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D3_IPCC_emissions.ppt
1. Topic D3. Database development of IPCC
emission factors and activity data for wetlands
Randy Kolka and Louis Verchot
2. ๏ง IPCCTaskForce onNationalGreenhouse GasInventories
(TFI)produces guidelineson compilingestimatesof national
greenhouse gas(GHG) emissionsandremovals ina
standardizedwaytoensure transparency, accuracy,
completeness, consistencyandcomparabilitybetween
countries
๏ง TheIPCCGuidelinesareintendedtobeusedbyallPartiesto
theUNFCCC
โข Theyprovide defaultdataandmethods
โข Theyallowtheuseof more sophisticatedmethods if
countries wishtousethemandtheyareconsistent
withtheguidelines
๏ง TheIPCChasdeveloped guidanceonemission factors and
activitydatatohelpcountries accountforthegreenhouse
gasinventories/
IPCC guidelines for national
GHG inventories
Topic D3. Slide 2 of 21
3. Basicapproachfor GHG accounting
๏ง Select approach based on available data
โข Asimplefirstorder approach thatusesspatiallycoarse default
databasedongloballyavailabledata characterized bylarge
uncertainties andsometimes withmethods involvingseveral
simplifyingassumptions
โข Amoreaccurate approach substitutingcountryor region
specificvaluesforthegeneral defaultsandmore disaggregated
activitydatacharacterized byrelativelysmalleruncertainties
โข Higher order methodsinvolvingdetailedmodelingand/or
inventorymeasurement systemsdriven bydataatagreater
resolution thatprovide estimateswithlower uncertainties than
theprevious two methods
๏ง Assesschanges in land management or land useโ Land-
based or activity data-based accounting
๏ง Apply emission factors (database)
Topic D3. Slide 3 of 21
8. ๏ง Countries use methods including census, surveys and remote
sensing to obtain land-use area data.
๏ง Assessments over multiple years allows changes in land-use (or
activity) to be detected.
Tracking land-use data
Topic D3. Slide 8 of 21
9. Tracking land-use and activity data
Topic D3. Slide 9 of 21
Forest
Land
(unmanaged)
Forest
Land
(managed,
rain
forest)
Forest
Land
(managed,
peat
bog)
Forest
land
(Mangrove)
Forest
Land
(managed,
plantation)
Grassland
Cropland
Wetlands
Settlements
Other
Land
Final
Area
Forest Land (unmanaged) 12 12
Forest Land (managed, rain forest) 43 43
Forest Land (managed, peat bog) 6 6
Forest land (Mangrove) 61 61
Forest Land (managed, plantation) 10 1 17 1 29
Grassland 29 29
Cropland 1 1 1 3
Wetlands 5 5
Settlements 1 1 2 4
Other Land 2 2
Initial area 12 55 8 61 18 29 2 5 2 2
Net change 0 -12 -2 0 11 0 1 0 2 0
Initial Land Areas
Final
Land
Areas
11. Specificguidance Forwetlands
Topic D3. Slide 11 of 21
Forest land
โข All woody vegetation according to national definitions
Cropland
โข Crops including rice and agroforestry not included above
Grassland
โข All rangelands and pastures not included above
Settlements
Wetlands
โข Wetlands not included above (peat use and flooded lands)
Other Lands
โข Includes bare soil, rock, ice and lands not included above
12. ๏ง Wetlands (as a reporting category) include any land
that is covered or saturated by water for all or part of
the year.
๏ง Guidance is restricted to managed wetlands where
the water table is artificially changed or wetlands are
created through human activity (e.g. damming a
river and reservoirs)
๏ง Emissions from unmanaged wetlands such as natural
rivers and lakes are not reported
Specific guidance for wetlands
Topic D3. Slide 12 of 21
14. ๏ง Identified the limitations of the
IPCC 2006 for GHGs National
Inventory
๏ง Invited IPCC to hold an expert
meeting to โexplore the need to
clarify methodological issues
related to...wetlandsโฆ
๏ง Led to the development of the
โWetland Supplementโ
๏ง 90 authors from 32 countries
Bonn IPCC meeting 2011
Topic D3. Slide 14 of 21
15. Topic D3. Slide 15 of 21
2013 Supplementtothe 2006 IPCC guidelines for
national greenhousegasinventories:Wetlands
20. Topic D3. Slide 20 of 21
References
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Emission factor database. http://www.ipcc-
nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2006. Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Landuse. Paris: OECD.
Hiraishi T, Krug T, Tanabe K, Srivastava N, Baasansuren J, Fukuda M, and Troxler, T. (eds). 2013.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Supplement to the 2006 Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change.
21. The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the
Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this file
Kolka R. and Verchot L. 2015. IPCC emissions factors and activity data for wetlands [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme D
section D3. Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>.
Photo credit
Aam Gynch/CIFOR, Aulia Erlangga/CIFOR, James Maiden/CIFOR, Kate Evans/CIFOR, Neil Palmer/CIAT, Ollivier Girard/CIFOR, Randy
Kolka/CIFOR, Ricky Martin/bOBO , Sigit D.Sasmito/CIFOR
Thank you
Editor's Notes
This component of the toolbox will explain how IPCCโs emission factors and activity data are developed and how emission factors and activity data are used to estimate emissions.
The IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) produces guidelines on compiling estimates of national greenhouse gas emissions and removals in a standardized way to ensure transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency and comparability between countries.
The IPCC guidelines are intended to be used by all Parties to the UNFCCC as they provide default data and methods and they allow the use of more sophisticated methods if countries wish to use them and they are consistent with the guidelines.
The IPCC has developed guidance on emission factors and activity data to help countries account for the greenhouse gas inventories.
In general, countries select the approach based on their best available data.
A simple first order approach, or Tier 1 approach, uses spatially coarse default data based on globally available data characterized by large uncertainties and sometimes with methods involving several simplifying assumptions. Those data are found in IPCC documentation.
A more accurate approach substituting country or region specific values for the general defaults and more disaggregated activity data characterized by relatively smaller uncertainties.
Higher order methods involving detailed modeling and/or inventory measurement systems driven by data at a greater resolution that provide estimates with lower uncertainties than the previous two methods.
Basically, countries assess changes in land management or land use, which is the activity data, and apply emission factors from known studies or the IPCC emission factor data to estimate emissions from that activity.
Here are some important definitions and one clarification:
An emission factor is the rate of emission per unit of activity, output or input.
Land-based accounting assesses carbon stock change in applicable carbon pools on land units subject to Kyoto activities. Implementing land-based accounting involves first identifying land units on which applicable activities occur.
Activity data-based accounting assesses carbon stock change attributable to designated land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities. First, each applicable activity's impact on carbon stocks is determined per unit area. This impact is multiplied by the area on which each activity occurs.
One important note is that the IPCC only considers changes to managed systems, not unmanaged systems that might be changing as a result of natural or anthropogenic causes.
In the Carbon Stock Change approach, carbon stocks are measured at two time intervals and the difference between those two intervals determines the carbon stock change.
In the flux different approach, fluxes of carbon are compared among activities, or before and after a land use change, and/or compared against unmanaged systems.
IPCC has a data base of emission factors that has been developed from the scientific literature.
The data base is a recognized library, where users can find emission factors and other parameters with background documentation or technical references that can be used for estimating greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) emissions and removals.
The website is http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php
Emission factors are broken down by
activity data (e.g. conversion of wetland to grassland),
ecosystem (e.g. forest vs grasslands),
geography/climate (e.g. tropical vs temperate),
soil type (e.g. mineral vs organic), and
other factors such as fire.
Emission factors are developed when there is enough data in the literature to support an emission factor.
The emission factor data base needs periodic updating as new science emerges.
Here is a diagram explaining how to account for carbon and nitrogen pools comparing land-based vs. activity-based accounting.
The real difference is in steps 2 and 3 where the land-based method accounts for land units initially and then applies emission factors, whereas the activity-based method accounts for the emission factors for various activities, and then sums up activities to estimate carbon and nitrogen pools.
To track land-use activities countries use methods including census, surveys and remote sensing to obtain land-use area data.
Assessments are conducted over multiple years which allow changes in land-use or activity to be detected.
As seen in this example, the total area between the two time periods remains the same but within that time period there are land-use conversions that have occurred.
This next Table is more detailed and demonstrates how changes in management activity within a land use can also be accounted for if emission factors exist.
For example, you can see that forest plantation went from 18 to 29 units, or a net positive change of 11 units.
Countries would use surveys or satellite mapping to assess land-use or management changes (or activity data), apply emission factors to those activities and develop an estimate of their greenhouse gas fluxes.
Emission factors and activity data are important for reporting purposes.
Countries report their emissions by multiplying emission factors and activity data.
Within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework, reporting categories for land uses are: forest land, cropland, grassland, settlements, wetlands and other lands.
This is a hierarchical framework, so if wetlands are mapped forests for example, they are part of the forest land use.
Wetlands are the last land use listed before the general โotherโ lands category.
Like Biennial Update Report, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action is implemented by developing country Parties
There are Unilateral NAMA and Supported NAMA that are enabled by technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner
The role of carbon markets in financing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions is under discussion among various stakeholders and includes the concept of credited Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
Here are land-use categories and greenhouse gases that were covered under the 2006 IPCC guidelines for peatlands and flooded lands.
As can be seen, a number of gaps exist.
As a result of those gaps, a UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) meeting in Bonn, Germany, invited IPCC to conduct a new analysis on more recent wetland science and the potential to fill some of the 2006 gaps.
That analysis resulted a new document entitled โ2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlandsโ, or the Wetlands Supplement.
The Wetlands Supplement includes contributions from 90 authors from 32 countries.
The Wetlands Supplement has seven chapters. The first chapter is an Introduction to the Supplement and the last chapter addresses reporting requirements.
The middle five chapters provide new guidance for drained inland organic soils, rewetted organic soils, coastal wetlands, inland wetland mineral soils, and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.
The Introduction provides a decision tree that guides users either to the 2006 guidelines or to the new information provided by the Wetlands Supplement.
Here is a hypothetical tropical peatlands example on how to use IPCC information to develop and estimate greenhouse gas fluxes.
(picture courtesy of CIFOR)
First land-use activities, in this case conversions, are mapped in accordance with IPCC reporting categories.
Mapped areas are compared to previous inventories to determine changes in land use.
Each land-use conversion has an average emission factor and associated uncertainty related to the 95% confidence interval.
Multiplying the emission factors by the land-use conversion areas leads to the carbon emissions as a result of these activities.
In this hypothetical case, tropical peatlands converted to oil palm and acacia lead to the largest carbon emissions.
With the 95% confidence interval, you can see it is possible that conversion to forest land cleared and drained for shrubland and lands converted by shallow drainage for sago production could actually result in gains in carbon.
