
and other magnesium bearing formations.

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12. Dissolved Oxygen
(DO)
DO is the concentration of gaseous oxygen which is
dissolved in water. Oxygen gets into water by diffusion
from atmospheric air and as a waste product of
synthesis. DO concentration decreases with increase in
temperature. High DO concentration implies good water
health. A decreased DO level is also the indication of
runoff fertilizers from farm fields.
13. Biologically Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
BOD is the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to
break down the organic compounds. Natural sources of
organic matter include plant decay and leaf fall. Sewage
has more BOD concentration compare to industrial
effluents. BOD is also the indicator of pollution strength.
14. Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
COD is the total quantity of oxygen required for the
chemical degradation of waste into CO2 and H2O under
strong acidic conditions. COD is also an indicator of
strength of the waste.
BOD to COD ratio is generally used to determine the
source of pollution and suitable treatment options. COD
test is helpful in indicating toxic conditions and the
presence of biologically resistant organic substances.

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2.6 Sample Collection, preservation and storage:
2.6.1 Sample Collection:
All the samples during the study period have been collected following GEMI’s protocol for
sample collection, which involves Grab Sampling, Composite Sampling and Grab &
Composite Sampling by GEMI’s well trained and experienced Sampling Team.
2.6.2 Field Observation:
Weather, Approximate depth of River at a monitoring station, Flow, pH, Temperature, color,
Odour, Activities in the surrounding areas, point and non-point discharges in the river from
nearby areas, Potential water usage applications of river water.
2.6.3 Preservation
All the samples are collected in the air tight sampling bottles to protect them from any outer
interferences and possible contamination.
Testing of BOD, COD and Ammonia Nitrogen require preserving agents to be added in the
samples in required dosage at the time of sample collection to prevent any possible
interference.
Preserving Agents to be used for COD and Ammonia Nitrogen: H2SO4
Preserving Agents to be used for BOD: MnSO4 and Alkali Iodide-Azide
2.6.4 Sample Storage
All the collected samples are preserved in the ice box during transportation from the
monitoring site to GEMI’s Laboratory.
All the samples are systematically received and preserved in the controlled conditions at
GEMI’s Laboratory and retained there for 30 days.

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C H A P T E R - 3
3.1 Location wise Trend analysis, correlation of parameters and Classification according to different
standards:
N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam
It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project. The dam irrigates 17,920 km2 of land spread over 12 districts and
3,393 villages (75% of which is drought-prone areas) in state of Gujarat. The water quality of Narmada River is pretty good here.
This water is used for drinking purpose as well.

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*Due to the maximum value is exceptionable from another values, so we can neglect this
value and the mean value is calculated after neglecting exceptionable values.
 Desirable and Permissible limit for TDS according to IS: 10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, even the maximum TDS
concentration is half of the Desirable limit.
 TDS value below 500 comes under A class according to IS 2296:1992 standards for
designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
 TS and TDS curves are showing like a positive perfect Correlation. TSS concentration
is very low compare to TDS and it is showing high positive correlation with TS
concentration curve.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.1.1
From this Graph, it is evident that Total
dissolved solids is usually more than
Total Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.95 0.70 0.48
Parameters Minimum Maximum Mean
TS (mg/l) 150 334 222.5
TDS 80 226 187.5
TSS 2 146* 6*

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*this value is excluded from mean value because of its exceptional behavior
 Because of the average BOD is 2, it can classified as A class according to IS 2296:1992
standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
 BOD and COD curves are showing a high positive correlation.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
COD and BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
DO
DO
class A
Graph 1.1.2
Correlation Factor (r) = 0.84
COD to BOD ratios are not very large
so we can’t characterize it as a result
of Industrial effluents or Sewage.
COD (mg/l) 1 48* 9
BOD 1 5* 2
Min: 3 Mean: 7.25 Max: 10
Graph 1.1.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be classified
as class A for designated best used criteria.

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 Total Hardness desirable limit is 300 according to drinking water criteria and here
the maximum Total hardness is approximate half of this desirable value.
 According to designated best use criteria, the limit for A class is 200 for all these three
parameters. Thus, Sardar Sarovar comes under A class.
 Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation and it is greater than
the value of Total and Ca++ Hardness correlation value. At this location Ca++ and Mg++
hardness is showing nearly a Zero correlation.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Total, Ca++ & Mg++ Hardness
Total Hardness Ca Hardness Mg hardness
Graph 1.1.4
At this location, Ca Hardness is
greater than Mg Hardness except in
July 13.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca & Mg
Hardness
r 0.62 0.81 0.05
Total Hardness (mg/l) 90 170 132.5
Ca++ Hardness 60 100 78.75
Mg++ Hardness 30 80 53.75

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*Due to a very low value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
 Desirable limit according to drinking water specifications for total alkalinity is 200,
and here Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
0
100
200
300
400
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total alkalinity & Conductivity
Total alkalinity Conductivity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Chlorides ion Conentration
Chloride as CL- Desirable limit
Graph 1.1.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity
trends are showing a high negative
correlation with correlation factor
r = -0.78.
Max: 120 Average: 45.25 Min: 20
Graph 1.1.6
At this location, the chloride ion concentration is less than its desirable value. Even the
maximum chloride ion concentration is half of the desirable value. So we can use the
average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve
are also showing a good correlation after the data of June 2013.
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 200 142.28
Conductivity (µS/cm) 197 390 284.5

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6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
pH
pH Minimum limit Maximum limit
Min: 8.04 Mean: 8.33 Max: 8.58
Graph 1.1.7
pH value in July 2014 & March 2015 exceed the permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, But the
average value is between this limit so it can be classify as A class.

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N-2 Navagam Village
Grab sampling was done from the bridge in this village. At the time of sampling, water of Narmada River was clear. And a Ghat
has been developed here where peoples and mammals were bathing. Big rocks and plants were present in middle of the river.

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 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS. But TDS
and TSS have no such correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TS , TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.2.1
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.76 0.62 0.15
TS (mg/l) 160 250 220.25
TDS 164 228 200.5
TSS 0 40 14.5

30 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 1 20 9.8
BOD 0.6 5* 1.94
 Because of the average BOD is less than 2, it can classified as A class according to IS
2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
 BOD and COD curves are not showing an overall positive correlation, but in 2015
these values are equal i.e. high correlation.
0
5
10
15
20
25
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
DO
DO class A
Graph 1.2.2
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so we
can’t characterize it as a result of Industrial
effluents or Sewage.
Graph 1.2.3

31 | P a g e
Ca++ Hardness 60 90 77.5
the maximum Total hardness is half of the desirable value.
parameters. Thus, Navagam Village location fall under class A.
 Total and Mg Hardness are showing nearly perfect positive correlation,
 Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a high positive correlation, At this location
Ca and Mg hardness are also showing a good positive correlation.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Graph 1.2.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has
similar variations i.e. very high correlation.
Here, Ca Hardness is always greater than Mg
Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.87 0.94 0.64

32 | P a g e
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Total alkalinity and conductivity
Conductivity Total alkalinity
100
40
20
40 40 30 20 20
250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Chloride ion concentration
Chloride as CL-
desirable limit
Graph 1.2.5
Total alkalinity and Conductivity trends
are showing a high negative correlation
with correlation factor r = -0.78.
Graph 1.2.6
maximum chloride ion concentration is less than half of the desirable value. So we can use
the average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve
are also showing a good correlation (r=0.68) after the June 2013.

33 | P a g e
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
pH
pH
lower limit
Upper limit
Min: 7.87 Mean: 8.19 Max: 8.41
Graph 1.2.7
All the pH values are lying between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, and the average value
is 8.19, so it can be classify as A class.

34 | P a g e
N-3 Akteshwar Bridge
At the time of Sampling, Water was clear but depth was very low even we could see the ground surface of the river. People were
also bathing there. No fishes were there but there was a board which signal us for beware of crocodiles. Velocity of water was
very high.

35 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 60 340 208.5
TDS 54 226 170.5
TSS 2 150* 14.57
 TDS value below 500 comes under A class according IS 2296:1992 standards for
 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS.
Whereas, TDS and TSS also have good correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.3.1
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.80 0.74 0.50

36 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 3 26 8.87
BOD 0.2 6* 1.78
 Because of the average BOD is less than 2, it can classified as A-class according to IS
2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
 Showing high negative correlation after December 2013, these value become equal in
May 2015.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15
Dissolved Oxygen
DO
class A
Graph 1.3.2
Correlation Factor (r) = -0.71 (after
December 2013)
Min: 2 Mean: 7 Max: 10
Graph 1.3.3

37 | P a g e
the maximum Total hardness is half of the desirable value.
parameters. Thus, Akteshwar Bridge location fall under class A.
 Total and Mg Hardness are showing high positive correlation,
 Total and Ca Hardness are showing negative correlation, At this location Ca and Mg
hardness are also showing a negative correlation.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Graph 1.3.4
Here, Ca Hardness is not always greater than
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r -0.2 0.87 -0.68

38 | P a g e
Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 19* 190 141
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Total Alkalinity & Conductivity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Chlorides ion concentration
Chloride as CL-
Desirable limit
Graph 1.3.5
are showing a high negative correlation
with correlation factor r = -0.60.
Graph 1.3.6
maximum chloride ion concentration is less than half of the desirable value. So we can use the
average value for location wise trend analysis. Chloride ion concentration and TDS curve are
also showing a good correlation (r=0.68) after the June 2013.

39 | P a g e
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
pH
pH
lower limit
Upper limit
Min: 8.02 Mean: 8.29 Max: 8.43
Graph 1.3.7
All the pH values are lying between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, and the average value
is 8.29, so it can be classify as A class.

40 | P a g e
N-4 Tilakvada Village
People were bathing and washing their clothes at the time of sampling. Too much dead plants and grass were present in the
river. A temple is established at the bank of river, thus, there were a large amount of temple wastage present in the river. People
use this water for drinking and irrigation purpose.

41 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 182 380 272.25
TDS 180 316 238.5
TSS 0 80 26.5
 TDS value below 500 comes under A class according IS 2296:1992 standards for
 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and TSS.
Whereas, TDS and TSS doesn’t have good correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.4.1
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.89 0.61 0.22

42 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 2 17 8.87
BOD 1 5* 2
 Because of the average BOD is approximately 2, it can classified as A-class according
to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
 Showing less positive correlation, and the values were equal in December’13 and
March’15.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
DO
Class A
0
5
10
15
20
COD & BOD
COD BOD
Graph 1.4.2
Graph 1.4.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it can be
classified as class A for designated best used criteria.

43 | P a g e
Ca++ Hardness 70 100 88.75
Mg++ Hardness 40 130 68.75
the maximum Total hardness is less than the desirable value.
parameters. Thus, Tilakvada village location fall under class A.
 Total and Ca Hardness are showing a very less positive correlation,
 Ca and Mg hardness are showing a very less negative correlation or nearly no
correlation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Graph 1.4.4
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.26 0.95 -0.05

44 | P a g e
and here average Total alkalinity values are less than desirable limit value.
 Conductivity values were high at some dates, but the current status of conductivity of
river water is good.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Total Alkalinity and Conductivity
Graph 1.4.5
trends are showing a negative
(r) = -0.40.

45 | P a g e
N-5 Dariyapur Bridge

46 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 154 298 216.5
TDS 130 230 182
TSS 4 70 26.25
 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and an average
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are not showing good correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.5.1
dissolved solids is usually more than Total
Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.85 0.52 0.07

47 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 2 23 11.625
BOD 0.4 5* 2.55
 Because of the average BOD is greater than 2, it can classified as B-class according to
IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
0
5
10
15
20
25
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Dissolved Oxygen concentration
DO
Class A
Graph 1.5.2
Correlation Factor (r) = -0.47
COD to BOD ratios are not very large so
we can’t characterize it as a result of
Industrial effluents or Sewage.
Graph 1.5.3

48 | P a g e
parameters. Thus, Dariyapur bridge location fall under class A.
 Total and Ca Hardness are also showing a good positive correlation,
 Ca and Mg hardness are showing a less positive correlation
0
50
100
150
200
Graph 1.5.4
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.65 0.93 0.35

49 | P a g e
0
100
200
300
400
500
Graph 1.5.5
trends are showing a negative
(r) = -0.71.

50 | P a g e
N-6 Sinor Village

51 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 100 258 188.5
TDS 30 232 173.14
TSS 2 70 28.57
concentration is 232.
 At this location, TS shows nearly perfect positive correlation with TDS and an average
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are not showing good correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
Graph 1.6.1
Suspended solids.
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.92 0.01 -0.33

52 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 1 14 6.625
BOD 0.2 5* 2.02
 Because of the average BOD is approximately equal to 2, it can classified as A-class
according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water in the classes A
to E.
0
5
10
15
COD & BOD
COD BOD
7
5
8
12
10
4
8
4
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
DO
Class A
Graph 1.6.2
Graph 1.6.3

53 | P a g e
Ca++ Hardness 70 100 86.25
parameters. Thus, Sinor Village location fall under class A.
 Ca and Mg hardness are showing negative correlation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Graph 1.6.4
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.37 0.85 -0.15

54 | P a g e
Conductivity (µS/cm) 267 390 302
0
100
200
300
400
500
Total alkalinity & Conductivity
Graph 1.6.5
are showing a negative correlation with
correlation factor (r) = -0.56.

55 | P a g e
N-7 Sayar Village

56 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 110 316 221.5
TDS 70 286 174.25
TSS 2 140 40.75
concentration is 286.
 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and nearly zero
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing average negative
correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.80 0.06 -0.51
Graph 1.7.1
Suspended solids except in July’13

57 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 5 27 14.42
BOD 2 6 3.83
 Because of the average BOD is greater than 3, we can’t classified it as any class
according to IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
COD & BOD
COD BOD
6
7
11
10
8
4
9
4
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
DO
Class A
Graph 1.7.2
Graph 1.7.3
classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen
concentration is less than class A criteria.

58 | P a g e
Total Hardness (mg/l) 110 210 150
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. It crossed desirable limit
in December’13.
parameters. Thus, Sayar village location fall under class A.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Graph 1.7.4
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.51 0.79 -0.10

59 | P a g e
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Graph 1.7.5

60 | P a g e
N-8 Jhagadia Village
Water was clear at the time of sampling, river condition is good, and a Ghat is developed there. There is a famous temple at the
bank of river. Water is used for irrigation and drinking purpose also. Crop of banana is very popular here.

61 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 170 580 329.75
TDS 30* 460 279.71
TSS 8 140 57.42
Specifications are 500 and 2000 respectively. And here, the average TDS value is
279.71.
 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with Both TDS and less positive
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative
correlation here.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.90 0.35 -0.07
Graph 1.8.1
Suspended solids except in July’13

62 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 3 30 11.125
BOD 0.1* 4 2.375
 Because of the average BOD is less than 3, we can classified it as B class according to
IS 2296:1992 standards for designated best use of water.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
COD & BOD
COD BOD
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
DO
Class A
Graph 1.8.2
Industrial effluents or Sewage. In 2015,
these values are equal.
Graph 1.8.3
classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen

63 | P a g e
Ca++ Hardness 50 100 75
Mg++ Hardness 10* 90 77.5
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. Here, average Mg
Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.
parameters. Thus, Jhagadia village location fall under class A.
0
50
100
150
200
Graph 1.8.4
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.43 0.86 -0.06

64 | P a g e
Conductivity 238 344 296.8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
Graph 1.8.5

65 | P a g e
N-9 New Sardar Bridge

66 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 166 294 240
TDS 140 216 180.28
TSS 2 120 54
180.28.
 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TSS and less positive
correlation with TDS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative
correlation here.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.29 0.81 -0.30
Graph 1.9.1
Suspended solids.

67 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 3 30 10.85
BOD 0.2* 6 3.34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
DO
A class
Graph 1.9.2
Graph 1.9.3 Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it
can be classified as class A for designated best used criteria. But the latest dissolved oxygen

68 | P a g e
Total Hardness (mg/l) 120 420* 145.71
Ca++ Hardness 70 150* 82.85
Mg++ Hardness 50 270* 62.85
*Due to a very high value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
in December’13.
 Here, average Mg Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.
parameters. Thus, New Sardar bridge location fall under class A.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Total Hardness Ca Hardness
Mg hardness
Graph 1.9.4
Total hardness and Mg hardness curve has similar
variations i.e. very high correlation. Here, Ca
Hardness is not always greater than Mg Hardness.
Total & Ca
Hardness
Total & Mg
Hardness
Ca and Mg
Hardness
r 0.32 0.91 -0.09

69 | P a g e
N-10 Golden Bridge

70 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 200 6070* 509.42
TDS 130 5472* 196.6
TSS 2 716* 58
*Exceptional case, these values are not considered in average value
 In October ’13, River was showing an exceptional behavior.
180.28.
 At this location, TS shows a high positive correlation with TDS and less positive
correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing very less negative
correlation here.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.84 0.34 -0.20
Graph 1.10.1
Suspended solids.

71 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 3 24 14.42
BOD 0.2* 6 3.33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
COD & BOD
COD BOD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Dissolved Oxygen concentration
DO A class
Graph 1.10.2
Approaching each other, both values
have become equal in May’15.
Graph 1.10.3 Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, so it
can be classified as class A for designated best used criteria.

72 | P a g e
Mg++ Hardness 50 110 78.57
in December’13.
 Here, average Mg Hardness is greater than average Ca Hardness.
parameters. But considering all other parameters we are not classifying it as A Class.
 Total Hardness is showing less positive correlation with both Mg and Ca Hardness.
 Ca and Mg hardness are showing high negative correlation
0
50
100
150
200
Mg hardness
Graph 1.10.4
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.33 0.54 -0.56

73 | P a g e
N-11 Bhadbhut Village

74 | P a g e
TS (mg/l) 250 2338 1354.85
TDS 182 890 266.33
TSS 66 2554 1051.14
*Exceptional case, these values are not considered in average value
 In September ’13, River was showing an exceptional behavior, TSS can’t be greater
than TS.
 Quality of river is increasing from March’15
180.28.
designated best use of water in the classes A to E. But here all other parameters are
not in permissible limit.
 At this location, TS shows a Very high positive correlation with TDS and an average
positive correlation with TSS. Whereas, TDS and TSS are showing a less positive
correlation here.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
TS, TDS & TSS
TS TDS TSS
TS &
TDS
TS &
TSS
TDS &
TSS
Correlation
Value (r)
0.59 0.92 0.26
Graph 1.11.1
Here, many of the time TSS is greater than
TDS. And TSS is contributing more in Total
solid concentration. This is an exceptional
case.

75 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 11 83* 22.16
BOD 1 5 2.85
*Due to a very high value comparable to others, this value is neglected.
 Because of the average BOD is less than 3, it should be in Class-B, but we are not classfying
it as B class considering all other parameters at this location, and this is also an estuarine
area.
0
20
40
60
80
100
COD & BOD
COD BOD
7 7
9 9
10
8
4
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Jul-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Mar-15 May-15
DO
Class A
Graph 1.11.2
COD showed an exceptional value in
September’13.
Graph 1.11.3
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, but considering
all other parameters like turbidity and conductivity, we are not classifying this location
as A class.

76 | P a g e
Ca++ Hardness 40 90 70
Mg++ Hardness 10 100 65.71
the average Total hardness is less than the desirable value. Total Hardness and Mg
Hardness is decreasing from Jan’14.
parameters.
 Total Hardness is showing high positive correlation with Mg Hardness and an average
positive correlation with Ca Hardness.
 Ca and Mg hardness are showing very less positive correlation
0
50
100
150
200
Mg hardness
Graph 1.11.4
Mg Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.59 0.87 0.12

77 | P a g e
N-12 Jageshwar Village

78 | P a g e
 In 2013, River was showing an exceptional behavior
30640.4.
 At this location, TS shows nearly a perfect positive correlation with TDS with a
correlation factor 0.99.
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Dec-13 Jan-14 Jul-14 Mar-15 May-15
Graph 1.12.1: TS and TDS
TS TDS
0
2
4
6
8
10
DO
Class A
Graph 1.12.2
Average Dissolved oxygen concentration is pretty good than A class limit, but considering
all other parameters like turbidity and conductivity, we are not classifying this location as
A class. This is also an estuarine area.

79 | P a g e
COD (mg/l) 19 669 218.62
BOD 1 8 3.75
 Because of interference of sea water, COD is very high here.
 Here COD to BOD ratios is very high, thus, this is a sign of domination of industrial
influence.
 COD has a very large increment from July’14. This is because of increase in industrial
effluent in river.
90
44 19
155
91 64
617
669
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Graph 1.12.3: COD
COD
1
2
6
8
5
1
4
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Graph 1.12.4: BOD
BOD

80 | P a g e
Total Hardness (mg/l) 90* 7000 5586.66
Ca++ Hardness 20* 1740 1061.66
Mg++ Hardness 70* 5800 4525
*These values are excluded because of exceptional behavior
 Total Hardness Permissible limit is 600 according to drinking water criteria and here
the average Total hardness is 10 times the permissible value. Total Hardness and Mg
Hardness is decreasing from Jan’14.
 Total Hardness is showing nearly perfect positive correlation with Mg Hardness and
high positive correlation with Ca Hardness.
 Ca and Mg hardness are also showing high positive correlation
 These values show some Exceptional kind of behavior in 2013.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Jul-
13
Dec-
13
Jan-
14
Jul-
14
Mar-
15
May-
15
Mg hardness
Graph 1.12.5
Here, all the time Mg Hardness is greater than
Ca Hardness.
Total &
Ca
Hardness
Total &
Mg
Hardness
Ca and
Mg
Hardness
r 0.81 0.98 0.71

81 | P a g e
3.2 Overall Trend Analysis of parameters for Narmada River
As we have seen that all the parameters have not a large variation with respect to time, so
for establishing correlation and trend analysis we can use the average of the parameters
value at all the locations with respect to time.
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
pH
pH
lower limit
Upper limit
0
10
20
30
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
Color
Color
Requirement
Permisible limit
Graph 2.1.1: Variation in pH Min: 8.06, Max: 8.33
The variation in pH is random and not following any trend but all the pH values are lying
between permissible limit which is 6.5-8.5, so it can be classify as A class according to (IS
2296:2012) classification for the best designated use of water .
Graph 2.1.2: Variation in color (in Hazen) Min: 9.37, Max: 26.87
All the values are lying between the required and permissible limit according to IS-
10500(2012) drinking water specifications except the value at Jageshwar village because of
the meeting point with Arabian Sea.

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120
140
160
180
200
220
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
Total Alkalinity
Total alkalinity
Desirable limit
250
300
350
400
450
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Conductivity
Graph 2.1.3: Variation in Alkalinity Min: 141, Max: 170.42
Total alkalinity at every location is less than desirable limit according to drinking water
specifications.
Graph 2.1.4: Variation in Conductivity (µS/cm) Min: 267.16, Max: 395.5
Conductivity at N-4 location is very different from nearby locations but this is in
permissible limit. There are no such specifications for conductivity but the conductivity
value at location N-12 is very high and not permissible because of the impact of sea water.
So water at this location should not be used as drinking purpose at this location.

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25
75
125
175
225
275
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Cl- concentration
Chloride as CL-
Desirable limit
150
200
250
300
350
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TS
TS
Graph 2.1.6: Variation in Total Solid Concentration Min: 188.5, Max: 334.85
There is a large variation from N-7 to N-10 location. Total solid concentration at every location is
in permissible limit except estuarine area i.e. N-11 and N-12, so water at the locations N-11 and
N-12 is not suitable to be directly used as drinking water.
Graph 2.1.5: Variation in Cl- Concentration Min: 38.75, Max: 73.33
There is not much variation in Cl- concentration from location N-1 to N-11. Chloride ion
concentration at every location except N-12 is below desirable limit because of the impact
of sea water this concentration goes very high, so water should not be used as drinking
purpose at location N-12.

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100
200
300
400
500
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
TDS
Desirable limit
TDS
0
15
30
45
60
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TSS
TSS
Graph 2.1.7: Variation in Total dissolved solid concentration Min: 170.5, Max: 355.42
N-11 and N-12 are the locations situated in the estuarine area, so TDS, Chlorides and
Hardness values are expected to be higher than the locations situated on the river and
exceed permissible limits, so water at the locations N-12 is not suitable to be directly used
as drinking water. And we are not showing N-12 location in trend analysis.
Graph 2.1.8: Variation in Total suspended solid Concentration Min: 6, Max: 57.42
TSS value is continuously increasing. There are no such specifications for total suspended
solid concentration but the TSS value at location N-11 & N-12 is very high and not
permissible because of the impact of sea water. So water at this location should not be
used as drinking purpose at this location.

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6
8
10
12
14
16
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
COD
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
BOD
BOD
A class
B Class
Graph 2.1.9: Variation in Chemically oxygen Demand Min: 6, Max: 14.42
Variation in COD from N-5 to N-7 is very high. N-6 location is in excellent condition
because of very low chemically oxygen demand. There are no such specifications for
chemically oxygen demand but the COD value at location N-11 and N-12 is very high and
not permissible because of estuarine area. So water at this location should not be used as
drinking purpose at this location.
Graph 2.1.10: Variation in Biologically oxygen Demand Min: 1.78, Max: 3.83
Condition of location N-3 with respect to biologically oxygen demand is excellent. BOD at
all the location except N-1, 2, 3 are exceeding the A-class, whereas N-7, 9, 12 are exceeding
the B-class limit. From the previous parameter value, it is cleared that water at N-12
location should not be used for any purpose according to IS 2296-1992 for designated use.

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5
6
7
8
9
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
DO
A class
100
150
200
250
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Total Hardness
Class A Total Hardness
Graph 2.1.11: Variation in dissolved oxygen Concentration Min: 6.5, Max: 8.33
Oxygen content of Overall River is very good and falls under A class. Oxygen content of N-
11 and N-12 location is very good but oxygen demand at these location is very high so
water at these place should not be used.
Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Total Hardness Min: 121.5, Max: 157.5
There is not very much variations in Total hardness concentrations. Total Hardness
concentration at all the location falls under A class except N-12 location. Here, it supports
our all the previous conclusions.

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50
100
150
200
250
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Ca++ Hardness
Class A Ca Hardness
0
50
100
150
200
250
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Mg++ Hardness
Mg hardness Class A
Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Ca++ Hardness Min: 70, Max: 88.75
There is not very much variations in Ca++ concentration and falls under A class except N-
12 location. Here, it supports our all the previous conclusions.
Graph 2.1.12: Variation in Mg++ Hardness Min: 43.75, Max: 80
There is not very much variations in Mg++ concentration and falls under A class except N-
12 location. Here, it supports our all the previous conclusions.

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3.3 Establishing Correlations among the Parameters:
Considering the fact that physicochemical parameters which determine the quality of water
are not completely independent of each other, some parameters influence the other
parameters. Thus, it is required to study the correlation among parameters. The correlation
can be studied considering the variations in parameter values from location to location and
how parameters vary with respect to each other.
For this purpose, the average values of parameters for the period of Jan, 2013 to April, 2015
at a particular location are used, and using these values the correlations among parameters
are studied.
Correlations are mainly of two types.
i) Positive
ii) Negative
Correlation is Positive in the case when parameter values increase together, and Correlation
is Negative when one parameter decreases with the increase in other parameter.
As we know, theoretically Chlorine contributes more in total dissolved concentration, thus,
the correlation factor between these too curve should be high and the trend of graph should
be nearly same. We will see some parameters with good correlation.

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3.3.1 Calculations for finding correlation between two parameters
We are taking an example of how to find correlation between TDS and Cl- Concentration for Narmada River:
TDS (X) Chloride
as
Cl- (Y) Xbar Ybar (X-Xbar) (Y-Ybar) (X-Xbar)(Y-Ybar) (X-Xbar)^2 (Y-Ybar)^2
187.50 45.25 221.83 51.21 -34.33 -5.96 204.75 1178.80 35.56
200.50 38.75 221.83 51.21 -21.33 -12.46 265.89 455.12 155.34
170.50 47.50 221.83 51.21 -51.33 -3.71 190.63 2635.14 13.79
238.50 50.00 221.83 51.21 16.67 -1.21 -20.23 277.77 1.47
182.00 50.00 221.83 51.21 -39.83 -1.21 48.34 1586.72 1.47
173.14 51.25 221.83 51.21 -48.69 0.04 -1.77 2371.07 0.00
174.25 47.50 221.83 51.21 -47.58 -3.71 176.71 2264.20 13.79
297.66 51.42 221.83 51.21 75.83 0.21 15.65 5749.64 0.04
181.00 73.33 221.83 51.21 -40.83 22.12 -903.09 1667.39 489.13
279.70 47.50 221.83 51.21 57.87 -3.71 -214.89 3348.52 13.79
355.42 60.85 221.83 51.21 133.59 9.64 1287.29 17845.32 92.86
221.83 51.21 Total = 1049.29 Total = 39379.68 Total = 817.26
Where, Xbar = Average of X
And Ybar = Average of Y
y = 0.0266x + 45.303
R² = 0.0342
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
Chlorideionconcentration
TDS
TDS & Chlorine ion concentration
(X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2 32183565.16
V(X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2 5673.06
R = ((X-Xbar)(Y-Ybar))/(V((X-Xbar)^2*(Y-Ybar)^2)) 0.18
Graph 3.1.1
When we draw a scatter plot between TDS and
Chloride ion Concentration, the R-squared value
for the trend line of that scatter gives the square
value of correlation factor.

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3.3.1 Correlation factor for all the possible pairs of parameters
Ambient
Temp.
Sample
Temp.
pH Color Total
alkalinity
TS TDS TSS NH3N Chloride
as CL-
Total
Hardness
Ca++
Hardness
Mg++
hardness
COD BOD DO Conductivity Turbidity
NTU
Ambient
Temp.
1.0
1.0 -
0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2
-
0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 -0.3 0.1 0.2
-
0.1 0.4 0.3
Sample
Temp.
1.0
-
0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2
-
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.2
pH
1.0 -0.2 -0.4
-
0.1 0.1
-
0.1 0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.1
-
0.3
-
0.6
-
0.1 -0.5 -0.1
Color
1.0 -0.1 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 -0.1 1.0
Total
alkalinity 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.0
TS
1.0 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.0
TDS
1.0 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.6 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.7
TSS
1.0 0.3 0.4 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.0
NH3N
1.0 0.1 0.3 -0.2 0.5 0.2
-
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3
Chloride as
CL- 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.4
Total
Hardness 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 -0.1
Ca++
Hardness
1.0 -0.1
-
0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 -0.5
Mg++
hardness 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.1
COD
1.0 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.9
BOD
1.0 0.6 0.1 0.2
DO
1.0 0.2 0.3
Conductivity
1.0 -0.1
Turbidity
NTU 1.0
Some important points from the above study of correlation
 Color and turbidity are related to each other thus, the correlation between these two parameters should be high, and in
the case of Narmada River this correlation factor came out as 0.97 i.e. nearly perfect positive correlation.
 Color and Turbidity are due to solid particles present in river i.e. both the dissolved solids and suspended solids
contributes in color and turbidity of River, but the solids which are suspended in river water contributes more than
dissolved solids. And in case of Narmada River, these parameters are following this theory.
 Total alkalinity and conductivity is the measure of net effect of cations and anions, thus, these two parameters should be
well correlated, and in our case, it is quite clear. Both of these two parameters are showing a negative correlation with
the pH of water.
 pH has the negative correlation with most of the parameters except TDS and ammonical-Nitrogen.
 TS, TDS, TSS curves are showing a high positive correlation with BOD while a high negative correlation with ca++
hardness.
 Theoretically, TDS and Cl- curves should show high correlation because of Cl- contribution is high in TDS, but for Narmada
River it is not the case. Here, the correlation is very low, this is may be because of other ions are contributing more than
Cl-.
0.7<r<1 High Positive Correlation
0.3<r<0.7 Medium positive Correlation
0<r<0.3 Low positive Correlation
r<-0.5 High Negative Correlation
0>r>-0.5 Low Negative Correlation

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TABLE FOR AVERAGE VALUE OF PARAMETERS AT EVERY LOCATIONS:
3.3.2 Describing the correlation between parameters
Location
Code
Location Total
Hardness
Ca++
Hardness
Mg++
hardness
COD BOD DO Conductivity Turbidity NTU
N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 132.50 78.75 53.75 9.00 2.00 7.25 284.50 4.35
N-2 Navagam Village 121.25 77.50 43.75 9.87 1.94 6.50 267.16 1.30
N-3 Akteshwar Village 121.25 77.50 43.75 8.87 1.78 7.00 272.50 1.80
N-4 Tilakvada Village 157.50 88.75 68.75 8.88 2.38 7.50 395.50 1.80
N-5 Dariyapur Village 143.75 77.50 66.25 11.62 2.55 7.25 300.33 1.95
N-6 Sinor Village 138.75 86.25 52.50 6.62 2.40 7.25 302.00 1.75
N-7 Sayar Village 150.00 87.50 62.50 14.42 3.83 7.37 299.60 11.86
N-8 Jhagadia Village 145.71 77.14 80.00 12.28 2.28 7.85 298.50 4.80
N-9 New Sardar Bridge 150.00 85.00 65.00 12.16 3.40 8.33 276.00 28.30
N-10 Golden Bridge 142.50 75.00 77.50 11.12 2.37 7.37 296.80 10.20
N-11 Bhadbhut Village 135.70 70.00 65.71 22.16 2.85 7.71 295.20 275.00
N-12 Jageshwar Village 4222.50 805.00 3417.50 218.63 3.75 6.88 33603.83 261.50
Location
Code
Location Ambient
Temp.
Sample
Temp.
pH Color Total
alkalinity
TS TDS TSS NH3N Chloride as
CL-
N-1 Sardar Sarovar Dam 32.50 28.10 8.33 9.37 142.28 222.50 187.50 6.00 2.14 45.25
N-2 Navagam Village 31.30 27.06 8.19 10.60 140.80 220.25 200.50 14.50 1.40 38.75
N-3 Akteshwar Village 31.20 26.51 8.29 10.62 141.00 208.50 170.50 14.57 1.14 47.50
N-4 Tilakvada Village 34.23 29.81 8.09 9.37 170.42 272.25 238.50 26.50 2.16 50.00
N-5 Dariyapur Village 33.80 29.68 8.17 11.87 142.14 216.50 182.00 26.25 1.44 50.00
N-6 Sinor Village 34.58 30.17 8.25 10.62 149.85 188.50 173.14 28.57 1.37 51.25
N-7 Sayar Village 32.27 27.88 8.10 10.62 160.14 221.50 174.25 40.75 1.17 47.50
N-8 Jhagadia Village 28.08 25.74 8.30 10.00 166.57 334.85 297.66 51.66 1.85 51.42
N-9 New Sardar Bridge 31.30 27.63 8.19 10.00 143.50 237.00 181.00 52.00 1.50 73.33
N-10 Golden Bridge 29.20 26.15 8.30 9.38 143.50 329.75 279.70 57.42 1.75 47.50
N-11 Bhadbhut Village 34.20 29.20 8.19 22.85 148.85 1354.85 355.42 1051.43 2.00 60.85
N-12 Jageshwar Village 34.10 29.30 8.06 26.87 168.57 23624.90 22000.50 512.00 1.53 12456.13

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25
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
TDS & Chloride ion Concentration
TDS Chloride as CL-
150
200
250
300
350
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TS & TDS
TS TDS
Graph 3.2.2: TS & TDS trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.796
For these two parameters the correlation factor is approximately 0.8 i.e. high positive
correlation. From here we can conclude that dissolved solids have a good contribution in
total solids.
Graph 3.2.1: TDS & Cl- Concentration trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.18
Theoretically, TDS and Cl- curves should show high correlation because of Cl- contribution
is high in TDS, but for Narmada River it is not the case. Here, the correlation is very low,
this is may be because of other ions are contributing more than Cl-.

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0
100
200
300
400
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10
TS & TSS
TSS TS
0
50
100
150
200
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11
Mg hardness Total Hardness Ca Hardness
Graph 3.2.4: Total, Ca & Mg Hardness
Correlation factor(r) for TH-Ca, TH-Mg & Ca-Mg curves are 0.55, 0.75 & -0.07 respectively.
From here we can conclude that Mg++ doesn’t contribute much quantitatively in
concentration of Total hardness but contribute very much qualitatively as compared to
Ca++.
Graph 3.2.3: TS & TSS trends Correlation factor(r) = 0.99
For these two parameters the correlation factor is approximately 1 i.e. perfect positive
correlation. From here we can conclude that TSS doesn’t contribute much quantitatively
in concentration of TS but contribute very much qualitatively as compared to TDS.

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3.4 Comparison of Water Quality of Mahisagar River with Drinking Water Quality Specifications;
IS:10500(2012):
Water Quality Parameters data at all the monitoring stations of Mahisagar River are Compared with Drinking Water Quality
Specifications; IS:10500(2012) to find out if the water quality of Mahisagar River is suitable to be used as Drinking water.
Comparison of Water Quality at all the Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River with IS:10500(2012) Drinking Water
Specifications is given in the following Tables.
Comparison of Narmada River Water Quality with Drinking Water Specifications IS: 10500
PARAMETER
IS DRINKING WATER LOCATIONS
Desirable
limit
Permissible
limit
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
pH 6.5 to 8.5
No
relaxation 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.1
Color 5 15
9.4 10.6 10.6 9.4 11.9 10.6 10.6 10.0 10.0 9.4 22.9 26.9
Total
alkalinity
200 600
142.3 140.8 141.0 170.4 142.1 149.9 160.1 166.6 143.5 143.5 148.9 168.6
TDS 500 2000
187.5 200.5 170.5 238.5 182.0 173.1 174.3 297.7 181.0 279.7 355.4 22001
Chloride as
CL- 250 1,000
45.3 38.8 47.5 50.0 50.0 51.3 47.5 51.4 73.3 47.5 60.9 12456
Total
Hardness
200 600
132.5 121.3 121.3 157.5 143.8 138.8 150.0 145.7 150.0 142.5 135.7 4222.5
Turbidity 1 5
4.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 11.9 4.8 28.3 10.2 275.0 261.5
Less than DL
Equal to DL
B/W DL & PL
More than PL
By the comparison shown above, it can be concluded that at all the locations except N-11 for color and N-12 (i.e. Estuarine
location) for color, TDS, Chlorides, Total Hardness and Turbidity all the parameter values are within the Permissible limits
specified by IS:10500 for the use of water as a drinking water.
 From Location N-1 to N-11, all the values regarding alkalinity, TDS, chlorides and hardness are below desirable limit.
 N-12 location is situated in the estuarine area, thus, color, TDS, Chlorides and Hardness and turbidity values are expected
to be higher than permissible limit.
 N-11 location is also situated in estuarine area, thus, that color and turbidity values are beyond permissible limit.
 Turbidity value is exceeding the permissible limit at N-7, N-9 and N-10 locations also.
From above points we can conclude that water from N-11 and N-12 locations should not be used directly for drinking purpose.

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3.5 Overall Classification of Mahisagar River according to IS 2296:1992 Classification for Designated
Best Use of Water
IS 2296:1992 are Primary water quality criteria for Designated Best Uses of Water. As water is subjected to various useful
applications, considering the type of use or activity for which the water is required, water quality criteria have been specified to
determine its suitability for a particular purpose. Among the various types of uses there is one use that demands highest level
of water quality or purity and that is termed as ‘designated best use’ in that particular stretch of the water body. Based on this,
water quality requirements have been specified for different uses in terms of primary water quality criteria, which is shown in
the following table.
Classification of all the Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River for their Designated Best Use:
 Average parameter values for the period of Jan-2012 to April-2015 at all the monitoring stations are used for the purpose of
classification of monitoring stations for their designated best use. These parameter values are compared with the values
specified through IS 2296:1992 for designated best use of water in the classes A to E.
 Based on this, Monitoring Stations of Narmada River are classified in the classes A to E, A being the best class. Thus, Narmada
River as a whole can also be classified in such classes.
 Assumption made here is like, if all the parameters lie in A class except one parameter in B, then it will be classified as A
class. If one parameter in B, and one is beyond E with remaining in A, then it will be classified as B. If more than three
parameters are beyond E, then it will have beyond E classifications.
Classification of Monitoring Stations of Mahisagar River is shown in the following Tables
Designated Best Use Class Criteria
Drinking Water source without
conventional treatment but after
disinfection
A Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 50 or less
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20° C, 2 mg/l or less
Outdoor Bathing (Organized) B Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 500 or less
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Drinking Water source after
conventional treatment and
disinfection
C Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 5000 or less
pH between 6 and 9
Propagation of Wild Life and
Fisheries
D pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Free Ammonia
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling,
Control Waste Disposal
E pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Electrical Conductivity at 25 C micro mhos/cm, maximum 2250
Sodium Absorption Ratio, Maximum 26
Boron, Max. 2 mg/l
Below E Not meeting any of the A,B,C,D & E

96 | P a g e
Comparison of Narmada River Water Quality with designated best use criteria IS 2296:1992
PARAMETER
IS DRINKING WATER LOCATIONS
A B C D E
N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12
pH
6.5-
8.5
6.5-
8.5
6.0-
9.0
6.5-
8.5
6.0-
8.0 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.1
Color 10 300 300 - -
9.4 10.6 10.6 9.4 11.9 10.6 10.6 10.0 10.0 9.4 22.9 26.9
Total
alkalinity
200 600 1500 2100
142.3 140.8 141.0 170.4 142.1 149.9 160.1 166.6 143.5 143.5 148.9 168.6
TDS 250 500 600 600
187.5 200.5 170.5 238.5 182.0 173.1 174.3 297.7 181.0 279.7 355.4 22000.5
Chloride as
CL- 200
45.3 38.8 47.5 50.0 50.0 51.3 47.5 51.4 73.3 47.5 60.9 12456.1
Total
Hardness
300 600 132.5 121.3 121.3 157.5 143.8 138.8 150.0 145.7 150.0 142.5 135.7 4222.5
Turbidity
5 10 4.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 11.9 4.8 28.3 10.2 275.0 261.5
 From the above tables, it is clearly seen that at several locations, some parameter values exceed the limits specified for Class-
A and fall under Class-B or beyond class E for that particular parameter value at a particular location.
 We can classify locations from N-1 to N-6 and N-8 as A class locations and N-7, N-9, N-10 as B-class. Because of Turbidity
value is very high at N-11 location we are classifying it as beyond E class. N-12 location is already lie in beyond E Class.

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3.6 Developing criticality Index
 Criticality in general terms means the quality, state or degree of being of the highest
importance.
 Criticality in terms of Surface Water Quality means the value of its physico-chemical
parameters at which the parameter just has approval or disapproval.
 In other words, it would be an indicator of the values of surface water quality
parameters at which the water becomes suited or unsuited for the use to which it has
been put to.
 It is defined by range and/ or lower limits and higher limit of parameter. Normally, a
higher range indicates lower criticality of that parameter. Exceedance of the specified
limits can lead to different results in probable environmental impacts.
In GEMI office, the criticality index is defined by using following theories and standards
value:
 Criticality is inversely proportional to the range of parameter
 The range of water quality parameters are based on the drinking water quality
specifications: IS: 10500.
 Range for several parameters, for which the limits are not specified by drinking
water quality specifications: IS: 10500, are adopted from Class – A of classification
for the designated best use of water.
 And the range for remaining parameters are assigned based on some basic
criteria.

98 | P a g e
3.6.1 Range of parameters as per drinking water specifications IS: 10500:
Parameters Desirable limit Acceptable limit
Temperature
Color 5 15
Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
Taste Agreeable Agreeable
Turbidity 1 5
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
500 2000
pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5
Alkalinity 200 600
Chlorides (Cl-)
250 1000
Sulphates 200 400
Nitrates 45 100
Fluoride 1 1.5
Total Hardness 200 600
Calcium and
Magnesium
Hardness 200 and 200 200 and 200
Dissolved oxygen
(DO) 6 6
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
2 2
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
7 7

99 | P a g e
3.6.2 Discussion of some of the parameters defined by GEMI’s Engineers:
Relative Criticality factor (C1):
Relative criticality factor C1 is defined as the inverse of range of parameters from the base
value which is considered 0 here. C1 for desirable and acceptable are found.
Relative criticality factor (C2):
Relative criticality factor C2 is defined as the desirable limit divide by acceptable limit.
Parameter wise criticality factor (P.C.F.):
Theoretically, PCF is an index which define the criticality of a parameter, i.e. how much a
little variation in parameter affects the quality of water. Parameter wise criticality factor is
defined as multiplication of relative criticality factor C1 and relative criticality factor C2.
Ranking of Parameters according to criticality:
Ranking of parameter is done according to their PCF values. The parameter which is most
critical is placed on the top of the table. Fluorides concentration is the most critical
parameter.
Total Exceedance factor:
Total exceedance Factor is defined as the deviation of measured value from desirable and
acceptable value.
Average T.E.F. based on desirable and acceptable limit is find out by taking minimum 10
measured values.
Total Criticality factor:
𝑻. 𝑪, 𝑭 = 𝑷. 𝑪. 𝑭.× 𝑻. 𝑬. 𝑭.

100 | P a g e
Relative criticality factor C1 = x / R and C2 = Desirable / Acceptable
Desirable Acceptable
Base
Value
Range
for D
Range
for A x
C1 for
D
C1 for
A
C2 =
D/A
Color 5.00 15.00 0.00 5.00 15.00 1.00 0.200 0.067 3.000
Turbidity 1.00 5.00 0.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 1.000 0.200 5.000
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
500.00 2000.00 0.00 500.00 2000.00 1.00 0.002 0.001 4.000
pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.50 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.500 1.000
Alkalinity
200.00 600.00 0.00 200.00 600.00 1.00 0.005 0.002 3.000
Chlorides (Cl-) 250.00 1000.00 0.00 250.00 1000.00 1.00 0.004 0.001 4.000
Sulphates 200.00 400.00 0.00 200.00 400.00 1.00 0.005 0.003 2.000
Nitrates 45.00 100.00 0.00 45.00 100.00 1.00 0.022 0.010 2.222
Fluoride 1.00 1.50 0.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.000 0.667 1.500
Total Hardness 200.00 600.00 0.00 200.00 600.00 1.00 0.005 0.002 3.000
Calcium Hardness
200.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 0.005 0.005 1.000
Magnesium
Hardness
200.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 1.00 0.005 0.005 1.000
Dissolved oxygen
(DO)
6.00 6.00 0.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 0.167 0.167 1.000
Biochemical
Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
2.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.500 0.500 1.000
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
6.67 7.00 0.00 6.67 7.00 1.00 0.150 0.143 1.050

A Report on Water Quality Monitoring of Narmada River

A Report on Water Quality Monitoring of Narmada River

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