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1. What You Need To Know About Homework
and How to Help Your Child
Many parents and educators view homework as an important
indicator of classroom rigor. The Back-to-Basic movement, which
emphasizes the need for schools to teach basic academic skills in
particular, has increased the emphasis on homework as a
measure of a school's success.
In fact, many parents and students judge the difficulty of a course
or teacher by the amount of homework assigned. Additionally,
many educators believe that asking parents to help their children
with homework is a particularly effective strategy for improving
children's achievement.
Many parents also agree that their involvement will make a
positive difference. In a 2014 study by the U.S. Department of
Education, 90% of parents reported that they reserved a place at
home for their children to do homework, and 85% reported that
they verified that homework was completed. had completed.
But does best assignment help really improve student
achievement? As a high school and college teacher who has
assigned homework and a mother of two children who weren't
always very enthusiastic about completing homework, I have
studied the many ways families of different income levels support
their children's academic success.
I have come to believe that homework can not only improve
children's performance, but it can also be a powerful parenting
opportunity. But the research also tells us that it is not just any
task that will have that kind of impact.
This is what we are learning about homework.

2. When parental involvement helps
Despite the widespread belief that parental involvement in
homework is good for children, researchers are finding that it can
have both positive and negative effects.
In 2008, three researchers, Erika A Patall, Harris Cooper, and
JorgianneCivey Robinson, conducted an extensive review of
research on the effects of parental involvement in homework on
students. They found that the effects of parental involvement
appear to be strongly influenced by four factors:
• the nature of the assigned task
• the particular engagement strategy used by parents
• the child's age and skill level
• time and skill resources at home.
The researchers found that homework assignments in which
students are expected to memorize data and parents are expected
to teach school skills provide less meaningful opportunities for
parent-student interaction in the learning process.

3. In contrast, homework assignments in which students choose a
project that requires deep research, thought, and some creative
license allow for meaningful parental involvement. Parents can
play a supportive role by discussing the project with their child,
which is more enjoyable for both the child and the parents.
For example, students can demonstrate math skills; share ideas
and get reactions to written work or math homework help;
conduct surveys or interviews; collect memories and experiences
of parents; apply school skills to real life; or working with parents
or other family partners in new ways.
Parenting Strategies
Furthermore, the way parents help their children with homework
appears to have different effects on student achievement.
Most parents engage in a wide variety of engagement strategies,
such as creating "school-like routines" in which they set rules
about when, where, or how homework is done. They also interact
with the teacher about homework and provide general
supervision or monitoring of homework completion.
In some cases, parents control these structures; in others, parents
follow the example of the student.
For example, parents may be involved in learning processes with
the child (eg, participating in homework with the child or in
processes that support the child's understanding of homework).
Parents can also help their child learn self-control skills (for
example, coping with distractions).
The strategies parents use may vary based on their parenting
beliefs and broader cultural values. However, these different

4. parental involvement strategies appear to have different effects
on student achievement.
Strategies that support a child's autonomy and also provide
structure in the form of clear and consistent guidelines appear to
be the most beneficial.
For example, in a 2001 study, researchers reported that parental
involvement in tasks that supported autonomy was associated
with higher scores on standardized tests, class grades, and task
completion.
In contrast, direct help (doing homework for the student) was
associated with lower test and class scores.
In another study, students reported that parental involvement in
homework had a detrimental effect if the parent tried to help
without a request from the child or if the child perceived it as
intrusive or controlling.
Age Matters

5. Researchers have also noted that a child's age and skill level
strongly influence the amount of homework helper parents
provide and subsequent benefits to the child.
Parents reported spending more time helping their elementary
school kids with homework than their middle school kids. Parents
of low-ability students reported spending more time helping with
homework than parents of high-ability students.
While teachers and parents of elementary-aged children were
more likely to work together to help students complete their
assignments, parents of high school students often did not
supervise their teens' homework as closely as they did. when
their children were younger. This, in part, is because secondary
school teachers did not expect or ask for it.
What can Educators do?
These research findings have important implications for how
teachers design homework assignments and how parents and
teachers can participate in the homework process.
First, students (and parents) need to know why they should be
doing a particular task. What skill is to be practiced / reinforced?
Why is this skill important?
Teachers must explicitly communicate the purpose of a particular
task and emphasize how the skills they are learning on a task can
be applied in the real world.
Second, educators must design homework assignments that are
more meaningful and allow for creativity. Students should be able
to choose how to carry out an assignment.
Third, students have different learning styles and educators need
to consider how they might need to express their learning

6. differently (through audiotapes, videotapes, posters, and oral
presentations rather than the standard written report).
Fourth, teachers must design interactive homework assignments
that engage students in interactions with their peers and with
family and community members. For example, authors Alma Flor
Ada and F Isabel Campoy have developed an approach to creating
family storybooks that are used as reading and writing texts in
the classroom.
Homework is a daily activity for most students that requires time,
energy, and excitement, not only for the students but also for their
families. Given these investments, it is important that homework
is a more beneficial learning experience, in which parents can also
bring their interesting and enriching skills to bear.
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