Drug general slides which show that how drugs act on our central nervous system and the drugs are useful or not

1. DRUG AND THE
BRAIN
THIS ISYOUR BRAIN ON DRUGS
Qurrat ul Ain (Roll num.15)

2. Contents
 Some General terms
 Why people take drugs?
 How do drugs work?
 Normal brain Function
 Normal Reward Pathway
 Reward pathway on Drugs
 Why do we get effect from Drugs
 Relation of Drugs with the Neurotransmitter
 This is your Brain on Drugs
 Some Drug of abuse and their target receptors
 Is Drug a Brain disease ?

3.  Pathophysiology
 Tolerance Vs Sensitization
 Addiction
 Dependence Withdrawal
 Reward & Reinforcement
(Positive Reinforcement and
Negative Reinforcement)

4. Why people take Drugs?
• Escape
• To reduce pain both physical and
emotional(to feel better)
• Curiosity
• Recreational-Excitement-Energy
• Addiction

5. How do Drugs work?
In order to understand how drugs work
we have to understand how neurons
work.

6.  Brain Chemical
Messenger
(Neurotransmitter)
 Lock and Key Model

7. Types Of Neurotransmitter
1) Endorphins
2) Serotonin
3) Dopamine
4) Substance P
5) Nor epinephrine

8. The Synapse and Synaptic
Neurotransmission
Action Potential Series of events
Synaptic cleft Binding Actions in
the cell Excitatory or Inhibitory

9. Reuptake
 Neurotransmitter (NTs) in the
synaptic cleft are removed by
i. Enzyme Degradation
ii. Reuptake by specific protein to return the NT to
presynaptic terminal
iii. Diffusion

10. Neuromodulation
 Alteration of the nerve
activity through the
targeted delivery of a
stimulus.
 Neuromodulators act on
different receptor (opiate).
 Add another signal to
postsynaptic membrane.
 Sum of all the signals.

11. Reward Pathway
• Identified for Specific functions
• Rewarding stimulus
• Components
i. Ventral Tegmental area (VTA)
ii. Nucleus Accumbens
iii. Pre-frontal Cortex

12. Reward Pathway and the Drug
 The Reward Pathway is the only
area where each Drug acts.
 Makes the user feels good and
involved in addiction
 Each Drug can act on different
areas as well that is why can
have different effects like
stimulating and depressing.

13. Why Do We Get Side Effects
From Drugs?
 Alter Body Chemistry
 The benefits of the medication
will often outweigh the cost of
the side effects by improving
health and allowing people to
function in daily life.
 It is up to us to decide.

14. Pathway Of Drugs to the Brain

15. Blood Brain Barrier
 Located between Blood vessels
(capillaries) and extracellular space
of the brain.
 Trans-cellular passage of the Drugs
 Crossing the Membrane

16. How do the Drugs relate to
Neurotransmitter?
They work on the three possible
ways.
 Chemically Resemblance
 Stimulate Neuron
 Prevent Neurotransmitter
reuptake

17. THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON DRUGS

20. DRUGS RECEPTORS
Opiates mu, delta and keepa receptors
Cocaine Indirect agonist of Dopamine by
inhibiting transporter
Nicotine Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors
Ethanol Gamma aminobutyric acid
(GABA),
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)
Amphetamines Release of Dopamine
Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors

21. Drug Therapy In Common
Neurological Disorders
 Headaches & Neuralgias
 Seizures Disorders
 Movement Disorders
 Facial Palsy
 Cerebrovascular Accidents
 Meningitis

22. IS DRUG ADDICTION A BRAIN
DISORDER?

23. THANK
YOU
ANY QUESTION?