1. CURRICULUM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
FOR OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION
Presentation by
Former Professor & Head,
Policy Planning & Educational Research,
National Institute of Technical Teachers’
Training & Research (Ministry of
Education, Govt. of India)
Chennai, India
June 2022
1
Dr. D. Brahadeeswaran
Professor Emeritus,
Academic Staff College,
VIT, Vellore.
unnamala1947@gmail.com
2. 1. Concept of curriculum
2. Difference between syllabus and curriculum
3. Criteria of Utility, Variety and Flexibility
4. Competency Based Curriculum Development
5. Four phases of curriculum process
6. Curriculum Design Phase
7. Curriculum Development Phase
8. Curriculum Implementation Phase
9. Curriculum Evaluation Phase
10. Emerging Trends in Educational Process
OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION
2
3. CONCEPT OF CURRICULUM
A systematic group of courses or sequence
of subjects required for graduation or
certification in a major field of study
3
4. ATTRIBUTES OF CURRICULUM
1. Related to an occupation
2. Objective oriented content
3. Planned learning experiences for the entire duration of
the program
4. Criteria for evaluation of student’s performance and
Certification
4
5. Components of Curriculum of a Program
1. List of Courses (Including Core & Elective)
2. Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
3. Program Outcomes (POs)
4. Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs)
5. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
6. Syllabus of each Course
7. Details of Evaluation of Students’ Performance
8. Criteria for certification
5
6. Differences between Curriculum and Syllabus
Curriculum Syllabus
1 Three dimensional document
(Students + Contents + Instructional
Methodology)
Unidimensional document (Only
Subject matter)
2 Made and operated at Institute level
or Program level
Made and operated at Course level
3 Prescriptive Descriptive
4 Contains list of entry criteria, list of
courses, evaluation details and
certification details
Contains the content to be taught,
time details and resource materials
5 Wide and holistic Narrow and specific
6
8. SYLLABUS
• Content outline for each Course
• Broad time Allocations for individual units
• Learning resources prescribed and recommended
8
9. What are the defects / deficiencies in
the syllabus of a course you are
teaching?
9
10. DEFICIENCY IN THE SYLLABUS
POSSIBLE EFFECT ON THE
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
1 a) Non-availability of guidelines
regarding depth of treatment
b) No indication of the specific
competencies to be developed in the
students
Previous question papers will be
used to define these
2. Topics and content not sequenced
logically.
Gaps or discontinuity in the
learning process.
Contd.
Deficiencies in the syllabus and their possible effects
on the teaching-learning process
10
11. DEFICIENCY IN THE SYLLABUS
POSSIBLE EFFECT ON THE
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
3. No indication of the links
between various Courses.
Compartmentalisation of
teaching; isolation from other
related Courses.
4. No indication of the links
between syllabus and
instructional methods.
Selection of teaching methods
based on precedence and the
needs of examinations. Contd.
Deficiencies in the syllabus and their possible effects on the
teaching-learning process - 2
11
12. DEFICIENCY IN THE SYLLABUS
POSSIBLE EFFECT ON THE
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
5. Insufficient information on the
instructional materials and
learning resources to be used.
Use of ‘Cook-book’ type of notes
and guides.
6. Insufficient information on the
design and use of various tools
for evaluation of students’
performance
Most of the tests and
examinations lack validity and
reliability.
Deficiencies in the syllabus and their possible effects on the teaching-
learning process – 3
12
13. CRITERIA OF UTILITY, VARIETY AND FLEXBILITY
While making various decisions during the process
of curriculum development three criteria, described
below, are usually employed:
CRITERION OF UTILITY
CRITERION OF VARIETY
CRITERION OF FLEXIBILITY 13
14. CRITERIA TO BE USED FOR DECISION MAKING
1. UTILITY CRITERION
CONTENT
Must know
Should know
Nice to know
14
15. 2. CRITERION OF VARIETY
Interesting Variety of learning experiences
CRITERIA TO BE USED FOR DECISION MAKING
• Blended Learning
• Project Based Learning
15
16. 3. CRITERION OF FLEXIBILITY
• Horizontal and Vertical mobility
• Modular approach
• Fully Flexible Credit System
• Core and Elective Courses
CRITERIA TO BE USED FOR DECISION MAKING
16
18. COMPETENCY
Competency is the ability to
perform a specific task which is
part of a job or profession
A competency will include the
required Knowledge, Skills and
Attitudes.
18
19. Differences between the two approaches
COMPETENCY BASED
ACADEMIC
Subject Approach
Knowledge Based
Analysis of Subject
Matter & Disciplines
Systems Approach
Job / Occupation Based
Analysis of Policies, Labour
Market and Occupations
Contd.
19
New
20. Differences between the two approaches - 2
Determining Level and
Prerequisites
Organise Curriculum According
to Logic of the Discipline
Develop Instruction
Analysis of Job
and Tasks
Contd.
Develop Instruction
Organise Curriculum According
to way the job is done
COMPETENCY
BASED
ACADEMIC
20
New
21. Differences between the two approaches - 3
Who are the Learners?
What Learning Objectives?
What Learning Strategies?
What Resources Needed?
How Evaluate?
What is to be learned?
How will it be learned?
What Texts / Materials?
What Tests / Exams?
COMPETENCY
BASED
ACADEMIC
21
New
22. FOUR PHASES OF CURRICULUM PROCESS
Design Phase
Development
Phase
Implementation
Phase
Evaluation
Phase
Curriculum Process
FEEDBACK LOOPS
22
24. CURRICULUM DESIGN PHASE
The main objective of this
phase is to determine the
general and specific
objectives of the particular
U.G. / P.G. programme.
24
25. CURRICULUM DESIGN PHASE
a)What abilities the students must possess before
he/she is admitted into the course? (Pre-
requisites)
b)What abilities the students will acquire on leaving
the course?
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN (a) and (b) IS THE GAP
THAT MUST BE BRIDGED WHEN DESIGNING THE
CURRICULUM
25
26. Formulation of the OBJECTIVES of the curriculum
Job analysis
Identification of knowledge and skill requirements
Formulation of Programme Educational Objectives
and Programme Outcomes
Specification of entering behaviour
CURRICULUM DESIGN PHASE
26
31. Course Objectives
Describe the professional competencies expected of
students on completion of a course
Competencies include
i. Knowledge/Understanding of Theoretical concepts
ii. Application/Analytical abilities
iii. Skills
iv. Attitudes
31
32. Course Objectives – 2
Integrate learning of individual Units/Modules in the course
Start with a verb such as
• Comprehend/Understand
• Apply
• Analyze
• Design
• Develop
•Appreciate
•Evaluate/Assess
32
33. Example of Course Objectives
Title of the course: Data Structures and
Algorithms
On completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Appreciate the importance of Algorithms and Data structures
in becoming a more productive computer scientist.
2. Understand the principle that Algorithm and Data structures
used for solving a problem are more important than knowing
the exact code for it in some programming language
33
34. Example of Course Objectives – 2
3.Design and develop solution techniques,
based on the intrinsic nature of the problem,
independent of programming language,
programming paradigms, computer
hardware or any other implementation
technique.
34
36. COURSE OUTCOMES
Course Outcomes are statements that communicate in
behavioural terms the expected performance of students at
the END of the course
36
38. Employers need people who can
perform tasks rather than those who
only know about tasks
38
39. Examples of Course Outcomes
Title of the course:
Data Structures & Algorithms
39
40. On Completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Analyze the worst-case running time of Algorithms.
2. Explain the major data structures and their analysis.
3. Describe the major algorithm design – Paradigms and their analyses.
4. Illustrate major graph algorithms and their analysis.
5. Compare and contrast different data structures and. algorithmic
techniques for a give problem and assess the trade offs involved.
6. Synthesize efficient data structures and algorithms and provide
program solutions in emerging design situations.
7. Provide algorithmic solutions to real world problems.
40
43. 1. Sequencing the various courses
2. Selecting the content for each Course
3. Sequencing the units (modules) and topics
4. Selecting instructional methods and instructional resources. (materials and
media)
5. Preparation of plans for instruction
6. Development of tests and other materials needed for evaluation of students
performance
7. Orienting the teachers to the new curriculum.
TASKS TO BE UNDERTAKEN:
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PHASE
43
45. Components of Syllabus of a course
1. Course Code and Title of the course
2. Pre-requisites/Co-requisites/Anti-requisites (if any)
3. No. of Hours allotted for Lecture (L), Tutorial (T), Practical (P),
Project (J) etc.
4. Credit Assigned
5. Couse Objectives
6. Course Outcomes
45
46. Components of Syllabus of a Course - 2
7. Module-wise/Unit-wise
• Course Content
• No of Hours
8. Textbooks
9. Reference books
10. Laboratory Work
- List of Experiments (Indicative)
- List of Challenging experiments (Indicative)
11. Mode of evaluation of students.
46
48. Curriculum, Instruction & Evaluation
CURRICULUM
INSTRUCTION
EVALUATION
What to teach?
How to teach?
How to assess
achievement of learning
outcomes?
48
49. INTENDED CURRICULUM Vs. OPERATIONAL
CURRICULUM
INTENDED CURRICULUM:
Refers to the PRESCRIPTIONS in the curriculum
document
The intended curriculum is an inert document containing
the objectives of the curriculum, content matter, time
schedules and the performance standards expected
Contd.
49
50. INTENDED CURRICULUM Vs. OPERATIONAL
CURRICULUM
OPERATIONAL CURRICULUM:
When an “intended curriculum” is enacted in a classroom
or given life through teaching it becomes an
“OPERATIONAL CURRICULUM”
It deals with the processes of teaching and learning,
organization of the class and the milieu in which
instruction takes place.
50
51. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION
1. FACTORS RELATED TO THE STUDENT:
Aptitude for the subject
Proficiency in the language which is used as the
medium of instruction
Entering behaviour
Motivation
Contd. 51
52. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION
2. FACTORS RELATED TO THE TEACHER:
Teacher preparedness
Teacher’s resourcefulness
Contd.
52
53. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION
3. FACTORS RELATED TO THE INSTRUCTIONAL ENVIRONMENT:
Appropriateness of curricular objectives
Adequacy of instructional time
Instructional resources
Instructional methods and procedures
Task orientation of the class
Evaluation procedures used
Feedback provided to students 53
55. CURRICULUM
EVALUATION PHASE
Curriculum evaluation can be defined as the collection and
provision of evidence, on the basis of which decisions can
be taken about the efficiency, effectiveness and educational
value of curricula
55
56. Why should we evaluate a curriculum?
1. To bring the curricular content abreast of modern advances
2. To remove the ‘Dead Wood’ from the curriculum
3. To improve the EFFECTIVENESS of the curriculum
4. To improve the EFFICIENCY of curriculum Implementation
process
Why?
Contd…
56
57. Why should we evaluate a curriculum? - 2
5. To review the entry behaviour requirements for admission into
the course
6. To Identify
How an “Intended Curriculum’ is enacted
How it becomes operational
The factors which may affect it and result in unintended effects
Why?
57
59. EFFECTIVENESS
Determination of the extent to which the
objectives of the curriculum have been
achieved
59
𝑬𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑪𝑰𝑽𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑺𝑺 =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
60. EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is related to the various kinds of COSTS (Money / Time
/ Space / Instructional Resources etc.) associated with the
educational programme
60
EFFICIENCY =
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
62. CRITERIA FOR
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - 2
• Outcomes should cover both short range
and long-range ones. It should also take
cognizance of the unintended outcomes.
• Assess the extent of Student’s achievement
of Course Outcomes
1. Outcomes:
62
63. The Processes include:
2. Processes:
CRITERIA FOR
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - 3
(i) Student participation in certain activities
(ii) Interest in the program and
(iii)The desired pattern of communication between
students and teachers
63
64. Standards may have their roots in:
3. Fit to Standards:
a) Pedagogical principles:
Appropriate provision of feedback, reinforcement, sufficient amount of
repetition etc.
b) Communication principles:
Clarity of presentation, proper significance, vocabulary control,
multisensory cues, etc.
c) Curricular principles:
Correspondence between objectives and planned activities.
CRITERIA FOR
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - 4
64
66. This is carried out during the process of curriculum
development and implementation. The evaluation
results provide information to curriculum
developers and enable them to correct flaws
detected in the curriculum.
1. Formative evaluation:
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - 2
66
67. This is carried out after offering the
curriculum once or twice. Such an
evaluation will summarize the merits (as well
as the weaknesses) of the programme, hence
the notion of summative evaluation.
2. Summative evaluation:
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - 3
67
68. A curriculum that operates satisfactorily over a
certain period of time may gradually become
obsolete or deteriorate over time.
Curriculum evaluation will reveal whether some or
all portions of the programme should be revised.
3. Curriculum Revision
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - 4
68
70. EMGERING TERENDS IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
70
Sl.
No
TRADITIONAL PRACTICE EMERGING TREND
1 Uniform Curriculum for all
students of a program
Flexible curriculum based on
individual student’s choice (Fully
Flexible Credit System)
2 Single point entry (of
students) and single point exit
system
Multi-point entry and multi-point
exit system
3 Classroom based (offline)
teaching
Blended instruction (online and
offline)
4 Teacher-student ratio is fixed Teacher-student ratio will vary in
online and offline instruction 70
71. EMGERING TERENDS IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS – 2
71
Sl.
No
TRADITIONAL PRACTICE EMERGING TREND
5 Focus is on development and
maintenance of Physical
infrastructure
Focus will be on development of
DIGITAL infrastructure
6 Examination
I. Held on a fixed date for all
students
II. Closed book exam
III. Proctored by invigilators
Examination
I. On-demand examination
II. Open book exam
III. Un-proctored or surveillance by
electronic tools
71
72. SUMMARY
1. Concept of curriculum
2. Difference between syllabus and curriculum
3. Criteria of Utility, Variety and Flexibility
4. Competency Based Curriculum Development
5. Four phases of curriculum process
6. Curriculum Design Phase
7. Curriculum Development Phase
8. Curriculum Implementation Phase
9. Curriculum Evaluation Phase
10. Emerging Trends in Educational Process
72
