WHAT IS THERMAL POLLUTION EXPLANATION IN DETAIL SOURCES OF THERMAL POLLUTION CAUSES OF THERMAL POLLUTION EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION MOST EXPOSED TO THERMAL POLLUTION WHAT ARE CONTROL MEASURES CASE STUDY WHAT CAN WE DO AS AN ARCHITECT

1. Thermal pollution
Students
Anushree kale
Parth sasane
Pratik shedage
Tejas padalkar

2. INDEX
● WHAT IS THERMAL POLLUTION
● EXPLANATION IN DETAIL
● SOURCES OF THERMAL POLLUTION
● CAUSES OF THERMAL POLLUTION
● EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
● MOST EXPOSED TO THERMAL POLLUTION
● WHAT ARE CONTROL MEASURES
● CASE STUDY
● WHAT CAN WE DO AS AN ARCHITECT

3. ● Thermal Pollution is the harmful increase in water temperature in streams, rivers,
lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters.
● It is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water
temperature.
● A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit
degrees) can kill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or drive them out in favor of other
species, often with undesirable effects.
● When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher
temperature, the sudden change in temperature decreases oxygen supply and affects
ecosystem composition.
● Fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by an
abrupt change in water temperature (either a rapid increase or decrease) known as
"Thermal shock."
What is thermal pollution

4. It occurs when an industry removes water
from a source (e.g., a river), uses the water
for cooling purposes, and then returns the
heated water to its source. Power plants
heat water to convert it into steam, to
drive the turbines that generate
electricity. For efficient functioning of the
steam turbines, the steam is condensed
into water after it leaves the turbines. This
condensation is done by taking water from
a water body to absorb the heat. This
heated water, which is at least 15 degrees
celsius higher than the normal, is later
discharged back into the water body.
Explanation

5. Thermal pollution

6. THERMAL IMPACTS IN WORLD ZONES

9. INDUSTRIAL ZONES
IN INDIA

10. THERMAL POWER PLANTS
ZONES in INDIA

11. Sources of Thermal Pollution
● Nuclear Power Plant.
● Coal-fired power Plant.
● Industrial Effluents.
● Domestic Sewage.
● Hydroelectric power.
● Thermal Power Plant
Nuclear Power Plant Coal-fired power Plant Industrial Effluents
Domestic Sewage
Hydro - electric power
Thermal power plant

12. Nuclear power plant & thermal power plant - Water as a coolant by power plants and
industrial manufacturers.When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment
at a higher temperature, the sudden change in temperature decreases oxygen supply and
affects ecosystem composition.
Coal fired power plants- Coal plants pump the water directly from a water source, heat it up,
then discharge it back. The wastewater is typically hotter (by up to 20-25° F) than the water
that receives it, creating "thermal pollution" that can decrease fertility and increase heart rates
in fish.
Industrial effluents -Industrial effluents are discharges from various industries, and various
organic pollutants found in different water resources. They belong to various classes such as
pesticides, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, phenols, plasticizers, biphenyls, detergents, oils, greases,
pharmaceuticals, etc.
Domestic sewage - Domestic sewage is the used water from houses and apartments, mostly
coming from the kitchen, bathroom, and laundry sources.This causes thermal pollution
Hydro electric power point- Thermal pollution may come in the form of warm or cold water
being dumped into a lake, river, or ocean. Increased sediment build-up in a body of water
affects its turbidity or cloudiness and may decrease its depth, both of which may cause a rise in
water temperature.
Thermal pollution caused by Hydropower Plants (HPPs) may not directly affect human health,
hence ,it is neglected in general.

13. Causes of Thermal Pollution
1. Water as a Cooling Agent in Power, Manufacturing and Industrial Plants
:-Production and Manufacturing plants are the biggest sources of thermal pollution. These plants draw water
from a nearby source to keep machines cool and then release back to the source with higher temperatures.
When heated water returns to the river or ocean, the water temperature rises sharply.When oxygen levels are
altered in the water, this can also degrade the quality and longevity of life in wildlife that lives underwater. This
process can also wipe away streamside vegetation, which constantly depends on constant levels of oxygen and
temperature.
2. Soil Erosion
Soil erosion is another major factor that causes thermal pollution. Consistent soil erosion causes water bodies
to rise, making them more exposed to sunlight. The high temperature could prove fatal for aquatic biomes as
it may give rise to anaerobic conditions.
3. Deforestation
Trees and plants prevent sunlight from falling directly on lakes, ponds or rivers. When deforestation takes place, these
water bodies are directly exposed to sunlight, thus absorbing more heat and raising its temperature. Deforestation is also
the main cause of the higher concentrations of greenhouse gases, i.e. global warming in the atmosphere.

14. 4. Runoff From Paved Surfaces
Urban runoff discharged to surface waters from paved surfaces like roads and parking lots can make the water
warmer. During summer seasons, the pavement gets quite hot, which creates warm runoffs that get into the sewer
systems and water bodies.
5. Natural Causes
Natural causes like volcanoes, geothermal vents and hot springs under the oceans and seas can trigger warm lava
to raise the temperature of water bodies. Lightning can also introduce a massive amount of heat into the oceans.
This means that the overall temperature of the water source will rise, having significant impacts on the
environment.
6. Retention Ponds
Retention ponds can be another source of thermal shock because the water bodies that are relatively small and
shallow can absorb quite a bit of heat energy from the sun.When that water is pumped directly into a river, lake, or
bay, it causes a significant temperature increase. It is similar to pouring a hot pitcher of water into a bathtub full of
water that causes the water to jump a few degrees Fahrenheit.
7. Domestic Sewage
Domestic sewage is often discharged into rivers, lakes, canals or streams without treating the waste. The temperature
of municipal water sewage is normally high than receiving water.With the increase in temperature of the receiving
water, the dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases, and the demand for oxygen increases, causing anaerobic conditions.

15. Effects of Thermal Pollution
1. Decrease in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) Levels
The warm temperature reduces the levels of DO (Dissolved Oxygen) in water. The warm water holds relatively less
oxygen than cold water. The decrease in DO can create suffocation for plants and animals such as fish, amphibians and
copepods, which may give rise to anaerobic conditions.Warmer water allows algae to flourish on the surface of the
water, and over the long term, growing algae can decrease oxygen levels in the water.
2. Increase in Toxins
With the constant flow of high-temperature discharge from industries, there is a huge increase in toxins that are being
regurgitated into the natural body of water. These toxins may contain chemicals or radiation that may have a harsh
impact on the local ecology and make them susceptible to various diseases.
3. Loss of Biodiversity
A dent in the biological activity in the water may cause a significant loss of biodiversity. Changes in the
environment may cause certain species of organisms to shift their base to some other place while there could be a
significant number of species that may shift in because of warmer waters. Organisms that can adapt easily may
have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperatures.

16. 4. Ecological Impact
A sudden thermal shock can result in mass killings of fish, insects, plants or amphibians. Hotter water may prove
favorable for some species, while it could be lethal for other species. Small water temperature increases the level of
activity, while higher temperature decreases the level of activity.Many aquatic species are sensitive to small
temperature changes such as one degree Celsius that can cause significant changes in organism metabolism and other
adverse cellular biology effects.
5. Affects Reproductive Systems
A significant halt in the reproduction of marine wildlife (although this may be true, reproduction can still occur between
fish – but the likelihood of defects in newborns is significantly higher) can happen due to increasing temperatures as
reproduction can happen within a certain range of temperature. Excessive temperature can cause the release of
immature eggs or can prevent the normal development of certain eggs.
6. Increases Metabolic Rate
Thermal pollution increases the metabolic rate of organisms as increasing enzyme activity occurs that causes organisms
to consume more food than what is normally required if their environment were not changed. It disrupts the stability of
the food chain and alters the balance of species composition.
7. Migration
The warm water can also cause particular species of organisms to migrate to a suitable environment that would cater to
its requirements for survival. This can result in a loss for those species that depend on them for their daily food as their
food chain is interrupted

17. MOST EXPOSED TO THERMAL POLLUTION
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM:, MAY 07, 2013 13:08 IST
Heat, sewage pollution caused fish kill
The mass mortality of fish reported from the stretch of the Karamana, near the Thiruvallam
and Pallathukadavu ghats last week, could have been caused by the unusual rise in water
temperature, reduction in flow and a surge in the concentration of sewage pollution.
October 25-27, 2018 | Prague, Czech Republic
Potentially toxic elements pollution, source apportionment and ecological
risk assessment in soils of agricultural and industrial areas, Bandar Abbas -
South of Iran

19. How to control thermal pollution
(1. Industrial measures)
1) Cooling Ponds:
Cooling ponds or reservoirs constitute the simplest method of controlling thermal discharges. Heated effluents
on the surface of water in cooling ponds maximize dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the water
area and volume. This is the simplest and cheapest method which cools the water to a considerable low tem
perature. However, the technique alone is less desirable and inefficient in terms of air-water contact.

20. How to control thermal pollution
(1. Industrial measures)
(2) Cooling Towers:
Using water from water sources for cooling purposes, with subsequent return to the water body after passing
through the condenser is termed as cooling process. In order to make the cooling process more effective, cooling
towers are designed to control the temperature of water. In-fact, cooling towers are used to dissipate the
recovered waste heat so as to eliminate the problems of thermal pollution

21. How to control thermal pollution
(1. Industrial measures)
(3) Artificial Lake:
Artificial lakes are man-made bodies of water which offer possible alternative to once through cooling. The
heated effluents may be discharged into the lake at one end and the water for cooling purposes may be
withdrawn from the other end. The heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation.
These lakes have to be rejuvenated continuously. A number of methods have been suggested and developed for
converting the thermal effluents from power plants into useful heat resources for maximizing the benefits.

22. How to control thermal pollution
(2 . THERMAL POWER PLANT)
Case study location
NLC India Limited (NLC) (formerly Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited) is
a 'Navratna' government of India company in the fossil fuel mining sector
in India and thermal power generation. It annually produces about 30
million tonnes of Lignite from opencast mines at Neyveli in the state of
Tamil Nadu in southern India
Pollution control measures used in plant
1. Electrostatic precipitators
2. Cyclone dust collectors
3. Spray type wet scrubbers
4. Fluidized bed combustors

23. How to control thermal pollution
(2 . THERMAL POWER PLANT)
1. Electrostatic precipitators
● In electrostatic precipitators dust
particles are separated from flue
gases by electrostatic attraction .
● It involves two operation that is
charging of dust particles and other is
collection of dust particles
● In charging section dust particles are
collected on collector electrode
● The electrostatic field excerpts a force
on the dust particles that they are
driven towards collecting electrodes
at the bottom
● Then filtered air is given outside.

24. How to control thermal pollution
(2 . THERMAL POWER PLANT)
1. Cyclone dust collectors
● The flue gases carrying dust particles enter tangentially in conical shell
with high velocity.
● A wriling is imparted to gas within the shell due to this heavier particles
are thrown to the slides and fall down .
● They are collected from bottom to dust collectors
● The gas is then passed through secondary chambers. In secondary
chamber dust particles if any are separated.
● Cleaned gas goes out of the chamber.

25. How to control thermal pollution
(2 . THERMAL POWER PLANT)
3. WATER SPRAY TYPE WET SCRUBBER
● The fumes smokes & soluble gases so2 and H2S can be
removed by wet type mechanical scrubbers
● The flue gas carrying such particles as passed through
bottom of the scrubbers
● The liquid is sprayed through the spray nozzles. the
liquid particles mix with the dust particles and the
mixture collected from bottom of the scrubbers.
● Eliminators are provided at outlets to avoid escaping
of liquide the cleansed gas goes out of the scrubbers.

26. How to control thermal pollution
(2 . THERMAL POWER PLANT)
4.Fluidized bed combustion
● This is the new technique to reduce the
emission of sulphur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen.
● Tn the fluidized system limestone or
dolomite is used as bed material the
limestone reacts with gases of sulphur
from bottom .
● Another advantage of using fluidized bed
is stabilization of combustion at 700 to
900 c . this temperature is well below the
ash can be tapped from bottom of the bed .
● The low combustion temperature also
reduces the formation of oxides of
nitrogen .

27. What can architects do to reduce thermal
pollution
Basically reducing thermal pollution means reducing heat generation
from any structure.
● Construction of thermally efficient buildings
● Use of insulated concrete forms
● Use of building envelope materials
● Low energy generator designs.
● Use of green roofings
● Use of cooling elements in design .

28. What can architects do to reduce thermal pollution
● Construction of thermally
efficient buildings:- means
designing a structure in such
way that there is less thermal
impact on building
environment .

29. What can architects do to reduce thermal pollution
● Insulated concrete forms (ICF):-This material consists
of concrete sandwiched between layers of polystyrene
foam and is used to increase the R-value of the wall
assembly. For the Frontier Project in Rancho
Cucamonga, California, we used ICF as an alternative to
MIP. Both materials improve a building’s thermal
efficiency, but ICF is less common.
● Building envelope materials:- A building envelope is a
layer of insulation that wraps the exterior like a blanket
to protect it from the heat or cold. High building
envelope efficiency leads to lower Energy-Use Intensity
(EUI)—the energy used annually per square foot of
building footprint. Insulation materials vary from project
to project. For example, when we designed Evergreen
Valley College in San Jose, California,

30. What can architects do to reduce thermal pollution
● Low energy generator designs:- this means
designing the spaces in such way that there
should be low use of electricity eg lights emit
heat and increases heat in environment.
● Use of green roofing :- green roofing act as
barrier between inner and outer environment
of any type of structure .most important is that
is absorbs the sun heat radiation and trap and
lower downs its temperature . this methods
helps in cooling large amount of thermal
radiation due to sun .

31. What can architects do to reduce thermal pollution
● Use of cooling elements in
design :- architects should
make use of cold water bodies
in such way that they should
act as transition space between
spaces generating high amount
of thermal heat ,so that this
intense heat will get normalized
or cooled by this water bodies
and thermal emission will be
avoided.

32. THANK YOU