Here are some cleft sentences based on the examples: - It was John that broke the window. - What I wanted was some peace and quiet. - It was that her car broke down that was the reason she was late.

1. Unit 4 - Articles
CAE Writing skills

2. • Lead in pictures showing different articles (5 mins)
• Discussion questions – Articles (10 mins)
• Writing (1) Reading questions – highlighting (10 mins)
• Writing (2) Features of articles – highlighting (10 mins)
• Writing (3) Tips for articles – presentation (5 mins)
• Writing (4) Good practice – highlighting (10 mins)
• Funny article headlines quiz (10 mins) 60
• Writing (5) Opening paragraphs (10 mins)
• Writing (6) Good practice – highlighting (10 mins)
• Writing (7) Using emphasis – highlighting (10 mins)
• Writing (8) writing practice – changing sentences (10 mins)
• Writing (9) Completing sentences – changing sentences (10 mins)
• Writing (10) vocabulary building avoiding dull words (10 mins)
• Writing (11) planning writing tips (10 mins)
• Vocabulary from the class quiz (5 mins)

4. • How often do you read articles in English? What topics are you
most interested in?
• How important do you think headlines are in grabbing readers'
attention? Can you share a memorable headline you’ve seen?
• Have you ever read an article that changed your opinion about
something? What was it about, and how did it impact your views?
• How do you think the internet has changed the way people
consume news and articles? Is it a positive or negative change, in
your opinion?
• If you were to write an article for a newspaper or magazine,
what topic would you choose, and why?

7. Task What is the aim of the
article?
What do you know about the likely
readers of the article?
2 to describe and make
suggestions
people from a range of countries,
interested in travel; possibly
interested in choosing a honeymoon
destination for themselves

8. Task What is the aim of the article? What do you know about the likely readers of the
article?
3 to inform and give opinions university students in another
country, mainly young people; have
some interest in international
affairs
4 to amuse people interested in your favourite
hobby, with at least some
background information about it; are
enthusiastic about it.

11. style can be formal or
informal
are known to writer.
have a known amount of knowledge
of subject of letter
will read letter to end.
be written for a range of readers.
be interesting enough to catch
and hold attention.
writer doesn't know exactly who they will be.
have unknown degree of background
information.
won't necessarily read to end.

16. 1. eye-catching title question in first paragraph addressing the reader
directly
2. painting pictures in words of the scene, e.g. sentence beginning An
island where casuarina pines...
3. some interesting facts about the island and the hotel
4. attention to sounds as well as images in
5. descriptions of island - contrast between
6. sound of traffic and that of the birds that wake the visitor
7. clear paragraphing
8. use of interesting words rather than ordinary ones (talcum powder
sand rather than, simply, fine sand, for instance)
9. reference at the end back to something mentioned earlier on in article
(Frederick Forsyth story)

20. 1. eye-catching title question in first paragraph addressing the reader
directly
2. painting pictures in words of the scene, e.g. sentence beginning An
island where casuarina pines...
3. some interesting facts about the island and the hotel
4. attention to sounds as well as images in
5. descriptions of island - contrast between
6. sound of traffic and that of the birds that wake the visitor
7. clear paragraphing
8. use of interesting words rather than ordinary ones (talcum powder
sand rather than, simply, fine sand, for instance)
9. reference at the end back to something mentioned earlier on in article
(Frederick Forsyth story)

22. A magazine once ran a story about a town's first ever
traffic light. What was the funny twist?
a) The light was installed upside down
b) The town had no cars
c) The light switched colours every second

23. A newspaper once published an article about a cat mayor.
What was the cat's primary duty?
a) "Keeping the streets rat-free"
b) "Making purr-fect decisions“
c) “Napping on the town hall steps"

24. How did a magazine humorously describe a new, oversized
hat trend?
a) "Hats So Big, They Have Their Own Weather!"
b) "Forget Umbrellas, Just Wear a Hat!"
c) "Eclipsing the Sun: The New Hat Trend"

25. What did a newspaper claim was the newest fitness trend
in a comedic article?
a) "Jumping to Conclusions"
b) "Running Out of Ideas"
c) "Dancing Like No One's Watching"

26. How did a newspaper comically describe a local bakery's
bread as being too hard?
a) "Local Bakery's New Drill Required Bread!"
b) "Bricks for Breakfast!"
c) "Harder than Math: The New Loaf"

27. What was the headline of a newspaper that mistakenly
printed the title upside down?
a) "Readers Will Flip for This One!"
b) "Editor Takes a Day Off"
c) "Sorry, We Dropped It"

29. G. How a writer turned
teacher
D. Chorus of disapproval for
English curriculum
C. Jungle stories
H. Is there money in lost
memories?

30. B. A flexible society that would
let us work, rest and play
E. Early Autumn Heat Wave
A. Last resort for the
Mediterranean
F. Motherhood past midnight

32. 1. question; addressing the reader directly
2. direct statement of the situation; striking
military metaphor in the use of the word barrage
3. statement of facts; surprising fact, perhaps,
about the huge size of the Amazon Basin
4. setting of the scene; whetting of curiosity as
rather strange details of the scene are mentioned
(name of lounge, the mysterious 'small door', the
'nutrient cocktails' and their unusual names); use
of quotation marks to show reader exactly what
the expressions used in the bar are.

33. 5. exaggeration in first sentence; movement
from the specific example to the general and
then back to a specific example again
6. facts (surprising for a British reader, at
least); questions including a puzzle question at
the end
7. surprising facts; contrast with people's
ignorance and the serious reality of the
situation
8. direct personal situation; unusual facts of
situation highlighted; ends on note referring
to feeling rather than fact

36. 1. b) is more emphatic. The unusual word order emphasises spectacular.
2. b) is more emphatic. The did (stressed when the sentence is spoken)
emphasises enjoyed.
3. b) is more emphatic. The adverb unexpectedly adds emphasis to
successful.

37. 4. a) is more emphatic. The word order with inversion gives extra force to the
sentence.
5. b) is more emphatic. It is what grammar books call a 'cleft sentence'. The
introductory phrase is used to give extra emphasis to what comes later in the
sentence.
6. a) is more emphatic. Using the modal must gives extra force to the sentence.

39. 1.- Luigi's must be the most exotic restaurant I have ever
been to.
- The most exotic restaurant I have ever been to is Luigi's.
2.- I did enjoy the disco despite its deafening music.
- I enjoyed the disco enormously despite the deafening noise.
3.- Never before have I seen such a spectacular sunset.
- I have never before seen such a spectacularly dramatic
sunset.

40. 4.- The picturesque harbour is something that we shall always remember.
•What we shall always remember is the picturesque harbour.
5- We spent a truly memorable day climbing the highest mountain on the
island.
•It was the day when we climbed the highest mountain on the island that
was the most memorable.
6 - James is undoubtedly one of the most intriguing people I have ever
met.
- James must be one of the most intriguing people I have ever met.

41. 1. Never have I been more afraid than I was then, alone in the dark and lost.
2. What I shall never forget is the way he helped me when I needed him.
3. The most exhilarating moment in my life was standing on the top of the
mountain above the clouds.
4. I did enjoy meeting your family last night.
5 St Petersburg must be the most romantic place I have ever been to.

44. 1. exhilarating, romantic, relaxing, memorable, astonishing, remarkable
2. picturesque, spectacular, attractive, friendly, wonderful, heavenly
3. disastrous, catastrophic, unhappy, miserable, lonely, uncomfortable
4. kind, pleasant, good-natured, generous, warm, open-hearted
5. sunny, warm, mild, hot, perfect, delightful
6 unfriendly, rude, bad-tempered, disagreeable, incompetent, dishonest

48. 2 .
• Introductory paragraph - brief statement of where I live (own parents
came here for honeymoon and decided to stay)
• Paragraph 2-what's romantic about it (historical association with poets
etc, beautiful surrounding countryside etc.)
• Paragraph 3-places to go (historic areas, suggestions for country walks
etc.)
• Paragraph 4-activities to enjoy (picnic on river, most romantic restaurants,
open air dancing etc.)
• Conclusion-make honeymoon as long as possible

49. 3.
• Introductory paragraph - statement of where I'm from and the
problem I want to discuss (unemployment)
• Paragraph 2-description of nature of problem and how it affects
people's lives
• Paragraph 3-reasons for problem
• Paragraph 4-suggestions about how to minimise unemployment
• Conclusion-why something must be done

50. 4.
• Introductory paragraph - why I'd like to share this experience
with readers
• Paragraph 2-background to experience, where I was, what I was
doing etc.
• Paragraph 3-what exactly happened
• Paragraph 4-consequences
• Conclusion-warning to others to avoid this situation

51. Below you have a suggestion as to how an article might be written in response to task 1.
Did you sometimes find it difficult to find things to do in your spare time last term? Were
you often at a loose end wondering whether you were missing out on all the exciting events
that must surely be going on somewhere or other?
You weren't alone. In fact, 93% of the students we interviewed said that they had been
disappointed with the college's social programme. First year students, in particular,
experienced difficulties meeting new people and spent more time than they would have
liked alone in their rooms.
This term, however, things will be very different. An outstanding programme has been
arranged by a new Social Events Committee. Their chairperson, Maria de Souza, told me,
'We have some amazing things coming up. There'll be a film every Friday starting with the
latest Schwarzenegger next week. Once a week on Wednesday there is going to be either
at debate or a talk from an outside speaker. This Wednesday a world-famous mountaineer
is coming to show us slides and tell us of his adventures.' Maria is also enthusiastic about
some excursions which the college is organising on Sundays for students interested in
exploring the countryside around the town. They will be for those who are up on time after
the Saturday discos which are to take place in the college hall with disc jockeys from the
local radio station.
Not only will these activities be enjoyable and interesting, they will also be a good way to
meet your fellow-students. None will be beyond the pocket of the average hard-up student
and, who knows, some of the debates and talks might even be of value to your studies.
So you won't need to spend your evenings alone in your room this term. Come along to
these events and enjoy yourself. You'll certainly be seeing me there!

54. • In a cleft sentence, the part we want to focus on is moved
to the beginning.
• We use "it was" or "what" to start the first part of the
sentence. This helps highlight the emphasized word or
phrase.
• The rest of the original sentence goes in the second part.
• Cleft sentences are helpful for putting attention on certain
information. They let us build sentences to stress the exact
thing we want to.

55. • So cleft sentences split a sentence in two.
• The first chunk draws attention to the focused word(s).
• "It was" or "what" starts the first chunk.
• The rest of the original sentence goes in the second chunk.
• This structure spotlights the emphasized part.
• It lets us point out the specific details we want to.

56. • It was John who broke the window.
• John broke the window.
• What I wanted was some peace and quiet.
• I wanted some peace and quiet.
• The reason she was late was that her car broke down.
• She was late because her car broke down.